The purpose of this study was (1) to study the proportion (X) of the flow in a watercourse that consists of urban runoff during a rain event and (2) to evaluate the risk that a few chosen pollutants, transported by urban runoff, exceed the maximum allowed concentration in the watercourse according to the environmental quality standards (MAC-EQS). The Fyris river in Uppsala, Sweden, was selected as a case study. Urban runoff quickflow was estimated with a water balance model using precipitation data and flow data from three stations. Precipitation data was used to identify 31 rain events with a minimum rain volume of 10 mm and at least a maximum rain intensity of three mm/h during the study period 2017-2020. Pollutants in urban runoff were sampled during the winter of 2020-2021. The highest concentrations obtained during sampling were used to estimate momentary pollution concentration and to evaluate the risk of exceeding MAC-EQS. The highest X found during a rain event was 71%. Low flow conditions in the river prior to a rain event in summertime are circumstances when X can be expected to be high. It is therefore advised to include rain events under such circumstances when monitoring MAC-EQS or sampling momentary pollution concentrations in the Fyris river. The pollutant category polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and especially the pollutant fluoranthene, showed risk of momentary pollution concentration exceeding MAC-EQS. Therefore, the author recommends that future studies of urban runoff should include PAHs. / Syftet med denna studie var (1) att studera hur stor andel (X) av flödet i ett vattendrag som utgörs av dagvatten vid ett regntillfälle, och (2) att utvärdera risken att ett utvalt antal föroreningar som transporteras med dagvattnet överskrider maximal tillåten koncentration enligt miljökvalitetsnormerna för vatten (MAC-MKN). Fyrisån i Uppsala, Sverige, valdes som fallstudie. Snabbt dagvattenflöde (quickflow) uppskattades med en vattenbalansmodell som använde nederbördsdata samt vattenföring från tre stationer. Nederbördsdata användes för att identifiera 31 regntillfällen med en minsta regnvolym på 10 mm och minst en maximal regnintensitet på tre mm/h under perioden 2017-2020. Föroreningar i dagvatten provtogs under vintern 2020-2021. De högsta koncentrationerna som påträffades vid provtagningen användes för att uppskatta momentan föroreningskoncentration och för att utvärdera risken att MAC-MKN överskrids. Det högsta X som beräknades under ett regntillfälle var 71%. Lågt flöde i Fyrisån innan ett regntillfälle under sommartid är omständigheter när X kan förväntas vara högt. Det rekommenderas därför att inkludera regntillfällen under sådana omständigheter när MAC-MKN övervakas eller när momentana föroreningskoncentrationer i Fyrisån provtas. Föroreningskategorin polycykliska aromatiska kolväten (PAH), och särskilt föroreningen fluoranten, uppvisade risker för att MAC-MKN skulle överskridas. Därför rekommenderas att framtida studier av dagvatten bör inkludera PAH:er.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-09-05T20:11:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Fernanda Marques Peixoto.pdf: 14003225 bytes, checksum: 89c95a9ad22b1e74cdf2bda273665230 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-05T20:11:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Fernanda Marques Peixoto.pdf: 14003225 bytes, checksum: 89c95a9ad22b1e74cdf2bda273665230 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-08 / A lot of interest in the consumption of anthocyanins increased after the association of their intake and reduced risk of chronic diseases. Despite of in vitro evidences of anthocyanins benefits to health, there is still a gap in the knowledge of the mechanisms of absorption of anthocyanins by the human body. It is known that concentration of food anthocyanins doesn't reflect the amount of these compounds which are absorbed, metabolized, distributed and biologically active in humans. Some in vitro models have been developed to evaluate the steps of cell release and transport ( uptake) of these compounds from food. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro absorption of food anthocyanins using the in vitro digestion followed by uptake and transport in Caco-2 human intestinal cell line and MKN-28 human gastric cell line. Initially, anthocyanins bioaccessibility of diverse fruits was evaluated in order to select the better sources for transport assays. The bioaccessibility assays were performed using an in vitro digestion model, which mimics the human oral, gastric and intestinal stages. Quantification and characterization of anthocyanins profile were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with Thermo Scientific? C1s 2.4 (4.6 x 10mm) column. After selection of the most promising fruits, the bioaccessibility tests were followed by transport assays. To assess gastric absorption, the product from gastric digestion was applied on the MKN-28 cell monolayer, which was obtained after 7 days of culture of 2.5 x 10^5 MKN-28 cells seeded in RPMI culture media in transwell? plates. The permeate was collected after 30, 60, 120 andl80 minutes oftransport. For evaluation of intestinal absorption after digestion, the digesta from the intestinal phase was applied on the Caco-2 cell monolayer, which was obtained after 21 days of culture of 2.5 x 105 Caco-2 cells seeded in DMEM culture media in TRANSWELL? plates. The permeate was collected after 30, 60 and 120 minutes of transport. All analyses were made by forming CLUE / photodiode array detector (Thermo? Scientific) at 520nm. Peel powder from jabuticaba, jambo and Jamel?o were the most promising sources. The bioaccessibility of anthocyanins after gastric digestion was 13% for jabuticaba, 45 % for jambo and 65 % for jamel?o. In addition, the intestinal bioaccessibility was 1 O % for jabuticaba, 15 % for jambo and 45 % for jamel?o. The transport assay with the MKN-28 gastric cell line, revealed 19.7%, 9.7 % and 14.1 % of transport efficiency, respectively, for jambo, jabuticaba and jamel?o digestion products. While Caco-2 intestinal cell model showed 0.8 %, 0.2 % and 0.3 % oftransport efficiency, respectively, for jambo, jabuticaba and jamel?o. These results suggest food anthocyanins are preferentially absorbed by the human gastric mucosa and to a lesser extent by the human intestinal epithelium. / O interesse pelo consumo das antocianinas aumentou ap?s o surgimento da rela??o entre o seu consumo e a redu??o do risco de doen?as cr?nicas. Apesar das evid?ncias in vitro quanto a esses beneficios ? sa?de, ainda h? uma lacuna que permanece sob investiga??o: o mecanismo de absor??o das antocianinas pelo organismo humano. Sabe-se que a quantidade desses compostos, nos alimentos, n?o reflete a quantidade absorvida, metabolizada, distribu?da e biologicamente ativa em humanos. Alguns modelos in vitro t?m sido desenvolvidos para avaliar as etapas de digest?o e transporte celular (absor??o) de compostos dos alimentos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o transporte in vitro de antocianinas em alimentos utilizando modelos de digest?o in vitro seguido do transporte em c?lulas intestinais Caco-2 e c?lulas g?stricas MKN-28. Na 1? etapa, oito frutos foram analisados quanto aos valores de bioacessibilidade (BCSS) fornecidos pelas antocianinas presentes, para posterior sele??o para os ensaios de transporte. Os ensaios de BCSS foram realizados com um modelo de digest?o in vitro, para simula??o das fases oral, g?strica e intestinal humana. A quantifica??o e determina??o do perfil de antocianinas foram realizadas por Cromatografia l?quida de alta efici?ncia (CLAE), com coluna Thermo? Scientific C1s 2,4 (4,6 x 100mm). Na 2? etapa, realizou-se os ensaios de BCSS, anteriormente aos ensaios de transporte, nos frutos potencialmente mais promissores. Para a avalia??o do transporte g?strico, na sequ?ncia, o digerido g?strico foi aplicado sobre a monocamada de c?lulas MKN-28, com 2,5 x 10^5 c?lulas, em meio RPMI, em placa transwell? e, ap?s 7 dias de cultivo, o permeado foi coletado nos tempos 30, 60, 120, 180 minutos. Para o transporte intestinal, sequencial, o digerido intestinal foi aplicado sobre a monocamada celular Caco-2, com 2,5 x 105 c?lulas, em meio DMEM, em placas transwell? e, ap?s 21 dias de cultivo, o permeado foi coletado nos tempos 30, 60 e 120 minutos de transporte. Todas as an?lises foram realizadas por CLUE/detector de arranjo fotodiodo (Thermo? Scientific), a 520 nm. Os p?s da casca da jabuticaba, jambo e jamel?o foram as matrizes mais promissoras. A BCSS das antocianinas, ap?s a digest?o g?strica, foi de 13 % parajabuticaba, 45 % parajambo e 65 % parajamel?o, enquanto a BCSS intestinal foi de 10% para jabuticaba, 15 % para jambo e 45 % para jamel?o. Os ensaios de transporte (ET) com os modelos de c?lula MKN-28 resultaram em 19,7; 9,7 e 14,1 % de ET, respectivamente, para os p?s do jambo, jabuticaba, e jamel?o, enquanto que o modelo Caco-2, resultaram em 0,8, 0,2 e 0,3 % de ET, respectivamente. Estes resultados sugerem que as antocianinas s?o preferencialmente absorvidas pela mucosa g?strica.

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Depressive disorder, etiology, objective criteria for identifying depression, depression and suicide, depression in ICD-10, treatment, chemicals in the brain and transmission of information, action mechanism of antidepressants, cutting depression, comorbidity, biological and psychotherapeutic treatment options, pharmacotherapy, ATC classification drugs, antidepressants,classification according to the distribution of the ATC, guidelines for the treatment of depression. Identifying the trend and volume of consumption of antidepressants - the code N06A in the Czech Republic in the period 2003-2008 using data from the Všeobecná zdravotní pojišťovna ČR and a comparison based on specific criteria: regional (consumption by region), gender (consumption by gender), age (consumption by age groups), season and month (consumption in different seasons and months) and ATC groups (consumption by chemical / therapeutic / pharmacological subgroups N06A * - 4th level ATC class and consumption by subgroups of chemical substances N06A ***, ie . active substances - 5th level ATC classification). A rough estimate of possible share of depressive and neurotic disorders found in consumption, based on additional data from the database of the Všeobecná zdravotní pojišťovna ČR.