Thesis (MSpor)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The prevalence of lower back disorders and the high costs involved are an ongoing problem in industrialised countries. Research indicates an estimated 70-80% of all individuals will experience lower back pain (LBP) during the course of their lives (Manek & MacGregor, 2005; Kent & Keating, 2005; Dunn & Croft, 2004; Takeyachi et al., 2003; Carter & Birrel, 2000:6; Nourbakhsh & Arab, 2003; Bernard, 1997:374). It is widely accepted that occupational demands and physical work contribute greatly towards onset, recovery and recurrence of symptoms (Carter & Birrel, 2000:6). Rubber Tyred Gantry (RTG) crane drivers are particularly at risk, as their working posture forces them into various prolonged non-neutral trunk positions (Fehrsen-Du Toit, 2005:24; Rohlmannt et al., 2001; Nachemson, 1963) and extreme trunk flexion (Seider et al., 2003; Hoogendoorn et al., 2000). Intrinsic factors such as trunk strength (O'Sullivan et al., 2005; Bayramoglu et al., 2001) and trunk stability (Hitt & Lie, 2006; MacDonald et al., 2006; Barker et al., 2006; Hodges et al., 2005; Hodges, 2003; Hodges & Richardson, 1996) as well as anthropometric variables (Franklin et al., 2000:64), can play different roles in incidences of lumbar pain or injury. A job such as RTG crane driving is dependant on a certain amount of strength or physical fitness. A deficit in on or more of these areas can lead to compensation, overload and eventually symptoms and injury. Research has yet to identify factors that predispose certain drivers to injury, and factors determining a quick, safe recovery and return to work. The purpose of this study was to investigate possible morphological variables as risk factors for RTG crane drivers, for Hutchison Whampoa, at the Port of Felixstowe, UK. The study design was based on a cross sectional, analytical epidemiological study. A sample of 43 RTG drivers completed testing. They were divided into a group of drivers who had never had lower back pain or symptoms (n=22), and a group of drivers who had had a previous history of lower back pain (n=21). All subjects were asymptomatic at the time of testing. Although not significant (p > 0.05), the results of the study showed that average performance deficit (the power needed to maintain or repetitively produce a force) tended to be higher in those subjects without a previous history of pain. The flexion/extension ratio also tended to be better for this group. The subjects without a past history of lower back pain were, surprisingly, found to be older than the other group. This explains the higher body weight, waist-to-hip-circumference, body mass index, and fat percentage for this group, as these measurements all tend to increase with age. It also explains the lower peak torque to body weight values for that group, as peak torque would decrease with increased body weight. This is the first study to look at morphological variables and isokinetic testing of RTG crane drivers, and the relationship between these variables and lower back pain. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoë koste verbonde aan, asook die hoeveelheid voortdurende lae-rug beserings in industriële lande, is ‘n aaneenlopende probleem. Navorsing toon dat 70-80% van alle individue laer-rugpyn sal ervaar deur die loop van hul lewens (Manek & MacGregor, 2005; Kent & Keating, 2005; Dunn & Croft, 2004; Takeyachi et al., 2003; Carter & Birrel, 2000:6; Nourbakhsh & Arab, 2003; Bernard, 1997:374). Dit is aanvaar dat werksvereistes en fisiese werk grootliks bydra tot die oorsaak, herstel en herhaling van simptome (Carter & Birrel, 2000:6). RTG hyskraan bestuurders is veral individue wat ‘n groter risiko toon ten opsigte van laer-rug beserings weens werkspostuur wat hul noodsaak om verskeie langdurige nie-neutrale mid-rug posisies (Fehrsen-Du Toit, 2005:24; Rohlmannt et al., 2001; Nachemson, 1963), asook ekstreme mid-rug fleksie handhaaf (Seider et al., 2003; Hoogendoorn et al., 2000). Sekere individuele intrinsieke faktore soos mid-rug krag (O'Sullivan et al., 2005; Bayramoglu et al., 2001) mid-rug stabiliteit (Hitt & Lie, 2006; MacDonald et al., 2006; Barker et al., 2006; Hodges et al., 2005; Hodges, 2003; Hodges & Richardson, 1996), en antrpometriese veranderlikes (Franklin et al., 2000:64), kan ‘n aansienlike verhoging in moontlike laer-rug pyn of –beserings meebring. ‘n Werk soos RTG hyskraan bestuur is afhanklik van sekere hoeveelheid krag of fisiese fiksheid. ‘n Tekortkoming in enige van hierdie areas kan lei tot oorkompensering, oorbelading en uiteindelike simptome van besering. Vrae wat navorsing nog moet antwoord is onder andere die faktore wat aanleiding gee tot beserings asook wat vinnige en veilige terugkeer na werk vir bestuurders bepaal. Die doel van die studie was om moontlike morfologiese veranderlikes en risiko faktore te bestudeer vir RTG hyskraan bestuurders, vir Hutcinson Whampoa, te Felixstowe hawe, VK. Die rol wat hierdie faktore speel in die oorsaak en ontwikkeling van rugpyn word ook ondersoek. ‘n Protokol van toetse is gekies om moontlike morfologiese risiko faktore uit te lig en daardeur bestuurders wat meer geneig is om laer-rugpyn te ontwikkel te identifiseer. ‘n Totaal van 43 RTG bestuurders het die toets voltooi. Hierdie bestuurders is verdeel in ‘n groep wat nog nooit laer-rugpyn of simptome getoon het nie (n=22) en ‘n groep bestuuders wat wel vorige geskiedenis van laer-rugpyn het (n=21). Alle deelnemers was asimptomaties met die aanvang van die toetsing. Alhoewel resultate van die toets nie noemenswaardig was nie (p>0.05), het dit wel getoon dat algemene prestasie tekortkoming (spierkrag benodig om kraguitset te handhaaf of om herhaaldelik uit te voer) geneig was om hoër te wees in individue sonder ‘n vorige geskiedenis van rug besering. Die fleksie/ekstensie verhouding het ook beter vertoon in hierdie groep. Individue sonder vorige geskiedenis van laer-rugpyn is interessant genoeg, ouer as die met geskiedenis van laer-rug beserings. Dit verduidelik die hoër liggaamsgewig, middelheup- verhouding en liggaamsmassa indeks en vet persentasie van hierdie groep weens die feit dat al reedsgenoemde geneig is om met ouderdom toe te neem. Dit kan ook piekkraguitset tot liggaamsmassa waardes van hierdie groep verduidelik omdat piekkraguitset sal verminder met toename in liggaamsmassa. Hierdie is die eerste studie wat die uitkyk bied op morfologiese veranderlikes tesame met isokinetiese toetsing van RTG hyskraan bestuurders en die verhouding tussen hierdie veranderlikes en laer-rugpyn.

The work environment of a mobile crane is hazardous where accidents can cause serious injuries or death for workers and non-workers. Therefore, the risk for these accidents should be avoided when possible. One way to avoid the potential accidents is to use mobile crane simulations instead, which removes the risk. Because of this, simulations have been developed to train operators and plan future operations. Mobile crane simulations can also be used to perform research related to mobile cranes, but for the result to be applicable to real-world settings the simulation has to be realistic enough. Therefore, this thesis evaluated an aspect of realism which is the lifting capacity of a mobile crane. This was done by having an artificial neural network train on values from load charts of a real crane, that was then used to predict the lifting capacities based on the boom length and the load radius of the virtual crane. An experiment was conducted in the simulation that collected the predicted lifting capacities which was then compared to the lifting capacities in the load charts of a real crane. The results showed that the lifting capacities could be predicted with little to no deviation except for in a few cases. When conducting the experiment, it was found that the virtual mobile crane could not reach all load radiuses documented in the real load charts. The predicted lifting capacities are concluded to be realistic enough for crane-related research, but should be refined if the lifting capacity plays a key role in the research. Future works such as improving and generalizing the artificial network, and performing the evaluation with user tests are prompted.

This master’s thesis describes the design of wall mobile crane and its railway. At the beginning of the work research of suitable hoists is conducted according to important parameters. Following the calculation of basic loads applied during crane operation. Furthermore the determination of the static load and fatigue strength of selected part which is verified by MKP simulation. The work continues with design of selected parts of crane and its railway. This design is solved with respect to relevant standards. In conclusion the final design of machine is drawn.

Denna kandidatuppsats är en studie av miljöprestandan hos   en lastbilskran satt i relation till användning av en mobilkran.   Miljöprestandan hos lastbilskranen studeras och jämförs med mobilkranens   givet ett visst nyttjandescenario. Miljöprestandan mäts i miljöparametrarna:   klimatpåverkan, energiförbrukning, energieffektivitet samt partikelutsläpp.   Realistiska och mätbara nyttjandescenarier har utarbetats utifrån studiebesök   och intervjuer med Vemservice, Jämtlands Mobilkranar och Curt Sillström   Åkeri. Kandidatuppsatsen är skriven som en del i den miljöstudie som ingår i   utvecklingsprojektet Forskning och utveckling av lastbilars   centralram för minskad miljöpåverkan vid tung transport. Projektet   drivs av Vemservice (Vemdalsservice AB) och syftar till att utveckla   centralramen på en lastbilskran genom att öka dess lyftkapacitet. Projektets   mål är att ersätta mobilkranar med lastbilskranar i en högre utsträckning än   vad som görs idag. I projektet deltar även teknikkonsultföretaget DRIV   Innovation, materialoptimeringstjänsten SSAB Shape samt Mittuniversitetet. En lastbilskran är en lastbil med en kran påmonterad på   flaket, med plats på flaket för att transportera gods. Lyftförmågan hos en   lastbilskran beror både av kranens styrka och själva lastbilens vrid- och böjhållfasthet.   I denna studie har en lastbilskran från Curt Sillströms Åkeri studerats.   Lastbilskranens främsta användningsområden är vid nybyggnationer av   bostäder, flytt av containrar och bodar på arbetsplatser samt vid flytt av   tunga föremål in och ut ur byggnader. Mobilkran kallas det   arbetsfordon som har en lyftkran med svängarm monterad på fordonet, den används inte för transport av gods.   Mobilkranen i denna studie tillhör Jämtlands Mobilkranar och används främst i   lyftarbeten såsom byggande av bostäder och arbeten vid vattenkraftverk. Resultatet   av den studerade miljöprestandan baseras på tre specifika nyttjandescenarior.   Nyttjandescenarierna innefattade att transportera och lyfta en given mängd   gods en given sträcka och tid. Lastbilskranen har högre miljöprestanda än   mobilkranen vid jämförelse i de tre scenarierna, dvs. lägre utsläpp och   mindre energiförbrukning. Den minsta skillnaden i miljöprestanda uppstår när   enbart lyftarbete utförs, då lastbilskranens fulla funktion inte nyttjas då   den ej transporterar något gods. Det troligtvis mest typiska   nyttjandescenariot är att gods både ska transporteras och lyftas. I detta   fall har lastbilskranen flera fördelar tack vare att dess fulla funktion   utnyttjas. / This bachelor thesis is a study of the environmental performance of a loader crane in relationship to the usage of a mobile crane. The environmental performance of the loader crane is studied and compared to the mobile cranes performance given a set of specific user scenarios. The environmental performance is measured using the following environmental parameters:climate impact, energy consumption, energy efficiency and particle emissions. Realistic and measurable user scenarios were prepared using information from visits and interviews with Vemservice, Jämtlands Mobilkranar and Curt Sillström Åkeri. The thesis is written as a part of the environmental study that is included in the developmental project “Forskning och utveckling av lastbilars centralram för minskad miljöpåverkan vid tung transport”. The project is managed by Vemservice (Vemdalsservice AB) and the purpose of the project is to develop the frame on a loader crane by increasing the capacity for lifting. The goal of the project is to replace mobile cranes with loader cranes to a higher degree than what is currently the case. The projects participants are also made up by the technology consulting DRIV Innovation, SSAB Shape and also Mid Sweden University. A loader crane is a truck with a crane mounted on its flatbed and also room on the flatbed for the transport of goods. The lifting capabilities of a loader crane is dependent on the strength of the crane and the rigidity of the frame of the truck itself. In this thesis, a loader crane from Curt Sillström Åkeri AB is studied. The main usage of the loader crane in this study is in construction, the moving of work site sheds and in the moving of heavy objects in and out of houses. A mobile crane is a work vehicle with a crane and swing arm mounted on the back of the vehicle. The mobile crane in this study belongs to Jämtlands Mobilkranar and is primary used for heavy lifting in construction and work at a hydro power plant. As opposed to the loader crane, the mobile crane is not used for the transport of goods. The resulting environmental performance was based on three specific user scenarios. The user scenarios consisted of lifting and transporting a given amount of goods for a specified distance and time. When a comparison is made between the loader crane and mobile crane for total emissions and energy consumption in each user scenario, the loader crane has a larger environmental performance. The smallest difference in environmental performance arises when lifting is the only work being done, due to the fact that the full capacity of the loader crane is not utilized since it is not used to transport goods. Likely the most typical user scenario consists of goods being both transported and lifted. In this case the loader crane has a number of advantages because its full capacity is being utilized. / <p>2018-02-01</p>

The object of diploma thesis is a construction technology project capacity extension of nursery school Zvidalek in Slavkov u Brna. Work includes facilities of building site, technological rule of waterproofing, schedule, item budget, plan of checks and tests, design of machinery, safety and health at work and economic, time and transport evaluation of two versions of ceiling construction.

The subject of this diploma thesis is building technological project of extension of warehouse in Tlumačov based on metal construction. This diploma thesis includes study of realization of main technological process, budget of the building, financial and time plan of building, schedule of works, project of construction site installation, technological regulation of instalacion steel structures and technological regulation of execution industrial floor, inspection and test plan of instalacion steel structures, inspection and test plan of execution industrial floor, design of main mechanisms, design and verification of main lift mechanisms.

This diploma thesis describes mechanical design of mobile construction crane, specified for moving Silka bricks of weight 200 kg. Thesis contains constructing solution of steel frame - boom, column and chassis. Standard purchased components are also defined in this thesis - hydraulic circuits, el. pulley assembly and wheels. Last part of thesis verifies sufficient safety of designed frame using Finite element method. Output of this thesis are mechanical drawings of welded parts of steel frame and assembly drawing of entire crane.

The master's thesis is solving a build-up technology of a polyfunctional building construction with a badminton hall. It is a prefabricated skeleton in combination with ceramic walls.

The subject of the diploma thesis is building-technology project of new building Fire station Jaroměř. This preparation includes the processing of technological regulation for, design of site equipment, time schedule, itemized budget, design of machinery confuguration, inspection and test plan, environmental plan and work safety plan.

Presented work the master's thesis is solving a build-up technology of a ional building construction . It is a study of main technological phases, focused on foundation building and masonry. The building technological project contains the technology statement and the technological phases primary model, technology procedure, time schedule and financial heftiness, machines formation, check and test plan, occupational safety and as specialism the mechanical drawing details of structure.