Orientador: Luiz Augusto Milani Martins / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-20T08:54:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Parizotto_JoseAntonio_M.pdf: 5185251 bytes, checksum: 0ef23528ee73a9df1a690e6af1e42c44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1995 / Resumo: Diversas proposições vêm sendo elaboradas para orientar as ações da indústria extrativa mineral face aos imperativos de maior responsabilidade ambiental. Esta dissertação aborda os aspectos relevantes desta temática mediante uma análise crítica do processo de interiorização da variável ecológica pelas administrações das empresas de mineração. Para tanto apresenta inicialmente o arcabouço econômico e legal da proteção ao meio ambiente e o "estado da arte" do gerenciamento ambiental. Em seguida examina o caso de cinco empresas de mineração que já dispõem de uma unidade administrativa diferenciada para tratar as questões ambientais. Finalmente propõe um sistema de gerenciamento ambiental capaz de atender as especificidades daquelas empresas que atuam no Brasil / Abstract: Considering the responsibilities that mining companies should bear whith respect to environmental protection, various proposals have been made to guide mineral extraction activities. The present thesis deals with this subject by critically analysing the proper application and administration of ecological variables relevant to mining. This is done by examining the state of the art in environmental management within the framework of economic and legal protection laws. An exemple is given of tive mining companies which already have administrative units dealing with such questions. Finally, an environmental management system is proposed to comply with the specitic nature of companies in Brazil / Mestrado / Administração e Politica de Recursos Minerais / Mestre em Geociências

As the demand for a low-carbon and environmentally friendly future increases, so does the importance of mineral and metal commodities. The production of solar panels, wind turbines, energy storage systems and other green technologies require large quantities of minerals and rare earth metals. Natural Resources Canada noted that in 2019, Canada was a global leading producer in minerals required for green technology including graphite, nickel, cobalt, and others [1]. While mineral production continues to rise year over year, the ore grade, i.e., the concentration of a desired material, of multiple common minerals continues to decline. To liberate valuable minerals from low ore grade deposits size reduction processes such as crushing and grinding are required; however, these processes account for over half of all energy consumption on the average mine. As mines are typically remote, fossil fuels are normally used as the main energy source, producing large amounts greenhouse gases, necessitating the need for more efficient size reduction processes. This could be accomplished by predicting how a particular orebody would break. With the surge in image sensing and computing technologies at mining sites many researchers are exploring ore texture and processability characteristics of the ore body. If distinct processability characteristics change based on ore textural feature from a 2D image, then general trends for optimal size reduction of orebodies of similar texture can developed. This work builds on previous work by simulating ore breakage through the superimposition of a predetermined fragmentation pattern, called a mask, onto multiple ore textures. Synthetic, periodic black and white 2D ore textures were created to find a link between simple textural features such as different mineral grain shape, size, and orientation and processability characteristics. A Monte Carlo simulation was performed to generate a large quantity of realistic product particles using the Voronoi tessellations masking technique. To assess the processability of different textures, the percentage area distribution of valuable minerals of each ore texture was compared across the complete range of particle sizes. The valuable mineral percentage area distributions were analyzed for rate and shape of the distribution as particle size decreases, with noticeable differences between textures. The distributions were also parameterized using a two-beta mixture distribution model, expanding on the traditional one beta model developed by King [2,3,4]. These distributions can eventually help the mining industry make informed decisions on how much grinding and crushing will be required to liberate desired minerals from waste rock.

This dissertation is premised on the understanding that the legislation meant to curtail illicit financial flows (IFFs) in Namibia is poorly drafted and does not adequately curtail IFFs in the country's natural resource sector resulting in low levels of domestic resource mobilization. IFFs refer to the illegal gain and/or movement of money between entities and persons. Namibia's natural resources span from its sustainable fishing sector to various non renewable mineral resources such as uranium, gold, diamonds, tin, copper, cadmium, lead, lithium, vanadium, salt, and zinc. The country is resource rich and politically stable. However, despite this its industrialization is stagnant and its development is rudimentary with about a third of its population living in extremely poor socio-economic conditions. Over the past decade, it has become increasingly evident that Namibia's efforts to curb IFFs have not yielded the desired results. In this regard, Namibia's anti-illicit financial flow laws do not adequately prevent IFFs within the natural resources sector. To paint the full picture of Namibia's anti-IFF legal framework, this dissertation engages in the monism versus dualism debate to ascertain Namibia's position concerning international law within its territory. Evaluating Namibia's international law position and the treaties that apply in Namibia allows this dissertation to ascertain whether the country can use international law to better equip its law enforcement, regulators, and courts with more effective rules for regulation and prosecution. Following this evaluation, this dissertation analyses Namibia's national laws aimed at curbing IFFs in its natural resource sector. From this analysis, this dissertation draws its conclusion that, although there are a few gaps within these laws, the identified shortcomings are material in that their absence greatly undermines the aims and functions of the legislation and their enforcement bodies. Finally, this dissertation proffers recommendations to cure the mischief identified.

Bibliography: pages 71-75. / After more than two decades of phenomenal economic expansion, Botswana now faces the challenge of slowing economic growth, rising unemployment and increasing poverty. The minerals sector, which dominated economic growth since the late seventies, has served the economy well in the past, but social and economic developments have reached a juncture where the broad strategic direction of the economy needs to be re-evaluated. The need to diversify the economy to reduce its reliance on mineral commodities has long been acknowledged by government. One of the sectors of the economy earmarked for diversification was the manufacturing sector. However, in spite of government efforts to promote this industry, the sector's contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has remained small and even declined in recent years. An investigation into those structural features of the economy which are responsible for this record and impose limitations on the sectors' future development is therefore of great relevance. This study attempts such an investigation by focusing mainly on one aspect of the problem: those features related to booms in the minerals sector. More specifically, the study examines the effect of the real exchange rate and real wage rate movements. It also uses case study and survey data to gain insight into other major factors responsible for industrial development and to corroborate the conclusions reached on the basis of macro-economic data. The data collected suggest that Botswana has managed its mineral windfalls relatively well. It shows that the major effects through which mineral windfalls corrode competitiveness of industry -- real exchange rate appreciation and real wage rate increases have been successfully avoided. It is argued, therefore, that the country's industrial backwardness does not necessarily arise from booms in the mining sector. This conclusion is supported by the firm survey which found that low productivity, high utility costs and the lack of skilled labour to be the major impediments to industrial development. The study is intended as a contribution to understanding of the impact of mineral windfalls on the industrial development process in Botswana, but it also offers some policy prescriptions. The major policy recommendations that emerge are that wage rate increases should be tied to productivity improvements, productivity should be raised to international levels through training and the exchange rate be managed in such a manner that it does not undermine the ability of industry to compete in the Southern African Customs Union market.

A project report submitted to the faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of requirement of Master of Science in Engineering Johannesburg, 1992 / The optimal depletion of a mineral deposit involves the optimisation of all the proccesses involved in the mining operation. [Abbreviated Abstract. Open document to view full version] / MT2017

A Project Report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. Phalaborwa, 24 May 2018 / The renowned PMC’s copper open pit operation transitioned from surface copper operations to an underground operation in 2002. An exploration shaft from within the open pit, having an exploration tunnel below the open pit bottom served ideally for downward resource exploration drilling. Palabora Underground Mining Project was a first to cave in very competent lithology rock types which utilised the crinkle cut method at its undercut level. Unfortunately, the inadequate underground exploration drilling limited the resource classification and confidence levels, having inadequate drilling to represent the vast footprint block cave area. Consequently, the head grade and the modelled grade required annual revisions. The head grade and modelled grades diverted from each other more than once, despite all the numerous studies with minor and significant model improvements. The block model refinements included adjustments made to the block sizes, draw column alignments with blocks and additions such as the dolerite dilution representation within blocks. The resource model revision pointed firstly to the grade change between the mill grades and predicted modelled grade, and secondly to the identified geometric change and rectification thereof. Significant technical studies refined the resource model to satisfactory levels of confidence. However, the elusive cave behaviour encouraged more studies and refinements as new information became available over time. The copper open pit’s north wall failure occurred in 2004, and this failure material contributed to significant resource losses. The importance of the many approaches and models which predicted or assumed the possible block cave’s life after the failure characterises the PMC block cave uniquely. Some of the significant studies over time, encapsulated in this project report sketch a realistic timeline of the copper block cave at Palabora Mining Company. The initial resource losses became somewhat redeemed during the 2015 study where some of the copper gains were within the failure’s glacial flow, and not from the likely toppling effect which injected some additional years to the life of mine. / MT 2018

Mining is an important sector of Zambia's economy. Using the Constitution, legislative measures, and other policy pronouncements, efforts are being made by the Zambian government to maximise opportunities for diversification and value addition from mining to other sectors of the economy. Opportunities have been identified mainly in the form of employment creation, skills development, increased production using local goods and services, and integration into the mining value chain. Traditionally, Zambia's mining industry has been dominated by foreign multinational companies since the early 1900s. Therefore, multinational companies as major capital investors are key actors that anchor other service providers in the mining value chain. Their involvement therefore largely contributes to, and in some instances detracts from, the success of these measures to maximise value addition. This research explores the interaction of these companies and other local Zambian businesses in the light of the country's goals for industrialisation and diversification in an integrated multi-sector economy. By analysing the overall legal and economic context in which multinational companies operate, this research demonstrates that illegal tax practices by multinational companies have discernible adverse effects on revenue where funds are syphoned out of the economy illicitly. Also, this research evaluates the multi-dimensional effects of these practices and emphasises that value addition efforts throughout the mining value chain are particularly adversely impacted. The research identifies and critiques inadequacies in the law that fail to address the resultant challenges for local businesses such as lost opportunities for funding and capacity.

Hindered-bed separators have been used in several different mineral processing fields for many years. Recent improvements in designs have led to the development of the CrossFlow separator. This new design employs a tangential feed system that has shown promise in several applications. This paper investigates the use of this relatively new technology to upgrade heavy mineral concentrates using Florida type ores. The intended use of this separatory device in this particular application is the removal of gangue quartz from other valuable heavy minerals such as ilmenite, leucoxene, rutile, zircon, and staurolite. The results of two different pilot-scale in-plant testing investigations are discussed. In general, quartz rejections in excess of 80% were achieved while maintaining TiO2 and heavy mineral recoveries above 98% and 99%, respectively. In addition to field test work, two separate unit models have been developed. The first model is an empirical investigation into understanding unit operation and functionality. The second model is a statistical prediction of unit operation based on specific field test work. These models can be used to effectively scale-up a CrossFlow unit for full-scale installation at any Florida heavy mineral sands operation. Emphasis is placed on unit capacity and other operational parameters such as elutriation flowrate and bed level. / Master of Science

<p> It is claimed in the literature that there is a close connection between sodalite, nosean, and hauyne in their chemical and crystalle-graphic properties and that they may well be isomorphous (Winchell and Winchell, 1951; Barth, 1933). Close relation between the cancrinites and the sodalite minerals of sodalite itself and nosean and hauyne have been implied (Larsen and Steiger, 1916; 1931, 1944). </p> <p> Mixtures of sodalite, nosean and hauyne were made up and heated at temperatures of 100 degrees Celsius to 750 degrees Celsius at pressures ranging from 10,000 to 30,000 psi. Both nosean and hauyne exhibited polymorphism with a cancrinite type of structure below and a nosean or hauyne structure above approximately 475 degrees celsius. Synthetics products of sodalite composition did not show this structural change. </p> <p> The structure of nosean along the cube diagonal was deduced parallel to the 111 plane (along the triagonal axis) which was compared with the cancrinite strcutre as given by both Pauling (1930B) and Kozn and Takane (1933). A possible mechanism for the polymorphism was deduced from projection drawings and scale models. </p> <p> There was no tendency for the synthetic products of these three minerals to dissociate at any of the temperatures and pressures used in this study. Preformed synthetic or naturally occurring sodalite, on the other hand, did have a tendency to dissociate to nepheline although an actual dissociation curve probably does not exist. More likely the water content is the more dominant factor than temperature or pressure. </p> <p> There appears to be complete solid solution between nosean and hauyne but only partial solid solution between sodalite and nosean, and sodalite and hauyne. </p> <p> The substitution of strontium and barium for sodium and calcium is investigated and discussed. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

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