Yes / The interplay between long-term potentiation and long-term depression (LTD) is thought to be involved in learning and memory formation. One form of LTD expressed in the hippocampus is initiated by the activation of the group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Importantly, mGluRs have been shown to be critical for acquisition of new memories and for reversal learning, processes that are thought to be crucial for cognitive flexibility. Here we provide evidence that MAPK-activated protein kinases 2 and 3 (​MK2/3) regulate neuronal spine morphology, synaptic transmission and plasticity. Furthermore, mGluR-LTD is impaired in the hippocampus of ​MK2/3 double knockout (DKO) mice, an observation that is mirrored by deficits in endocytosis of ​GluA1 subunits. Consistent with compromised mGluR-LTD, ​MK2/3 DKO mice have distinctive deficits in hippocampal-dependent spatial reversal learning. These novel findings demonstrate that the ​MK2/3 cascade plays a strategic role in controlling synaptic plasticity and cognition. / BBSRC

L’endothéline-1 (ET-1) est un puissant agent vasoconstricteur dont la production est dérégulée dans plusieurs maladies inflammatoires où l’expression des cyclooxygénases-1/2 (COX-1/2) est augmentée. Puisqu’il est connu que la voie p38 MAPK est impliquée dans la régulation de l’ET-1 au niveau de l’ARNm, nous avons étudié le rôle de l’un de ses substrats, la kinase MK2 dans la régulation post-transcriptionnelle de l’ET-1 et des COX. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé des souris MK2-déficientes (MK2-/-) ainsi que des contrôles (MK2+/+) issus de la même portée. Des paramètres de la fonction cardiaque ont été mesurés sous anesthésie à l’aide d’un cathéter Millar et la réactivité vasculaire de l’artère fémorale a été mesurée par myographe. L’expression de ET-1, COX-1 et COX-2 a été quantifiée dans la cellule endothéliale aortique (CE) par qPCR. En réponse à l’ET-1 (100 nM), l’expression de la préproET-1 dans les CE augmente en fonction du temps (p<0.05) : cette variation est accentuée chez les souris MK2-/-. Bien que la pression artérielle soit similaire entre les souris MK2+/+ et MK2-/-, l’inhibition de COX (indométacine, 1 μM) augmente (p<0.05) la contraction à l’ET-1 des vaisseaux isolés provenant de souris MK2+/+ mais pas des MK2-/-. Ces données suggèrent un rôle de MK2 dans la réponse vasculaire à l’ET-1 et possiblement dans la signalisation post-récepteur de l’ET-1 en général. / Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictor whose production is deregulated in many inflammatory related diseases in which the cyclooxygenase-1/2 (COX-1/2) is up-regulated. Since it is known that the p38 MAPK pathway regulates ET-1 expression at the mRNA level, we studied the implication of the downstream kinase MK2 in the post-transcriptional regulation of ET-1 and COX. To accomplish this, MK2-deficient mice (MK2-/-) and their wild type littermate controls (MK2+/+) were used. Cardiac function parameters were measured using a Millar catheter under anesthesia and isometric reactivity of the isolated femoral artery was measured subsequently using a wire myograph. Aortic endothelial cell (EC) ET-1, COX-1 and COX-2 expression was quantified by qPCR. In response to ET-1 (100 nM), EC expression of preproET-1 increased in a time-dependant manner (p<0.05): this change in mRNA was greater in MK2-/- mice. Although arterial pressure was similar in MK2+/+ and MK2-/- mice, inhibition of COX (indomethacin, 1 μM) increased (p<0.05) the contraction of isolated vessels to ET-1 from MK2+/+ but not MK2-/- mice. These data suggest a role of MK2 in the vascular response to ET-1 and, possibly, ET-1 post-receptor signalling in general.

L’endothéline-1 (ET-1) est un puissant agent vasoconstricteur dont la production est dérégulée dans plusieurs maladies inflammatoires où l’expression des cyclooxygénases-1/2 (COX-1/2) est augmentée. Puisqu’il est connu que la voie p38 MAPK est impliquée dans la régulation de l’ET-1 au niveau de l’ARNm, nous avons étudié le rôle de l’un de ses substrats, la kinase MK2 dans la régulation post-transcriptionnelle de l’ET-1 et des COX. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé des souris MK2-déficientes (MK2-/-) ainsi que des contrôles (MK2+/+) issus de la même portée. Des paramètres de la fonction cardiaque ont été mesurés sous anesthésie à l’aide d’un cathéter Millar et la réactivité vasculaire de l’artère fémorale a été mesurée par myographe. L’expression de ET-1, COX-1 et COX-2 a été quantifiée dans la cellule endothéliale aortique (CE) par qPCR. En réponse à l’ET-1 (100 nM), l’expression de la préproET-1 dans les CE augmente en fonction du temps (p<0.05) : cette variation est accentuée chez les souris MK2-/-. Bien que la pression artérielle soit similaire entre les souris MK2+/+ et MK2-/-, l’inhibition de COX (indométacine, 1 μM) augmente (p<0.05) la contraction à l’ET-1 des vaisseaux isolés provenant de souris MK2+/+ mais pas des MK2-/-. Ces données suggèrent un rôle de MK2 dans la réponse vasculaire à l’ET-1 et possiblement dans la signalisation post-récepteur de l’ET-1 en général. / Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictor whose production is deregulated in many inflammatory related diseases in which the cyclooxygenase-1/2 (COX-1/2) is up-regulated. Since it is known that the p38 MAPK pathway regulates ET-1 expression at the mRNA level, we studied the implication of the downstream kinase MK2 in the post-transcriptional regulation of ET-1 and COX. To accomplish this, MK2-deficient mice (MK2-/-) and their wild type littermate controls (MK2+/+) were used. Cardiac function parameters were measured using a Millar catheter under anesthesia and isometric reactivity of the isolated femoral artery was measured subsequently using a wire myograph. Aortic endothelial cell (EC) ET-1, COX-1 and COX-2 expression was quantified by qPCR. In response to ET-1 (100 nM), EC expression of preproET-1 increased in a time-dependant manner (p<0.05): this change in mRNA was greater in MK2-/- mice. Although arterial pressure was similar in MK2+/+ and MK2-/- mice, inhibition of COX (indomethacin, 1 μM) increased (p<0.05) the contraction of isolated vessels to ET-1 from MK2+/+ but not MK2-/- mice. These data suggest a role of MK2 in the vascular response to ET-1 and, possibly, ET-1 post-receptor signalling in general.

No description available.

Yes / The molecular mechanisms and signalling cascades that trigger the induction of group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (GI-mGluR)-dependent long-term depression (LTD) have been the subject of intensive investigation for nearly two decades. The generation of genetically modified animals has played a crucial role in elucidating the involvement of key molecules regulating the induction and maintenance of mGluR-LTD. In this review we will discuss the requirement of the newly discovered MAPKAPK-2 (MK2) and MAPKAPK-3 (MK3) signalling cascade in regulating GI-mGluR-LTD. Recently, it has been shown that the absence of MK2 impaired the induction of GI-mGluR-dependent LTD, an effect that is caused by reduced internalization of AMPA receptors (AMPAR). As the MK2 cascade directly regulates tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) production, this review will examine the evidence that the release of TNFα acts to regulate glutamate receptor expression and therefore may play a functional role in the impairment of GI-mGluRdependent LTD and the cognitive deficits observed in MK2/3 double knockout animals. The strong links of increased TNFα production in both aging and neurodegenerative disease could implicate the action of MK2 in these processes. / This work was supported by the BBSRC-BB/H018344/1 to S.A.L.C.

Compostos &#945;-aminocarbonilícos como ácido 5-aminolevulínico (ALA) e aminoacetona (AA) apresentam um grande potencial pró-oxidante, pois sofrem reações de enolização e subseqüente oxidação aeróbica, com a formação de espécies radicalares de oxigênio, íons NH4+ e &#945;-oxoaldeídos potencialmente citotóxicos. A &#945;-aminocetona 1,4-diamino-2-butanona (DAB), um análogo da putrescina, é um agente microbicida de vários parasitas incluindo Trypanosoma cruzi. Acredita-se que o mecanismo de morte desencadeado por DAB nos parasitas seja por meio da inibição competitiva da ornitina descarboxilase (ODC), importante enzima do metabolismo de poliaminas, muito embora tenha sido observado de igual forma danos oxidativos nestes parasitas quando tratados com DAB. O objetivo deste trabalho é esclarecer o mecanismo de oxidação química de DAB e sua ação pró-oxidante à cultura de células de mamíferos (LLC-MK2 e RKO), assim como sua atividade microbicida contra tripomastigotas de Trypanosoma cruzi. Demonstramos aqui que DAB, quimicamente similar ao ALA e AA, sofre reação de oxidação catalisada por íons fosfato, e por íons de metais de transição como Fe(II) e Cu(II), resultando na formação de radicais de oxigênio, H2O2, NH4+, 2-oxo-4-aminobutanal como produto principal da oxidação de DAB e de compostos ciclicos de caracter pirrólico. Danos oxidativos observados em ferritina, apotransferrina e liposomos de cardiolipina e fosfatidilcolina (20:80) contribuem para a nossa hipótese de ação pró-oxidante de DAB. O tratamento de células de mamíferos das linhagens LLC-MK2 (IC50 1,5 mM, tratamento de 24 h) e RKO (IC50 0,3 mM, tratamento de 24 h) com DAB levou à alteração do balanço redox celular, à ativação de resposta antioxidante e ao desencadeamento de morte celular via apoptose e parada de ciclo celular. Em culturas de tripomastigotas de T. cruzi o tratamento com DAB culminou na redução da motilitidade e viabilidade destes parasitas (IC50 0,2 mM, tratamento de 4 h), assim como depleção do conteúdo tiólico acompanhado pelo aumento da atividade de TcSOD. Além do mais, DAB mostrou-se eficiente em limitar a invasão de tripomastigotas às células hospedeiras (LLC-MK2) e reduzir a proliferação de amastigotas intracelulares, contudo fortemente relacionada à necrose das células hospedeiras infectadas, uma vez que são alvos mais susceptíveis de ação oxidativa. Estes resultados suportam nossa hipótese que DAB exerce ação pró-oxidante e contribui deste modo com o mecanismo já descrito de morte celular associada à inibição da biossíntese de poliaminas em vários microorganismos. / &#945;-Aminocarbonyl componds such as 5-aminolevunilic acid (ALA) and aminoacetone (AA) have been shown to exhibit pro-oxidant properties. These compounds undergo phosphate-catalyzed enolization in physiological pH and subsequent aerobic oxidation, yielding reactive oxygen species, NH4+ ions and an &#945;-oxoaldehyde highly cytotoxic. The &#945-aminoketone 1,4-diamino-2-butanone (DAB) is a putrescine analogue and a microbicidal agent to various parasites including Trypanosoma cruzi. The mechanism of DAB toxicity to these parasites is attributed to DAB competitive inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a key enzyme on polyamine biosynthesis, although it has also been shown DAB isto implicated in oxidative damage to these parasites. Our aim is to clarify the mechanism of DAB aerobic oxidation and of its putative pro-oxidant activity to mammalian cell cultures (LLC-MK2 and RKO cell linages) and to Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes. Here we show that, similar to ALA and AA, DAB undergoes aerobic oxidation in presence of phosphate ions and of transition metal ions such as Fe(II) and Cu(II), yielding oxygen radicals, H2O2, NH4+ and 2-oxo-4-aminobutanal accompanied by its condensation cyclic products displaying pyrrolic characteristics. Oxidative alterations to ferritin, apotransferrin and liposomes of cardiolipin and phosphatidylcholine (20:80) were observed under DAB treatment strongly supporting our hypothesis of DAB pro-oxidative activity. DAB treatment of mammalian cultured cells LLC-MK2 (IC50 1.5 mM, 24 h incubation) and RKO (IC50 0.3 mM, 24 h incubation) resulted in redox imbalance, induction of antioxidant response, activation of apoptosis pathway and cell cycle arrest. DAB is shown here to trigger Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes decreased parasite motility and viability (IC50 0.2 mM, 4 h incubation), as well as redox thiol imbalance parallel to increase TcSOD activity. In addition, DAB efficiently hampered host cell (LLC-MK2) invasion by trypomastigotes. In addition, intracellular amastigotes showed to be susceptible to DAB toxicity, although strongly related to necrosis of infected host cells, which are more vulnerable to oxidative stress. Altogether, these data support our hypothesis that oxidative stress contributes to DAB cytotoxicity.

Compostos &#945;-aminocarbonilícos como ácido 5-aminolevulínico (ALA) e aminoacetona (AA) apresentam um grande potencial pró-oxidante, pois sofrem reações de enolização e subseqüente oxidação aeróbica, com a formação de espécies radicalares de oxigênio, íons NH4+ e &#945;-oxoaldeídos potencialmente citotóxicos. A &#945;-aminocetona 1,4-diamino-2-butanona (DAB), um análogo da putrescina, é um agente microbicida de vários parasitas incluindo Trypanosoma cruzi. Acredita-se que o mecanismo de morte desencadeado por DAB nos parasitas seja por meio da inibição competitiva da ornitina descarboxilase (ODC), importante enzima do metabolismo de poliaminas, muito embora tenha sido observado de igual forma danos oxidativos nestes parasitas quando tratados com DAB. O objetivo deste trabalho é esclarecer o mecanismo de oxidação química de DAB e sua ação pró-oxidante à cultura de células de mamíferos (LLC-MK2 e RKO), assim como sua atividade microbicida contra tripomastigotas de Trypanosoma cruzi. Demonstramos aqui que DAB, quimicamente similar ao ALA e AA, sofre reação de oxidação catalisada por íons fosfato, e por íons de metais de transição como Fe(II) e Cu(II), resultando na formação de radicais de oxigênio, H2O2, NH4+, 2-oxo-4-aminobutanal como produto principal da oxidação de DAB e de compostos ciclicos de caracter pirrólico. Danos oxidativos observados em ferritina, apotransferrina e liposomos de cardiolipina e fosfatidilcolina (20:80) contribuem para a nossa hipótese de ação pró-oxidante de DAB. O tratamento de células de mamíferos das linhagens LLC-MK2 (IC50 1,5 mM, tratamento de 24 h) e RKO (IC50 0,3 mM, tratamento de 24 h) com DAB levou à alteração do balanço redox celular, à ativação de resposta antioxidante e ao desencadeamento de morte celular via apoptose e parada de ciclo celular. Em culturas de tripomastigotas de T. cruzi o tratamento com DAB culminou na redução da motilitidade e viabilidade destes parasitas (IC50 0,2 mM, tratamento de 4 h), assim como depleção do conteúdo tiólico acompanhado pelo aumento da atividade de TcSOD. Além do mais, DAB mostrou-se eficiente em limitar a invasão de tripomastigotas às células hospedeiras (LLC-MK2) e reduzir a proliferação de amastigotas intracelulares, contudo fortemente relacionada à necrose das células hospedeiras infectadas, uma vez que são alvos mais susceptíveis de ação oxidativa. Estes resultados suportam nossa hipótese que DAB exerce ação pró-oxidante e contribui deste modo com o mecanismo já descrito de morte celular associada à inibição da biossíntese de poliaminas em vários microorganismos. / &#945;-Aminocarbonyl componds such as 5-aminolevunilic acid (ALA) and aminoacetone (AA) have been shown to exhibit pro-oxidant properties. These compounds undergo phosphate-catalyzed enolization in physiological pH and subsequent aerobic oxidation, yielding reactive oxygen species, NH4+ ions and an &#945;-oxoaldehyde highly cytotoxic. The &#945-aminoketone 1,4-diamino-2-butanone (DAB) is a putrescine analogue and a microbicidal agent to various parasites including Trypanosoma cruzi. The mechanism of DAB toxicity to these parasites is attributed to DAB competitive inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a key enzyme on polyamine biosynthesis, although it has also been shown DAB isto implicated in oxidative damage to these parasites. Our aim is to clarify the mechanism of DAB aerobic oxidation and of its putative pro-oxidant activity to mammalian cell cultures (LLC-MK2 and RKO cell linages) and to Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes. Here we show that, similar to ALA and AA, DAB undergoes aerobic oxidation in presence of phosphate ions and of transition metal ions such as Fe(II) and Cu(II), yielding oxygen radicals, H2O2, NH4+ and 2-oxo-4-aminobutanal accompanied by its condensation cyclic products displaying pyrrolic characteristics. Oxidative alterations to ferritin, apotransferrin and liposomes of cardiolipin and phosphatidylcholine (20:80) were observed under DAB treatment strongly supporting our hypothesis of DAB pro-oxidative activity. DAB treatment of mammalian cultured cells LLC-MK2 (IC50 1.5 mM, 24 h incubation) and RKO (IC50 0.3 mM, 24 h incubation) resulted in redox imbalance, induction of antioxidant response, activation of apoptosis pathway and cell cycle arrest. DAB is shown here to trigger Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes decreased parasite motility and viability (IC50 0.2 mM, 4 h incubation), as well as redox thiol imbalance parallel to increase TcSOD activity. In addition, DAB efficiently hampered host cell (LLC-MK2) invasion by trypomastigotes. In addition, intracellular amastigotes showed to be susceptible to DAB toxicity, although strongly related to necrosis of infected host cells, which are more vulnerable to oxidative stress. Altogether, these data support our hypothesis that oxidative stress contributes to DAB cytotoxicity.

No description available.

Background. Esophageal cancer is ranked in the top ten of diagnosed tumors worldwide. Even though improvements in survival could be noticed over the last years, prognosis remains poor. ETS translocation variant 1 (ETV1) is a member of a family of transcription factors and is phosphorylated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2). Aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic role of MK2 and ETV1 in esophageal cancer. Methods. Consecutive patients that underwent surgical resection at the department of surgery at the Medical University of Vienna between 1991 and 2012 were included into this study. After microscopic analysis, tissue micro arrays (TMAs) were created and immunohistochemistry was performed with antibodies against MK2 and ETV1. Results. 323 patients were included in this study. Clinical data was achieved from a prospective patient data base. Nuclear overexpression of MK2 was observed in 143 (44.3%) cases for nuclear staining and in 142 (44.0%) cases a cytoplasmic overexpression of MK2 was observed. Nuclear and cytoplasmic ETV1 overexpression was detected in 20 cases (6.2%) and 30 cases (9.3%), respectively. In univariate survival analysis, cMK2 and nETV1 were found to be significantly associated with patients' overall survival. Whereas overexpression of cMK2 was associated with shorter, nETV1 was associated with longer overall survival. In multivariate survival analysis, both cMK2 and nETV1 were found to be independent prognostic factors for the subgroup of EAC as well. Discussion. Expression of MK2 and ETV1 are prognostic factors in patients, with esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Le stress oxydatif peut conduire à la sénescence, à l'apoptose et à la mutagenèse. Les cellules cancéreuses peuvent développer un avantage prolifératif sur les cellules normales dans un environnement de stress oxydatif, qui de ce fait, participe à la progression tumorale. Nous émettons l'hypothèse que MK2, une cible directe de la p38 MAPK, pourrait conférer aux cellules de cancer du foie une résistance au stress oxydatif. Dans quatre lignées cellulaires tumorales hépatobiliaires, l'inhibition pharmacologique de MK2, MK2i, augmente la mort cellulaire induite par le stress oxydatif par une diminution de l'activité de Hsp27 et une augmentation du niveau du suppresseur de tumeur p53. MK2 favorise la survie cellulaire via l'activation de la réponse anti-oxydante Nrf2 et de la voie d'HB-EGF/EGFR. MK2 est également responsable de la production d'Il-8 induite par le stress oxydatif. Cette augmentation semble dépendre de Hsp27. De plus, nous avons identifié la protéine d'échafaudage EBP50 comme une nouvelle protéine de liaison de MK2. Dans les cellules cancéreuses hépatobiliaires, EBP50 contribue à la régulation de la voie MK2/Hsp27. La déplétion d'EBP50 provoque une diminution de la phosphorylation de Hsp27, de la survie cellulaire ainsi qu'une baisse des taux d'ARNm de HB-EGF et d'IL-8. Dans les échantillons de tissus humains, l'expression de MK2, de Hsp27 et d'EBP50 est augmentée dans le carcinome hépatocellulaire par rapport au tissu hépatique non tumoral. En résumé, ces données fournissent la preuve d'un rôle prépondérant de l'axe MK2/EBP50/Hsp27 dans la progression du cancer du foie en conférant aux cellules tumorales hépatobiliaires une résistance au stress oxydatif. / Oxidative stress leads to senescence, apoptosis and mutagenesis. Cancer cells can develop a proliferative advantage over normal cells in an environment of oxidative stress, which thereby, participates in tumor progression. We hypothesized that MK2, a direct target of p38 MAPK, could mediate the resistance of liver cancer cells to oxidative stress. In four hepatocellular and biliary cancer cell lines, pharmacological inhibition of MK2 by MK2i enhanced oxidative stress-induced cell death through a decrease in Akt and Hsp27 activity and an increase in tumor suppressor p53 level. MK2 promoted cell survival via activation of the anti-oxidant Nrf2 response and the EGFR pathway. The expression of the EGFR agonist, Hb-EGF, increased in response to oxidative stress. In turn, Hb-EGF induced Hsp27 phosphorylation that was down-regulated by MK2i in liver cancer cells, indicating that EGFR activation by Hb-EGF is a potent activator of MK2. MK2 also increased oxidative stress-induced IL-8 production that depends on Hsp27. Furthermore, we found that MK2 was a binding partner of the scaffolding protein EBP50. In liver cancer cells, EBP50 contributed to up-regulate the MK2/Akt/Hsp27 pathway. Silencing of EBP50 by siRNA in these cells caused a decrease in the phosphorylation of Akt/Hsp27 and in the mRNA levels of Hb-EGF and IL-8. In human tissue samples, MK2, Hsp27 and EBP50 expressions were found to be increased in hepatocellular carcinoma compared with the matched non-tumor liver tissue. Overall, these data provide evidence for a preponderant role of MK2/EBP50/Akt/Hsp27 axis in liver cancer progression by mediating oxidative stress resistance in liver tumor cells.