No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

This thesis is devoted to the analysis and optimization of pacing strategies in cross-country skiing and time-trial road cycling. In locomotive sports, it is well known that variable pacing strategies using changes in the distribution of power output are beneficial when external forces vary along the way. However, there is a lack of research that more in detail investigates the magnitude of power output alteration necessary to optimize performance.A numerical program has been developed in the MATLAB software to simulate cross-country skiing and time-trial road cycling, as well as pacing strategy optimization in these two locomotive sports. The simulations in this thesis are performed by solving equations of motion, where all the main forces acting on the athlete are considered. The motion equations also depend on the course profile, which is expressed as a connected chain of cubical splines.The simulation process is linked to an optimization routine called the Method of Moving Asymptotes (MMA), which strives to minimize the finishing time while altering the power output along the course. To mimic the human energetic system, the optimization is restricted by behavioural and side constraints.Simple constraints like maximum average power output are used for cross-country skiing in Papers I and II. In Paper III a more sophisticated and realistic constraint is used for the power output in time-trial road cycling. It is named the concept of critical power for intermittent exercise and combines the aerobic and anaerobic contributions to power output.In conclusion, this thesis has demonstrated the feasibility of using numerical simulation and optimization in order to optimize pacing strategies in two locomotive sports. The results are clearly showing that these optimized pacing strategies are more beneficial to performance than an even distribution of power output. / Denna avhandling är dedikerad att analysera och optimera farthållningsstrategier i längdskidåkning och tempocykling på landsväg. I idrotter som bygger på kontinuerlig framåtdrivning är det väl känt att farthållningsstrategier med variabel effekt är fördelaktiga om de yttre krafterna varierar längs banan. Ändå saknas forskning som mer i detalj utreder hur mycket effekten ska variera för att optimera prestationen.Ett numeriskt program har utvecklats i programvaran MATLAB för att simulera längdskidåkning och tempocykling samt optimera farthållningsstrategin i dessa idrotter. Simuleringarna använder sig av rörelseekvationer som består av de huvudsakliga krafter som verkar på idrottsutövaren under färd. Rörelseekvationerna påverkas också av banprofilen, som är uppbyggd av en sammankopplad kedja av tredjegradspolynom.Simuleringsprogrammet är kopplat till en optimeringsalgoritm med namnet Method of Moving Asyptotes (MMA), som strävar efter att minimera tiden mellan start och mål genom att ändra effekten längs med banan. Optimeringen begränsas av bivillkor i ett försök att efterlikna den mänskliga kroppens fysiologiska begränsningar.Enkla begränsningar såsom maximal medeleffekt används för längdskidåkningen i artikel I och II. I artikel III används mer sofistikerade och realistiska bivillkor för att begränsa uteffekten vid landsvägscykling. Här används modellen för kritisk effekt vid intervallträning, som kombinerar aerobt och anaerobt arbete.Sammanfattningsvis har denna avhandling visat på möjligheterna med att använda numerisk simulering och optimering för att optimera farthållningsstrategin i två idrotter. Resultaten visar tydligt att dessa optimerade farthållningsstrategier med varierande effekt är mer fördelaktiga för prestationen jämfört med en farthållningsstrategi med helt jämn effektfördelning.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-10-30T13:35:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcus Vinícius dos Santos Cruz - 2018.pdf: 1763581 bytes, checksum: c244f76d0e962d9cbfce375010fb8b6a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-10-30T13:42:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcus Vinícius dos Santos Cruz - 2018.pdf: 1763581 bytes, checksum: c244f76d0e962d9cbfce375010fb8b6a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-30T13:42:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcus Vinícius dos Santos Cruz - 2018.pdf: 1763581 bytes, checksum: c244f76d0e962d9cbfce375010fb8b6a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-23 / The present work aims to analyze federal official documents that deal with Environmental Education (EE) in order to identify convergences and divergences existing in the duality of origin of these texts, since some of them are result of definitions given by the Ministry of Education (MEC) and others are created, decided and implemented by the Ministry of Environment (MMA) through the federal government. Therefore, the work is based under the emancipation potentiality inscribed in the contemporary capitalist social reality. A qualitative approach was adopted, so that the elements of the research were understood in their complexity. The methodological treatment consisted, therefore, in the following main steps: 1) search and organization of the official material according to the proposed objectives; 2) initial and exploratory reading of the material; 3) documentary analysis with elements from the perspective of content analysis, guided by the assumptions of the Critical Environmental Education. The data collected were examined in their content, and from them emerged the following categories of analysis: approach, concepts, objectives, principles and procedures for the realization of EE. We seek to establish throughout a political position on environmentalism, which is defined in a critical and emancipatory perspective, also aligned with the ideals of political ecology and environmental justice, occupied by the human individual who uses natural resources and who manages conflicts arising from this dispute in the political field. Among other findings, we identified that there are divergences between the concepts and approach in the contents of National Orientations for Highschool (OCEM) in relation to the content of ProNEA 2014 (National Program of Environmental Education), indicating that Ministry of Education and MMA adopt EE concepts considered disparate, and MMA has turned to a conservative perspective, notable in the latest version of ProNEA. We materialize the fluidity of the EE concept in the different documents, which is often used to defend a capitalist productive logic that is unsustainable in its conception. Although the official documents present difficulties of execution on the part of the Brazilian state, the existence of a wide network of public policies in EE, we believe, enables and stimulates, to the educator, the collaborators of public and private institutions, as well as the environmental groups to think about the possibility of a social process that leads us to a more just society from an environmental perspective, also reflecting the broadening of the world view of these same actors. There is a need for greater sharing of actions between the Ministry of Education and the MMA in order to establish more organic and pedagogical relations of mobilization of Environmental Education fronts at the federal level, since the lines of action between these bodies are now partially compatible as we have shown in our analysis. / O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar documentos oficiais federais que versam sobre Educação Ambiental (EA) buscando identificar convergências e divergências existentes em decorrência da duplicidade de origem destes textos, posto que alguns são fruto de definições dadas pelo Ministério da Educação (MEC) e outros são criados, decididos e implantados através do Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA) por meio do governo federal. Para tanto o trabalho se pauta na potencialidade de emancipação da realidade social capitalista contemporânea. Adotou-se uma abordagem qualitativa, de maneira que os elementos da pesquisa fossem compreendidos em sua complexidade. O tratamento metodológico consistiu, portanto, nas seguintes etapas principais: 1) busca e organização do material oficial de acordo com os objetivos propostos; 2) leitura inicial e exploratória do material; 3) análise documental com elementos da perspectiva de análise de conteúdo, orientada pelos pressupostos da Educação Ambiental Crítica (EAC). Os dados coletados foram examinados em seu conteúdo, sendo que destes emergiram as seguintes categorias de análise: abordagem, conceitos, objetivos, princípios e procedimentos para a realização da EA. Buscamos estabelecer ao longo da escrita uma posição política sobre o ambientalismo, que se define em uma perspectiva crítica e emancipatória, também alinhada aos ideais da ecologia política e da justiça ambiental, ocupada do indivíduo humano que se utiliza dos recursos naturais e que administra os conflitos oriundos desta disputa no campo político. Dentre outras constatações, identificamos que há divergências entre os conceitos e abordagem nos conteúdos das Orientações Curriculares para o Ensino Médio (OCEM) em relação ao conteúdo do Programa Nacional de Educação Ambiental 2014 (ProNEA), indicando que MEC e MMA adotam conceitos de EA considerados díspares, sendo que o MMA tem se voltado para uma perspectiva conservadora, notável na última versão do ProNEA. Materializamos a fluidez do conceito de EA nos diferentes documentos, sendo este muitas vezes utilizado para defender uma lógica produtiva capitalista mercantil insustentável em sua concepção. Ainda que os documentos oficiais apresentem dificuldades de execução por parte do Estado brasileiro, a existência de uma ampla rede de políticas públicas em EA, acreditamos, possibilita e estimula, ao educador, aos colaboradores de instituições públicas e privadas, bem como aos coletivos ambientalistas pensar na possibilidade de um processo social que nos conduza a uma sociedade mais justa na perspectiva ambiental, refletindo, ainda, na ampliação da visão de mundo desses mesmos atores. Se faz necessário um maior compartilhamento de ações entre o MEC e o MMA no sentido de estabelecer relações mais orgânicas e pedagógicas de mobilização de frentes de EA em âmbito federal, posto que as linhas de ação entre estes órgãos são, hoje, parcialmente compatíveis conforme demonstramos em nossa análise.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:55:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 -_ Rafael.pdf: 3937932 bytes, checksum: 332f9ceebaeff83828181bd76a5e7470 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Since 2011, in Brazil (corresponding to a worldwide phenomenon), the MMA, which stands for Mix Martial Arts , has been conquering more and more fans, reaching the level of third most popular sport in the country (only behind Formula One and Soccer), according to Ferreira and Orsolini (2012), in a special report for the magazine Isto é Dinheiro. It s estimated that the trademark UFC (Ultimate Fighting Championship) industry, main MMA worldwide tournament, is worth around one billion dollars, not considering the segments of clothing trade, sporting products and cable TV channels, all linked to it. Under such production conditions, intensive advertising campaigns were developed in Brazil which, as analysis point out, make possible a casual disconnection from the now reformulated MMA in relation to Vale- Tudo, seen as animalism and brutal, raising it to the status of sport, in a certain sense, denying the intrinsic violence of this physical combat. This sliding of senses (named demarginalization process ) is materialized in the corpus of the study: and ad of the chain of fast-food Burger King to advertise a new sandwich that is so scary (ironically like the fighter Anderson Silva), that você afina ( you become thin ). The purpose of this study is to comprehend the mechanisms that base de diffusion/promotion of speech (in this case, the ones to value MMA), which tangs the double relation of the linguistic fact (mainly the enunciation Tão assustador que você afina ( So scary that you cowers ) of the corpus) to the history (in function of the speech production conditions of the MMA/UFC). For that, the Pêcheux s (2009) presuppositions theory for speech analysis of French orientation, the propositions of Freud (1974) and Nolasco (2001) about the restraint of violence and aggressiveness and the analysis of the media effects, according to Chauí (2006), Eco (1987; 1984), Payer (2005) and Gregolin (2003), were used. / Desde 2011, no Brasil (correspondendo a um fenômeno mundial), o MMA, sigla que em tradução do inglês significa Artes Marciais Mistas , vem conquistando cada vez mais fãs, alcançando o patamar de terceiro esporte mais popular no país (somente atrás da Fórmula 1 e do Futebol), conforme Ferreira e Orsolini (2012), em reportagem especial para revista Istoé Dinheiro. Estima-se que a indústria da marca UFC (Ultimate Fighting Championship), principal torneio mundial da modalidade MMA, valha cerca de um bilhão de dólares, desconsiderando os segmentos de comercialização de roupas, produtos esportivos e canais de TV a cabo, vinculados a ela. Sob tais condições de produção, desenvolveram-se campanhas publicitárias intensivas no Brasil que, conforme apontam as análises, propiciaram uma fortuita desvinculação do agora reformulado MMA em relação ao Vale-Tudo, tido como brutal e animalesco, elevando-o à condição de esporte, em certo sentido, negando a violência intrínseca a essa modalidade de combate físico. Esse deslizamento de sentidos (que se denominou processo de desmarginalização ) está materializado no corpus do estudo: uma campanha da rede de fast-food Burger King para divulgação de um novo sanduíche que, de tão assustador (ironicamente como o lutador Anderson Silva), você afina . O objetivo do estudo é compreender os mecanismos discursivos que embasam a difusão/promoção de discursos (no caso, os de valorização do MMA), no que tange à dupla relação do fato linguístico (principalmente o enunciado Tão assustador que você afina do corpus) com a história (em função das condições de produção dos discursos do MMA/UFC). Para tanto, utilizam-se os pressupostos teóricos da análise do discurso de orientação francesa de Pêcheux (2009); as proposições de Freud (1974) e Nolasco (2001) sobre a questão da coibição da violência e da agressividade e a análise dos efeitos da mídia, de acordo com Chauí (2006), Eco (1987; 1984), Payer (2005) e Gregolin (2003).

Title: The possibilities of MMA sports training in Prague Objectives: The main objective of this thesis is to summarize the knowledge of the MMA sports training in Prague, the characteristics of MMA, its history, principles and types. Further to characterize the individual components of wrestlers' sports training in the Czech Republic in comparison with conditions abroad. Methods: The method of data collection was a study of available literature, mapping of Prague area focusing on all MMA training opportunities, interviews and personal comments of specific coaches. Results: We found out that the possibilities of sports training and the gyms' facilities are of the same level throughout the Czech Republic but there are significant differences in approach to training and opportunities in gyms when compared to a successful foreign club. Keywords: MMA, sports training, martial arts, gym

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work / Robert Schaeffer / The sport of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) was once referred to as a No Holds Barred (NHB) fighting contest, but is now known as cage, extreme, or ultimate fighting. Showcasing athletes from a variety of martial arts backgrounds, a referee stoppage, knockout, or submission is the only way to win. Pushing their minds and bodies to the limits, fighters often engage in hand-to-hand combat inside of a ring or cage in front of a crowd, for anywhere from three to twenty-five minutes. How does one become an MMA fighter? Through a rigorous and complex process of socialization that will be referred to in this work as the ‘spartanization’ process. A mixed methodological approach, primarily qualitative in nature, was used to reveal the rigorous and complex nature of this process. This study’s data collection began with six site visits taking place over the course of six months. Utilizing a convenience sampling method, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 31 male and 14 female fighters. The interview schedule addressed fighters’ involvement in the spartanization process, their experiences in the gym as well as the cage, and their perceptions as fighters. Male and female participants described the spartanization process and ascribed meaning to it in similar ways. Their motivations for becoming MMA fighters are explained using theories of identity and alienation. Findings demonstrate that the sport of MMA and process of becoming a fighter are both highly gendered. One was neither found to be more nor less gendered than the other, but according to this study’s findings women are more likely to feel the effects of gender at the organizational level than they are a the level of training. Not sure what MMA is? Never heard of the UFC before? Do not worry, the histories of both are provided. By reading this work you will also learn more about the athletes participating in this sport, and discover whether or not you have what it takes to be the next ‘ultimate fighter.’

A técnica de polimerização em emulsão tem sido usada cada vez mais na indústria de tintas, resinas, plásticos, entre outros. Esse crescimento se deve as razões ambientais (uma vez que se utiliza água como fase contínua desta reação), também a versatilidade e a capacidade de produzir látex com diferentes propriedades para diferentes aplicações. Polímeros em emulsão são produtos por processo, isto é, suas propriedades são definidas durante a polimerização. Por isso, é importante o adequado monitoramento da reação de modo a permitir o controle das propriedades desejadas. A técnica de espectroscopia na região do infravermelho próximo (NIR), combinada com o uso de fibras óticas, é muito promissora para o monitoramento multivariável, em linha e em tempo real do processo de polimerização. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de estudar o uso de espectroscopia NIR para o monitoramento em linha e em tempo real das concentrações de monômero e de não- voláteis (conhecido também como teor de sólidos) e da evolução do tamanho médio das partículas de látex (Dp) durante a reação de polimerização em emulsão de metacrilato de metila (MMA), em escala de laboratório e processo semi-batelada. Os modelos de calibração para estas variáveis foram obtidos experimentalmente empregando o método de regressão por mínimos quadrados parciais, PLS. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram algumas regiões espectrais do NIR indicadas em literatura como sendo adequadas na predição de monômero e Dp e revelaram -1 comportamentos espectrais ainda não explicados na região entre 10.475 e 13.000 cm , relacionados às variações no tamanho das partículas. Os resultados mostram também que é possível monitorar em linha e em tempo real a evolução do Dp e dos teores de monômero (MMA) e de não voláteis, simultaneamente em um único instrumento, utilizando modelos de calibração com bandas espectrais e pré-tratamentos distintos. / Emulsion polymerization is a largely and increasingly used technique in industrial production of paints, resins, plastics among others. This increase is due to environmental reasons (since water, rather than organic solvents is used as dispersing medium), as well as to the versatility and capacity of producing products with different properties for different applications. Emulsion polymers are products by process, i.e., the properties are mainly defined during the polymerization process. Thus, the adequate process monitoring is important for achieving the target properties. The NIR spectroscopy combined with optical fibers is a promising technique for the task of multivariable, real-time, in-line monitoring of polymerization processes. The aim of this work is the study of use of NIR spectroscopy for in-line, real time monitoring of the monomer and solids content, as well as the evolution of average size of the polymer particles (Dp), during semi-batch emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate in laboratory reactor. The calibration models for each of the monitored variables were obtained by applying the partial least squares regression method (PLS). The results confirmed that some NIR spectral ranges recommended in the literature are appropriate for the prediction of monomer content and Dp, and that there are spectral -1 . The results behaviors not yet explained in the region between 10475 and 13000cm also show that the in-line, the changes in Dp, monomer and polymer content can be simultaneously monitored in-line and in real time by NIR spectroscopy by using calibration models based on adequate spectral regions and distinct data pretreatments.

Arsenic is a toxic element that is widely distributed throughout the earth??s crust as a result of both natural geologic processes and anthropogenic activities. In virtually all environments, methylated forms of arsenic can be found. Because of the widespread distribution and toxicity of arsenic and methyl-arsenic, their adsorption behavior on soil minerals is of great interest. Although considerable attention has been given to the behavior of inorganic arsenic on mineral surfaces, little research has been conducted regarding interactions of the methyl-arsenic forms. The objective of this study was to compare the adsorption and desorption behavior of methylarsonate (MMAsV), methylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), dimethylarsinate (DMAsV), dimethylarsinous acid (DMAsIII), arsenate (iAsV), and arsenite (iAsIII) on iron oxide minerals (goethite and ferrihydrite) by means of adsorption isotherms and adsorption envelopes. Additionally, desorption envelopes were obtained using sulfate and phosphate as competitive ligands. Arsenic was measured by FI-HG-AAS. MMAsV and iAsV were adsorbed in higher amounts than DMAsV on goethite and ferrihydrite at all pH values studied. Although MMAsV and iAsV were adsorbed quantitatively at lower concentrations on goethite and ferrihydrite, as arsenic concentration was increased MMAsV was adsorbed in slightly lower quantities than iAsV. DMAsV was not quantitatively adsorbed at any concentration on goethite or ferrihydrite. MMAsV and iAsV exhibited high adsorption affinities on both goethite and ferrihydrite at pH values below 9 and showed decreasing adsorption above this point (more rapidly for MMAsV). DMAsV was adsorbed only at pH values below 8 on ferrihydrite and below 7 on goethite. MMAsV, iAsV, and DMAsV each exhibited adsorption characteristics suggesting specific adsorption on both goethite and ferrihydrite. Increased methyl substitution resulted in increased ease of arsenic release from the iron oxide surface. MMAsIII and DMAsIII exhibited no evidence for any type of specific adsorption under the conditions studied. Phosphate was a more effective desorbing ion than sulfate, but neither desorbed all arsenic species quantitatively.