Orientador: Hildebrando Herrmann, Richard Poulin / Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T20:45:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fantin_Marcel_D.pdf: 24079682 bytes, checksum: 859c31d723a91364d5f0a38679cb7e96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Os impactos biofísicos e sociais causados pela mineração de agregados têm colocado este ramo da mineração no centro de situações de conflito, seja por causa do avanço da urbanização sobre áreas de mineração ou por causa de pressões da sociedade civil para impor restrições ao seu desenvolvimento. A busca de soluções para este problema tem exigido do poder público uma grande capacidade de conciliar os interesses divergentes e de assegurar o equilíbrio entre a oferta e a demanda por estes bens minerais. Para este fim, Política e Gestão desempenham um papel fundamental, pois estas são um instrumento eficaz de planejamento e ação. O objetivo desta tese é analisar e comparar experiências de políticas e gestão aplicada aos agregados minerais no Canadá e Brasil. Foram analisados os instrumentos dessas políticas, o desenho organizacional do Estado e o conflito entre o planejamento local e regional. Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram que os casos canadenses analisados são baseados em um forte planejamento provincial, que visa proteger os depósitos dos agregados minerais da esterilização, a fim de atender a demanda futura. Por outro lado, as províncias têm feito grandes esforços para garantir a recuperação de áreas degradadas pela mineração, utilizando, para isso, instrumentos econômicos, tais como cauções e seguros. Especialmente na Província de Ontário, a sua política de agregados minerais é mais eficiente em termos de seus principais objetivos e tem uma postura pró-ativa do setor de produção de agregados minerais. No entanto, seu foco não é o caminho do desenvolvimento sustentável. Para isso seria necessário alterar sua política baseada na garantia da oferta de agregados minerais por uma política baseada em uma gestão econômica da demanda. No Brasil, observou-se que, diferentemente do Canadá, a base legislativa do país permite uma participação muito pluralista das diferentes esferas de poder quando se trata de leis e elaboração de políticas ambientais para os agregados minerais. Entretanto, os resultados dessas políticas nos estudos de caso analisados têm sido bastante limitados devido a problemas como a falta de normas constitucionais que definam claramente as competências legislativas e materiais no âmbito federal, estadual e municipal. Tal situação tem levado à promulgação de leis contraditórias e ações desconexas entre os órgãos públicos responsáveis pela execução das políticas relacionadas com agregados minerais. Ainda, a falta de garantias para a recuperação de áreas degradadas pela mineração de agregados é um problema a ser resolvido a fim de garantir operações em sintonia com as modernas exigências ambientais / Resumé: Les perturbations biophysiques et sociaux causés par l'exploitation en carrière des granulats a placée dans le centre de scénarios de conflit, que ce soit en raison des progrès de l'urbanisation sur les ressources en granulats ou en raison de pressions de la société civile pour imposer des restrictions à leur développement. La recherche de solutions à ce problème a en outre demandé aux gouvernements public une grande habileté pour concilier les intérêts divergents et à assurer l'équilibre entre l'offre et la demande pour ces produits minéraux. À cette fin, la politique et la gestion jouent un rôle fondamental, car elles sont un outil efficace pour la planification et l'action. L'objectif de ce papier est d'analyser et de comparer leurs expériences de politiques appliquées aux granulats minéraux en provenance du Canada et du Brésil. Nous avons analysé les instruments de ces politiques, la conception de l'état d'organisation, le conflit entre la planification locale et régionale et les différences entre les points de vue de l'industrie et les intervenants. Les résultats de recherche illustré que les politiques canadiennes relatives aux granulats minéraux sont fondées sur une solide planification provinciale qui cherche à protéger les dépôts des granulats minéraux de la stérilisation afin de répondre à la demande future. D'autre part, les provinces ont fait de grands efforts pour assurer la réhabilitation des zones dégradées par l'exploitation minière, en utilisant, pour cela, des instruments économiques tels que les dépôts de garantie et les assurances. Ces politiques sont plus efficaces en termes de leurs principaux objectifs et ont a une posture pro-active du secteur de la production de granulats mineraux. Cependant, ce modèle a été vivement contestée par la société civile, surtout dans la province de l'Ontario, qui a pressé le gouvernement provincial de modifier l'approche traditionnelle de politique que qui se concentre sur le approvisionnement de granulats minéraux et la réhabilitation des zones dégradées pour une politique basée sur la conservation de l'environnement et la gestion de la demande de ces minéraux. Au Brésil, il a été observé que, contrairement au Canada, la base législative du pays permet une participation très pluraliste des différentes sphères du pouvoir quand il s'agit de l'élaboration de lois et de politiques pour les granulats mineraux. Cependant, les résultats de ces politiques ont été plutôt limités, malgré les efforts considérables déployés ces dernières années. Des problèmes tels que l'absence de règles constitutionnelles qui définissent clairement les pouvoirs législatifs et matériaux aux niveaux fédéral, étatique et municipal ont conduit à la promulgation de lois contradictoires et des actions disjointes entre les entités publiques chargées de la mise en oeuvre des politiques relatives aux granulats mineraux. Pourtant, l'absence de garanties pour le récupération des zones dégradées par l'exploitation minière des granulats est un problème être résolus afin d'assurer une extraction plus efficace et qu'il est en conformité avec les exigences environnementales modernes / Abstract: The biophysical and social disruption caused by aggregates mining has placed it at the center of conflict scenarios, either because of advancing urbanization on the aggregates resources or because of pressures from civil society to impose restrictions on their development. The search for solutions to this problem has required of the governments a large ability to reconcile the divergent interests and to ensure a balance between the supply and demand of these mineral goods. To this end, policy and management play a fundamental role, since they are an efficient tool for planning and action. The aim of this thesis is to analyze and compare experiences of policy and management applied to mineral aggregates in Canada and Brazil. We analyzed the instruments of these policies, the state organizational design and the conflict between the local and regional planning.The research results showed that the Canadian policies related to mineral aggregates are based on a strong provincial planning that seeks to protect the deposits of mineral aggregates from sterilization in order to meet future demand. On the other hand, the provinces have made great efforts to ensure the rehabilitation of areas degraded by mining, using, for this, economic instruments such as deposits and insurances. Such policies are more efficient in terms of their main goals and have a pro-active posture of the mineral aggregates producing sector. However, this model has been hotly contested by civil society, especially in the Province of Ontario, which has pressed the provincial government to change the traditional policy approach that focuses on the provision of mineral aggregates and the rehabilitation of degraded areas to a policy based on environmental conservation and the management of demand for these mineral inputs. In Brazil, it has been observed that, unlike Canada, the country's legislative basis allows a very pluralistic participation of the different spheres of power when it comes to drafting laws and policies for mineral aggregates. However, the results of these policies have been rather limited, despite the great efforts made in recent years. Problems such as the lack of constitutional rules that clearly define the legislative and materials powers at the federal, state and municipal levels have led to the enactment of conflicting laws and disjointed actions between the public entities responsible for the implementation of policies related to mineral aggregates. Still, the lack of guarantees for the recovery degraded areas by aggregates mining is a problem to be faced in order to ensure a more efficient extraction and that it is in line with modern environmental requirements / Doutorado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador : Saul Barisnik Suslick / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-14T01:46:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Teixeira_HildaRenck_M.pdf: 3528957 bytes, checksum: 7106df189ffcf1e205d089b2c16d2032 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1991 / Resumo: Este trabalho é um estudo da evolução da indústria mineral nas suas últimas décadas, no contexto da modernização industrial, que modificou de forma radical os padrões de relação matéria-prima /produto final no sistema produtivo dos países desenvolvidos.São analisados os principais constrangimentos de ordem ambiental e energética que impulsionaram essas mudanças.O conceito de ¿Commodity¿ x ¿Speciality¿ é evocado para explicar a mudança no fluxo de aproveitamento dos bens minerais, considerados aqui como bens intermediários e substitutos da produção industrial.A escolha do bem mineral caulim, como um indicador dessas transformações, justifica-se pelo fato de que o Brasil pode vir a tornar-se um grande competidor no mercado internacional de especialidades para o setor papeleiro, dada a disponibilidade e qualidade superior de seus jazimentos / Abstract: The purpose of this work is to analyze the evolution of the mineral industry in the last two decades based upon the new environment of industrial modernization. This environment created radical changes in the pattern of the raw material/final product relationships of the productive system of developed economies.The environment and energetic constraints related to those changes were evaluated based upon of mentioned framework.The concept of ¿Commodity¿ vis ¿Speciality¿ is used to explain the flow changes in the mineral products activity, considering mineral product as an intermediate product and substitutes in the industrial production.The final choice of kaolin as an indicator for those changes were based upon the actual good opportunities for the country for competition in the international market of specialities for paper industry, as well as availability of premiun grade kaolin reserves in Brazil / Mestrado / Administração e Politica de Recursos Minerais / Mestre em Geociências

M.Sc. / There has been significant development of new technology for the economic use of mining waste within recent years. The application of these new technologies makes the process of environmental rehabilitation less of a profit loss to mining companies and motivates them to take part in environmental rehabilitation. Apart from the financial benefit through redemption of costs, the economic use of mining waste, especially in the case of retreatment operations, may lead to the removal of waste from site, the removal of harmful substances, the recovery of economic minerals and job creation. The importance of the development and application of these technologies is emphasised through consideration of the different impacts of mining on the environment, the requirements by new environmental laws concerning mining activities in South Africa and the economic survival of the mining industry. This paper discusses the currently available and developing technologies to utilise mine waste economically by highlighting some of the most significant developments over the years. The paper then focuses on the uses of coalmine waste and associated regulations implemented to promote its economic use. The paper then continues to discuss other technology and techniques that can be applied to facilitate the economic use of mining waste. Lastly the paper examines whether mining companies in Gauteng and a few coal mines outside Gauteng are applying any of these technologies or are using their waste economically in other ways.

An optical microscope coupled to a flow cell was used to investigate ice nucleation on five atmospherically relevant mineral dusts at temperatures ranging from 233 to 247 K. Kaolinite and muscovite particles were found to be efficient ice nuclei in the deposition mode, requiring relative humidities with respect to ice (RHi) below 112% in order to initiate ice crystal formation. Quartz and calcite particles, by contrast, were poor ice nuclei, requiring relative humidities close to water saturation before ice crystals would form. Montmorillonite particles were efficient ice nuclei at temperatures below 241 K, but poor ice nuclei at higher temperatures. In several cases, there was a lack of quantitative agreement between these data and previously published work. This can be explained by several factors including mineral source, particle size, observation time and surface area available for nucleation. Heterogeneous nucleation rates (Jhet) were calculated from the onset data. Jhet values ranged from 60 to 1100 cm-²s-¹ for the five minerals studied. These values were then used to calculate contact angles (θ) for each mineral according to classical nucleation theory. The contact angles measured for kaolinite and muscovite ranged from 6 to 12º; for quartz and calcite the contact angles were much higher, ranging from 25 to 27º. The contact angles measured for montmorillonite were less than 15º at temperatures below 241 K, and above 20º at higher temperatures. The reported Jhet and θ values may allow for a more direct comparison between laboratory studies and can be used when modeling ice cloud formation in the atmosphere. The roles of H₂SO₄ and (NH4)₂SO₄ coatings on the ice nucleating properties of kaolinite were also investigated. Onset data was collected for H₂SO₄ coated and (NH4)₂SO₄ coated kaolinite particles at temperatures ranging from 233 to 247 K. In contrast to uncoated kaolinite particles, which were effective ice nuclei, H₂SO₄ coated particles were found to be poor ice nuclei, requiring relative humidities close to water saturation before nucleating ice at all temperatures studied. (NH4)₂SO₄ coated particles were poor ice nuclei at 245 K, but effective ice nuclei at 236 K. / Science, Faculty of / Chemistry, Department of / Graduate

The Mitchell-Sulphurets region is in the heart of the Coast Mountains of northwest British Columbia. Geologically it is situated on the western edge of the Bowser basin approximately 12 miles east of the main Coast Mountains plutonic complex. The map-area is underlain by partly or wholly metasomatized sedimentary, volcanic, and intrusive rocks. The volcanic and sedimentary rocks are tentatively dated as Lower Jurassic. They probably belong to Lower Hazelton and/or possibly Upper Takla group. The sediments are typical of a greywacke, turbidite suite. The volcanics belong to a marine sequence chiefly comprising pyroclastic members. Possibly in Jurassic time, the sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the area were invaded by the Mitchell Intrusions. The earlier members of the Mitchell Intrusions were injected as sills and dykes predominantly into the well-bedded sediments. The later members formed larger, more irregular bodies. There are marked mineralogical changes within the intrusions. Differentiation by fractional crystallization and composite intrusion account for original variations in mineral composition, but post-crystallization changes are the cause of unusual rock types. Spilitized diabase, syenodiorite, albite syenite, syenite, quartz syenite, and some granite have resulted from the "deliming" or albitization of the original plagioclases. Immense quantities of trapped volatiles, which were concentrated by differentiation processes, resulted in phenomenal amounts of rock alteration during the dying stages of the magmatic period. They have had a profound effect on an area of rock about three times that of the intrusions. During the period of rock alteration the area approached an equilibrium environment probably somewhere below 400° C. and probably at moderate pressures. Throughout the area altering fluids probably contained moderate concentrations of Na, K, SiO₂, and H₂S, high concentrations of CO₂ and H₂0, and in the Mitchell Valley trace amounts of HF. The end of the alteration period was sharp, possibly being terminated by the development of major faults which could have permitted the release of the fluids. The chief types of alteration - albitization, carbonatization, sericitization, silicification, chloritization, and pyritization - have affected the rocks in a similar manner throughout most of the area. In most areas secondary minerals in highly altered rocks are the same as those in the slightly altered rocks. The mineral deposits, which are of the "Porphyry Copper" type, were formed during the alteration period. The presence of large volumes of volatiles at an elevated temperature allowed extensive migration of the metal-bearing solutions from their magmatic source. Disseminated dopper and molybdenum mineralization is found in porphyritic, granitic intrusions and in altered volcanic, sedimentary, and intrusive rocks. The large quantities of fluids have also resulted in the separation of the copper and molybdenum sulphides into distinct deposits. The formation of distinct deposits was probably dependent upon the physical-chemical properties of the environment at the time of alteration. Major faulting occurred late in the alteration period. This marked the end of the Mitchell epoch of magmatic activity. Somewhat later in the history of the area, possibly in Tertiary time, a few keratophyre (basaltic (?)) dykes were emplaced. Extensive erosion by glaciers in Pleistocene and Recent times has sculptured the landforms into their present shapes. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

An approach pioneered by M. Allais in his evaluation of the exploration potential of the Algerian Sahara has been applied to the evaluation of a very much smaller region. The region investigated is a two square mile area, termed the "exploration area", situated in the silver-lead-zinc Sandon mining camp, Slocan Mining Division, British Columbia. Although virtually unprospected because of overburden cover, the exploration area appears to be as favourable to ore deposition as the adjacent parts of the camp. In order to estimate the mineral deposit distribution in the area a count of mineral deposits in adjacent parts of the camp has been undertaken. The mineral deposits in these parts were counted from an examination of geological maps. The counted distribution may be regarded as a sample of the deposit distribution in the Sandon camp, including the exploration area. The true distribution in the camp may be assumed with a high degree of probability to lie within the 95 per cent confidence interval of a Poisson distribution representing the sample distribution. The observed distribution and the upper and lower confidence limits define three estimates of the number of deposits existing in the exploration area. These estimates may therefore be said to represent three approximations of the situation in the exploration area. These approximations have "been termed the mean, low and high models, respectively. Value of the mines likely to exist has been obtained from a study of the frequency distribution of 14 Slocan mines. The gross value of recoverable metal content (referred to as gross value) for the median mine in this distribution was taken to represent the most probable gross value of a discovered mine. Resultant discovery probability for the mines, important prospects, prospects, and showings postulated to exist in the exploration area has been estimated at 0.45, 0.45> 0.35 and 0.3 > respectively. The effect of variations in these estimates has been investigated. The cost of exploration has been calculated for each model, envisioning a program to explore the area in stages. Costs are largely a function of the number of deposits existing, uncovered and examined. The merits of the exploration venture have been measured for each model by comparing exploration costs with the expectation (present value of all mines in a model multiplied by the probability of finding them). Using the assumed value of both mines and resultant discovery probability, the venture appeared marginal when measured against a minimum acceptable return of 150 per cent. Comparison of cost vs. expectation using lower estimates of these two parameters indicated that the venture is not economic. However, considering the essentially marginal nature of the venture a $6,500 expenditure to gather more detailed information for a revaluation is warranted. Thus Allais's approach to evaluation has been found to give a realistic and useful quantitative appraisal of the exploration area. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Mining Engineering, Keevil Institute of / Graduate

Slocan City mineral deposits are "dry" fissure types (Cairnes, 1934, p.114) consisting of high grade silver veins in quartz, with minor amounts of lead and zinc. These veins, almost all in Nelson plutonic rocks, occur in an area of approximately 100 square miles along the eastern margin of Slocan Lake. Mineralogical analysis revealed a definite concentric zoning in the camp; a pyrite halo with high gold values surrounds a core of galena and sphalerite with high silver values. The most commonly occurring minerals in order of deposition are: pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, gold, tetrahedrite, galena, silver, ruby silvers, and argentite. Quartz is the dominant gangue mineral, with small amounts of calcite, siderite, barite, and fluorite generally concentrated in the central zone. Publically available production data for 73 mineral deposits, and geological and mineralogical data obtained from field and laboratory studies,were organized in a computer-processible data file. Methods used to investigate the usefulness of such a file for both academic and practical purposes include: computer generated plots and contour maps, correlation studies, trend surface analysis, multiple regression, and chi square analysis. Computer contour plots and trend surface analysis were rapid means of analyzing lateral zoning of average metal grades and ratios. Patterns obtained substantiated the mineral zoning which was based on data from appreciably fewer mineral deposits. Multiple stepwise regression showed that value of a deposit (estimated by total production in tons) is dependent on average grades of lead and zinc, and volume percentage total sulphides. Consequently, the tonnage potential of a prospect might be predictable within specified limits from a single bulk sample and a brief geological examination. Chi square analysis showed that relatively large deposits are characterized by a more-or-less northeasterly strike and the presence of small amounts of barite and carbonate gangue. The ease and rapidity with which proven statistical techniques can be applied to the mass of informal ion in a computer-processible data file gives great scope and practicality to the concept. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The study area is characterized by complex terrane encompassing the junction of three major tectonic belts: the Coast Plutonic Belt, the Intermontane Belt, and the Cascade Belt. Examination of the detailed tectonic framework was facilitated by the construction of a time-space plot which illustrates the salient features of the six small-scale tectonic belts within the area. Subsequent examination of metal deposits was facilitated by the MINDEP inventory file which supplied location and reference information. Detailed descriptive information on metal deposits was categorized and tabulated with respect to metals, deposit type, host rock formation and host rock type. This data was then integrated into the tectonic framework to outline a metallogenic model for the area. A simplistic model for the evolution of the major features in the area involves eugeosynclinal and trench-like deposition from Upper Paleozoic until Jurassic-Cretaceous time when the developing Coast volcanic and plutonic arc collided with the established Intermontane arc on the east. Arc volcanism in the Coast Plutonic Belt produced the initial volcanogenic metal sulfide accumulations in the area which subsequently were remobilized into adjacent areas during collision. The axis of collision contains a major magmatic sulfide deposit which probably formed at this time as a result of collision. Significant mineralization is found also west of the collision axis near the deep-seated Hozameen fault along which gold-rich fluids have formed veins near serpentine bodies. Similarly, a large disseminated gold deposit occurs in slate adjacent to the Hozameen fault in the area of major vein mineralization. Subduction responsible for the Tertiary episode of plutonism and volcanism centered in the Cascade Belt also produced small skarn, vein and porphyry deposits during a subsequent episode of remobilization mineralization. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

O carvão mineral brasileiro corresponde a cerca de 2% da matriz energética do país. Suas reservas são estimadas em 32 bilhões de toneladas. As principais reservas estão localizadas nos estados do Paraná, de Santa Catarina e do Rio Grande do Sul. Uma das características deste carvão é a elevada concentração de pirita, FeS2, no material lavrado. Por este motivo são necessários processos de beneficiamento que descartam cerca de 60-70% do material minerado. Portanto, um dos principais problemas enfrentados pelo setor é justamente a geração de grandes quantidades de rejeito piritoso que são descartadas diariamente nos pátios industriais. Este material, que permace a céu aberto, em contato com a água da chuva, oxigênio atmosférico e bactérias, que vivem em ambientes ácidos, gera a drenagem ácida de minas (DAM). Este efluente possui elevada concentração de íons de metais dissolvidos e sulfato que contaminam as bacias hidrográficas da região prejudicando o meio ambiente e a população. Medidas fiscalizatórias e jurídicas têm sido tomadas com o objetivo de obrigar uma solução para o problema, mas a sua dimensão é um grande desafio. Este fato leva as empresas a buscarem alternativas tecnológicas diversas para amenizar a questão. Portanto, com o objetivo de contribuir com alternativas para este problema, a presente tese de doutorado realiza o estudo da aplicação do processo bio-hidrometalúrgico para a oxidação de pirita dos rejeitos oriundos da mineração de carvão gerando produtos com valor agregado. O processo utiliza bactérias acidofílicas que têm a capacidade de metabolizar os compostos de ferro e transformar em produtos de interesse. A metodologia do trabalho consistiu, inicialmente, na caracterização do rejeito de carvão, da fonte de inóculo de bactérias e da água de circulação do sistema. O processo foi conduzido nos níveis bancada, piloto e uma prévia instalação industrial. Estudos em nível de bancada determinaram os parâmetros de operação da planta em escala piloto. As colunas empregadas em bancada foram montadas com 1 kg de rejeito de carvão disposto na forma de leito empacotado, nas seguintes condições: (a) rejeito-controle, (b) rejeito com micronutrientes sintéticos e inóculo bacteriano, (c) rejeito com micronutriente ureia e inóculo bacteriano. A unidade de biolixiviação, montada em escala piloto, continha 200kg de rejeito de carvão e foi operada na condição controle e ideal. Os principais parâmetros observados no processo foram o pH, potencial de oxi-redução, ferro total, Fe3+, Fe2+, metais, cor, sulfatos e número mais provável de bactérias acidofílicas. Os resultados da caracterização do rejeito de carvão mostraram que os elementos majoritários na composição foram o ferro e o enxofre, dispostos na forma de pirita. A avaliação por mais de um teste microbiológico comprovou a presença da bactéria A. ferrooxidans no processo. Os ensaios realizados em colunas mostraram que o uso de nutriente sintético e ureia apresentam resultados semelhantes para a extração de ferro. A utilização de água natural e EDR4, águas de circulação, também apresentaram resultados semelhantes, porém houve uma leve vantagem para a utilização da EDR4. A planta piloto operada na condição controle e ideal mostrou que com a presença de bactérias aumentou a extração de ferro, aumentou o potencial redox e a maior parte do ferro extraído em solução estava na forma de Fe3+. No caso da planta controle, onde o número de bactérias era baixo, houve menor extração de ferro, baixos valores de potencial redox e a maior parte dos íons, neste caso, estavam na forma de Fe2+. Portanto, houve formação de dois produtos o sulfato férrico e ferroso pelo controle da presença da bactéria A. ferrooxidans no sistema. Após nove semanas de biolixiviação, com a presença de 108 bactérias A. ferrooxidans em 100mL, foi gerado o concentrado férrico que filtrado e evaporado atingiu a concentração desejável de ferro para a comercialização como coagulante de água e efluentes que é cerca de 120 g.L-1. O produto mostrou-se eficaz no tratamento de água do Rio Guandu, atendendo aos parâmetros exigidos pela Portaria Brasileira 2.914/2011 do Ministério da Saúde. Foram criadas, ao final do trabalho, duas marcas de produtos para o sulfato férrico produzido: o Sulfaclean e o Biohyextract. Se processados mensalmente 3.200t de rejeito de carvão seria possível abastecer com água tratada uma cidade com porte de 200.000 habitantes. A implantação deste processo é de baixo custo uma vez que a matéria-prima é o rejeito e a transformação do sistema é realizada por bactérias. Porém, um dos desafios ainda é a velocidade do processo, que ainda é lenta, embora as bactérias aumentem a velocidade em 4 vezes. / The Brazilian coal accounts for about 2% of the country's energy. Its reserves are estimated at 32 billion tons. The main reserves are located in the states of Parana, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. One of the characteristics of this coal is the high concentration of pyrite (FeS2). For this reason, the beneficiation processes imply on discarting about 60-70% of the mined material. Therefore, one of the main problems of the sector is precisely the generation of large amounts of pyritic tailings which are discarded in industrial yards. This material in contact with rainwater, oxygen and bacteria, that lives in acidic environments, generates acid mine drainage (AMD). This effluent has high concentration of metal ions and dissolved sulphate that contaminate the environment. Legal measures have been taken to solve the problem. This leads many companies to seek alternative technologies to mitigate the issue. Thus, with the aim of contributing to this problem, this thesis conducts a study of the application of bio-hydrometallurgical processes in order to oxidize pyrite tailings originated from coal mining and to generate add-valued products. The process uses acidophilic bacterias that have the ability to metabolize iron compounds and to transform it into products of interest. The methodology of the study consisted initially in the characterization of the coal tailing, of the bacteria used in the process and of the circulating water system. The process was conducted in levels, laboratory, pilot plant and a previous industrial plant. Level countertop studies determined operational parameters of the plant on a pilot scale. The columns used in countertops were fulfilled by 1 kg of waste which were disposed in the form of coal packed bed. The experiment was developed under the following conditions: (a) Reject control, (b) reject with synthetic micronutrients and bacterial inoculum, (c) reject with micronutrient urea and bacterial inoculum. The bioleaching unit, mounted on a pilot scale, contained 200kg of coal waste and operated under the control condition and the ideal condition. The main parameters process were observed in pH, redox potential, total iron, Fe3+, Fe2+, metals, color, sulfates, and most likely number of acidophilic bacteria. The results of the characterization of coal waste showed that the majority of the elements in the composition are iron and sulfur, arranged in the form of pyrite. The rating for more than a microbiological test showed the presence of the bacterium A. ferrooxidans in the process. Tests performed on columns showed that the use of a synthetic nutrient and urea have similar results for the extraction of iron, although the use of synthetic nutrient presents a slight advantage. The use of natural water and EDR4, water circulation, also showed similar results, although there was a slight advantage to the use of EDR4. The pilot plant operated at ideal control condition and it showed that the presence of bacteria increased the extraction of iron, as well as the redox potential and most of the iron in solution in the form of Fe3+. In the particular case of the plant control, where the number of bacteria was low, there was a lower iron extraction, a lower redox potential values and the majority of ions in this case was in the form of Fe2+. Therefore, the formation of two products (ferric sulfate and ferrous sulfate) is controlled by A. ferrooxidans bacteria in the system. After nine weeks of bioleaching in the presence of 108 A. ferrooxidans bacteria: 100ml, it was generated a ferric filtered which was evaporated and concentrate. After that, this ferric filtered has reached the desired iron concentration (about 120g.L-1 ) in order to be commercialized as a coagulant in water treatment. The product was effective in the treatment of water from Guandu River, given the parameters required by the Brazilian Ministry of Health’s Decree 2,914/2011. In the end of the work, it was created two brands of products for the produced ferric sulfate: the Sulfaclean and Biohyextract. If 3.200t of coal waste were processed each month, it would be possible to supply a 200,000 inhabitant city with treated water. The implementation of this process has low cost because the raw material is coal tailing and its processing system is performed by bacteria. However, one challenge is still the speed of the process, which is still slow, even though the bacteria has already increase the speed process by 4 times.

Orientador: Pedro Roberto Furlani / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T15:01:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Meda_AndersonRotter_M.pdf: 16011781 bytes, checksum: 25e6499b9fec5abc815b66f035334d52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: A adubação verde é uma técnica utilizada para conservação e recuperação de solos, pela qual se cultivam principalmente leguminosas herbáceas. Devido aos amplos benefícios ambientais e econômicos para as produções agrícolas, o uso dessa técnica é cada vez maior no Brasil. Entretanto, não existem informações científicas a respeito da reação ao alumínio tóxico pelas principais espécies tropicais utilizadas no Brasil. Por isso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo, em um primeiro experimento, avaliar a tolerância ao alumínio por leguminosas utilizadas em adubação verde de verão. Em um segundo experimento, foi avaliada a influência da nutrição fosfatada na tolerância ao alumínio pela espécie empregada para adubação verde Lablab purpureus L. No primeiro experimento, realizado em casa de vegetação, foi possível verificar que houve uma grande diferença entre as 17 espécies testadas, comparadas por avaliação visual do grau de toxidez de A1 nas raízes, redução relativa do alongamento radicular e atividade critica de AI3+ para redução de 50% do alongamento radicular. Baseando se nesses fatores e na comparação com duas cultivares de milho tropicais contrastantes quanto à tolerância ao alumínio, foi estabelecida a seguinte classificação: muito tolerante para mucuna cinza, mucuna preta, mucuna anã, caupi e lablabe; tolerante para soja cv. IAC13, feijão-guandu cv. Fava larga, calopogônio, soja IAC9, feijão-bravo-do-Ceará, feijão-guandu cv. IAP AR 43; moderadamente tolerante para Crotalaria mucronata , C. spectabilis, milho cv. Taiúba tolerante, feijão-de-porco, C. ochroleuca soja cv. Biloxi; sensivel para soja perene,C. breviflora, milho cv. Taiúba sensível e C. juncea. Dentre as concentrações de A1 empregadas no estudo (111, 222, 333 e 444 µmol/L), a que melhor discriminou os materiais foi 111 µmol/L, pois foi possível obter maior diferença do alongamento das raízes entre os materiais. As massas da matéria seca da parte aérea e das raízes não se mostraram como características adequadas para comparação da tolerância ao A1 entre as espécies após 9 dias de crescimento em solução nutritiva, sendo o alongamento radicular mais indicado para comparação entre as espécies vegetais. Os resultados obtidos no primeiro experimento permitiram concluir que as plantas utilizadas para adubação verde de verão são, em geral, bem adaptadas à toxidez por A1, que está entre as principais limitações nutricionais encontradas nos solos ácidos brasileiros. No segundo experimento, realizado em casa de vegetação, o efeito da nutrição fosfatada na tolerância ao A1 por lablabe foi avaliado, utilizando-se a técnica de raízes subdivididas em solução nutritiva completa. O sistema radicular de cada planta foi dividido em duas partes, combinando-se duas doses de P (20 e 230 _mol/L; PI e P2, respectivamente) e/ou três doses de A1 (111, 278 e 412 µmol/L; AL1, AL2 e AL3, respectivamente), formando-se os seguintes tratamentos: P1/PI1 P2/P1, P2/P2, P1/AL1, P2/AL1, AL1/AL1, P1/AL2, P2/AL2, AL2/AL2, P1/AL3, P2/AL3 e AL3/AL3. As soluções com A1 continham a mesma concentração de P utilizada em PI. Após 30 dias desde a semeadura, foram avaliadas diversas variáveis de crescimento da parte aérea e raízes e as suas composições químicas. Foi verificado que o fornecimento parcial de A1 à metade do sistema radicular deslocou o crescimento das raízes para o lado sem A1, independente da dose de P utilizada na outra metade. As plantas crescidas com alto P (230 µmol/L) na metade ou em todo o sistema radicular apresentaram um crescimento e desenvolvimento da parte aérea significativamente superior aos tratamentos com baixo P (20 µmol/L), que por sua vez, foram superiores aos tratamentos com A1 nos dois lados do sistema radicular. Houve um aumento da concentração de P nas raízes sob estresse por A1, que foi proporcional à dose de A1 adicionada. Esse aumento foi ainda maior nas raízes sob estresse por A1 em um lado do sistema quando foi aplicado alto P no outro. Apesar disso, a tolerância ao A1, avaliada pelo crescimento radicular sob estresse por A1, não foi significativamente alterada. Entretanto, no tratamento P2/ AL1, foi possível observar uma amenização dos sintomas de toxidez por A1, quando comparado às raízes crescidas com A1 nos tratamentos AL1/AL1 ou P1/AL1. A mobilidade interna de P na planta de lablabe mostrou-se eficiente, confirmando a importância da inserção dessa espécie na rotação de culturas em solos ácidos, pela possibilidade de redistribuição do P aplicado localmente no solo / Abstract: Cover crops or green manures are widely cultivated plants for the conservation and recovery of soils, employing mainly herbaceous leguminous crops. Due to its economic and environmental benefits in agricultural productions, there has been a significant increase in the adoption of the green manuring technique in Brazil. However, there is no scientific information about the reaction of the main tropical species to aluminum (Al) toxicity. The present study aimed at the evaluation of aluminum tolerance among tropical leguminous species usually grown as green manure or cover crops. This comparison was done in experiment 1. In a second experiment, the influence of phosphorus nutrition on Al tolerance was assessed in the leguminous cover crop Lablab purpureus L. In the former experiment, conducted under greenhouse conditions, it was possible to verify that there was a great difference among the 17 species tested, when compared by the following parameters: evaluation of the degree of Al toxicity, relative root elongation and critical Al activity to reduce 50% of root elongation. Based on these parameters and on the comparison of two tropical maize genotypes differing in Al tolerance, it was possible to establish the following classification for the plant materials tested: highly tolerant, for Mucuna nivea, M aterrima, M deeringiana, Vigna unguiculata and Lablab pwpureus, tolerant for Glycine max cv. IAC 13, Cajanus cajan cv. Fava larga, Calopogonium mucunoides, G. max cv. IAC 9, Canavalia brasiliensis, C. cajan cv. IAPAR 43; moderately tolerant for Crotalaria mucronata, C. 5pectabilis, Zea mays cv. Taiúba tolerant, Canavalia ensiformis, C. ochroleuca, G.max cv. Biloxi and sensitive for Neonotonia wightii, C. breviflora, Z. mays cv. Taiúba sensitive and C. juncea. Among the total Al thresholds employed in the study (111, 222, 333 e 444 µmol/L), 111 µmol/L Al in nutrient culture solution was the best to separate the materials as for root elongation. Shoot and root dry matter were not good variables to compare the Al tolerance among the species after 9 days of growth in nutrient solution culture, and root elongation was a better parameter for A1 screening in these species. The results obtained in experiment 1 allowed to conclude that the cover crops grown in Brazil are generally well adapted to A1 toxicity, which is one of the main nutritional limitations found in Brazilian acid soils. In the second study, carried out under greenhouse conditions, the effect of phosphorus nutrition on AI tolerance by the lablab specie was evaluated, employing the split-root technique with complete nutrient culture solution. The root system was divided in two parts, combing two concentrations of P (20 and 230 µmoI/L; P1 e P2, respectively) and/or three concentrations of A1 (111, 278 and 412 µmol/L; AL1, AL2 and AL3, respectively), formed by the following treatments: P1/PI1 P2/P1, P2/P2, P1/AL1, P2/AL1, AL1/AL1, P1/AL2, P2/AL2, AL2/AL2, P1/AL3, P2/AL3 e AL3/AL3. The solutions with AI had the same P concentration as P1 treatment. After 30 days from sowing, growth and development parameters as well as chemical composition of shoots and roots were assessed. 11 was verified that the partial supply of A1 to half of the roots significantly shifted the root system grow1h to the other half without A1, independently of the P concentration on the other half the shoot of the plants grown with high P (230 µmol/L) in half or the whole root system was greater than the low P treatments (20 µmol/L), which was even greater than the shoot of plants grown with AI in both sides of the system. There was an increase in P concentration in roots under A1 stress, which increased with A1 concentration in the nutrient solution. This increase was even higher in the roots that were under A1 stress in one side of the system while high P was applied to the other half Even though, A1 tolerance, assessed by the growth of root under AI stress, was not significantly changed. However, in P2/AL1 treatment A1 toxicity symptoms were alleviated in AL1 roots, when compared to roots grown in AL1/AL1 or P1/AL1 treatment. Inner cycling of P in lablab seemed to be efficient, demonstrating the importance of the insertion of this specie in crop rotation on acid soils, by the possibility of greater redistribution of P fertilizer applied locally in soil / Mestrado / Mestre em Biologia Vegetal