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Temperature is a critical environmental signal, which exerts powerful control over the development and virulence of diverse microbial pathogens. Fungi, along with other microbial species, exploit a diversity of mechanisms to sense and respond to temperature fluctuations that may be encountered in the host or under other conditions of temperature stress. For Candida albicans, the leading fungal pathogen of humans, temperature influences mating, phenotypic switching, resistance to antifungal drugs, and the morphogenetic transition from yeast to filamentous growth. C. albicans morphogenesis is strongly influenced by temperature, and most filament inducing cues depend on a concurrent increase of temperature to 37˚C before morphogenesis can occur. Further elevated temperature of 39˚C to 42˚C can serve as an independent filament-inducing cue, although the molecular mechanisms underpinning this temperature-dependent morphogenetic transition remain largely uncharacterized. Here, I provide the first comprehensive investigation of the molecular mechanisms mediating temperature-dependent morphogenesis in C. albicans. I establish that the thermally responsive molecular chaperone Hsp90 orchestrates temperature-dependent morphogenesis, and that Hsp90 functions as a key temperature sensor, such that elevated temperature is required to relieve Hsp90-mediated repression of the morphogenetic program. Further, I demonstrate that Hsp90 controls morphogenesis via at least two distinct cellular signaling cascades. First, Hsp90 and its co-chaperone Sgt1 physically interact, and together regulate protein kinase A (PKA) signaling via an interaction with the adenylyl cyclase of the PKA cascade, Cyr1, such that genetic depletion of either Hsp90 or Sgt1 activates PKA signaling and induces filamentation. Second, Hsp90 controls temperature-dependent morphogenesis via previously uncharacterized cellular circuitry comprised of the cyclin-dependent kinase Pho85, the cyclin Pcl1, and the transcriptional regulator Hms1. Together, this research illuminates the central role of Hsp90 in coupling temperature sensing and morphogenesis in the human fungal pathogen C. albicans.

Temperature is a critical environmental signal, which exerts powerful control over the development and virulence of diverse microbial pathogens. Fungi, along with other microbial species, exploit a diversity of mechanisms to sense and respond to temperature fluctuations that may be encountered in the host or under other conditions of temperature stress. For Candida albicans, the leading fungal pathogen of humans, temperature influences mating, phenotypic switching, resistance to antifungal drugs, and the morphogenetic transition from yeast to filamentous growth. C. albicans morphogenesis is strongly influenced by temperature, and most filament inducing cues depend on a concurrent increase of temperature to 37˚C before morphogenesis can occur. Further elevated temperature of 39˚C to 42˚C can serve as an independent filament-inducing cue, although the molecular mechanisms underpinning this temperature-dependent morphogenetic transition remain largely uncharacterized. Here, I provide the first comprehensive investigation of the molecular mechanisms mediating temperature-dependent morphogenesis in C. albicans. I establish that the thermally responsive molecular chaperone Hsp90 orchestrates temperature-dependent morphogenesis, and that Hsp90 functions as a key temperature sensor, such that elevated temperature is required to relieve Hsp90-mediated repression of the morphogenetic program. Further, I demonstrate that Hsp90 controls morphogenesis via at least two distinct cellular signaling cascades. First, Hsp90 and its co-chaperone Sgt1 physically interact, and together regulate protein kinase A (PKA) signaling via an interaction with the adenylyl cyclase of the PKA cascade, Cyr1, such that genetic depletion of either Hsp90 or Sgt1 activates PKA signaling and induces filamentation. Second, Hsp90 controls temperature-dependent morphogenesis via previously uncharacterized cellular circuitry comprised of the cyclin-dependent kinase Pho85, the cyclin Pcl1, and the transcriptional regulator Hms1. Together, this research illuminates the central role of Hsp90 in coupling temperature sensing and morphogenesis in the human fungal pathogen C. albicans.

The AAA+ chaperone Hsp104 mediates the reactivation of aggregated proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is crucial for cell survival after exposure to stress. Protein disaggregation depends on cooperation between Hsp104 and a cognate Hsp70 chaperone system. Hsp104 forms a hexameric ring with a narrow axial channel penetrating the centre of the complex. In Chapter 2, I show that conserved loops in each AAA+ module that line this channel are required for disaggregation and that the position of these loops is likely determined by the nucleotide bound state of Hsp104. This evidence supports a common protein remodeling mechanism among Hsp100 members in which proteins are unfolded and threaded along the axial channel. In Chapter 3, I use a peptide-based substrate mimetic to reveal other novel features of Hsp104’s disaggregation mechanism. An Hsp104-binding peptide selected from solid phase arrays recapitulated several properties of an authentic Hsp104 substrate. Inactivation of the pore loops in either AAA+ module prevented stable peptide or protein binding. However, when the loop in the first AAA+ was inactivated, stimulation of ATPase turnover in the second AAA+ module of this mutant was abolished. Drawing on these data, I propose a detailed mechanistic model of protein unfolding by Hsp104 in which an initial unstable interaction involving the loop in the first AAA+ module simultaneously promotes penetration of the substrate into the second axial channel binding site and activates ATP turnover in the second AAA+ module. In Chapter 4, I explore the recognition elements within a model Hsp104-binding peptide that are required for rapid binding to Hsp104. Removal of bulky hydrophobic residues and lysines abrogated the ability of this peptide to function as a peptide-based substrate mimetic for Hsp104. Furthermore, rapid binding of a model unfolded protein to Hsp104 required an intact N-terminal domain and ATP binding at the first AAA+ module. Taken together, I have defined numerous structural features within Hsp104 and its model substrates that are crucial for substrate binding and processing by Hsp104. This work provides a theoretical framework that will encourage research in other protein remodeling AAA+ ATPases.

A malária é a doença parasitária mais comum no mundo e é causada por protozoários do gênero Plasmodium spp., sendo transmitida por dípteros do gênero Anopheles spp. para hospedeiros vertebrados. Ambos, parasitas e vetores, têm desenvolvido resistência aos tratamentos e medidas profiláticas, respectivamente, indicando a necessidade de novas formas de controle. Chaperonas moleculares e co-chaperonas são interessantes alvos de estudo para desenvolvimento de terapias mais eficazes, uma vez que estas biomoléculas desempenham papel importante no processo de adaptação e sobrevivência do protozoário. As chaperonas da família Hsp90 participam de vários processos fisiológicos, que não somente auxiliar o enovelamento de proteínas clientes. Cada protômero da Hsp90 é composto por três domínios denominados N, M e C, e a proteína se organiza na forma de homodímeros flexíveis. As co-chaperonas são proteínas auxiliares, essenciais para modulação do ciclo funcional da Hsp90. A co-chaperona Aha1 (do inglês Activator of the Hsp90-ATPase activity 1) estabiliza a Hsp90 em um estado conformacional intermediário e estimula a atividade ATPásica da mesma. Neste contexto, é usual a busca por inibidores potenciais diretos e indiretos para Hsp90 e por respostas sobre seu mecanismo de inibição. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a obtenção e caracterização bioquímica e biofísica da proteína Hsp90 recombinante de Plasmodium falciparum (PfHsp90) e construções PfHsp90NM e PfHsp90M, além do mapeamento da interação com a co-chaperona Aha4 de P. falciparum (PfAha4). Os experimentos de caracterização estrutural revelam que o domínio N é menos estável termicamente do que o domínio M e também é o mais rico em estrutura secundária do tipo hélice α. A PfHsp90 comporta-se majoritariamente como homodímero alongado e flexível em solução, sendo o domínio C essencial para a dimerização, todavia as construções PfHsp90NM e PfHsp90M comportam-se como monômeros. Ensaios de fluorescência revelaram que as construções exibem diferenças na estabilidade química e que possuem estrutura terciária local com seus triptofanos parcialmente expostos ao solvente. A atividade ATPásica da PfHsp90 foi estimulada por PfAha4, e a interação entre elas foi resolvida com estequiometria de duas moléculas de PfAha4 por dímero de PfHsp90. Tal interação foi entalpicamente dirigida, ocorrendo liberação de moléculas de água, com interação mediada principalmente por contatos hidrofóbicos. O mapeamento das regiões de contato sugere que o cerne da interação ocorra entre a PfAha4 e o domínio M da PfHsp90. As diferenças exibidas pela PfHsp90 com relação as propriedades de proteínas ortólogas podem ter relação com os resíduos de aminoácidos que conectam os domínios N e M em sua estrutura, devido a sua flexibilidade, tamanho e composição. / Malaria is the most common parasitic disease in the world and is caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium spp., and transmitted by dipterans of the genus Anopheles spp. for vertebrate hosts. Both parasites and vectors have developed resistance to treatments and prophylactic measures, respectively, indicating the need for new forms of control. Molecular chaperones and co-chaperones are interesting targets for the development of more effective therapies, since these biomolecules play an important role in the process of adaptation and survival of the protozoan. The chaperones of the Hsp90 family participate in several physiological processes, which not only aid in the folding of client proteins. Each Hsp90 protomer have three domains called N, M and C, and the protein is organized as flexible homodimers. Co-chaperones are assistant proteins, they are essential for modulating the functional cycle of Hsp90. The Aha1 (Activator of the Hsp90-ATPase activity 1) co-chaperone stabilizes Hsp90 in an intermediate conformational state and stimulates the ATPase activity thereof. In this context, it is usual the search for direct and indirect potential inhibitors for Hsp90 and for responses about its inhibition mechanism. The objective of this work was the biochemical and biophysical characterization of the Hsp90 recombinant protein of Plasmodium falciparum (PfHsp90) and PfHsp90NM and PfHsp90M constructions, as well as to map interactions with the Aha4 co-chaperone of P falciparum (PfAha4). Structural characterization experiments show that the N domain is less thermally stable than the M domain and is also the richest in α-helix secondary structure. PfHsp90 behaves mostly as elongated and flexible homodimer in solution, domain C is essential for dimerization, on the other hand the constructs PfHsp90NM and PfHsp90M behave as monomers. Fluorescence assays revealed that the constructs exhibit differences in chemical stability and that have local tertiary structure with their tryptophans partially exposed to the solvent. The ATPase activity of PfHsp90 was stimulated by PfAha4, and the interaction between them was resolved with stoichiometry of two molecules of PfAha4 by PfHsp90 dimer. Such interaction was enthalpically driven, releasing of water molecules, with interaction mediated mainly by hydrophobic contacts. The mapping of contact regions suggests that the core of the interaction occurs between PfAha4 and the M domain of PfHsp90. The differences exhibited by PfHsp90 concerning the properties of orthologous proteins, may be related to the amino acid residues that connect the N and M domains in its structure, due to its flexibility, size and composition.

The AAA+ chaperone Hsp104 mediates the reactivation of aggregated proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is crucial for cell survival after exposure to stress. Protein disaggregation depends on cooperation between Hsp104 and a cognate Hsp70 chaperone system. Hsp104 forms a hexameric ring with a narrow axial channel penetrating the centre of the complex. In Chapter 2, I show that conserved loops in each AAA+ module that line this channel are required for disaggregation and that the position of these loops is likely determined by the nucleotide bound state of Hsp104. This evidence supports a common protein remodeling mechanism among Hsp100 members in which proteins are unfolded and threaded along the axial channel. In Chapter 3, I use a peptide-based substrate mimetic to reveal other novel features of Hsp104’s disaggregation mechanism. An Hsp104-binding peptide selected from solid phase arrays recapitulated several properties of an authentic Hsp104 substrate. Inactivation of the pore loops in either AAA+ module prevented stable peptide or protein binding. However, when the loop in the first AAA+ was inactivated, stimulation of ATPase turnover in the second AAA+ module of this mutant was abolished. Drawing on these data, I propose a detailed mechanistic model of protein unfolding by Hsp104 in which an initial unstable interaction involving the loop in the first AAA+ module simultaneously promotes penetration of the substrate into the second axial channel binding site and activates ATP turnover in the second AAA+ module. In Chapter 4, I explore the recognition elements within a model Hsp104-binding peptide that are required for rapid binding to Hsp104. Removal of bulky hydrophobic residues and lysines abrogated the ability of this peptide to function as a peptide-based substrate mimetic for Hsp104. Furthermore, rapid binding of a model unfolded protein to Hsp104 required an intact N-terminal domain and ATP binding at the first AAA+ module. Taken together, I have defined numerous structural features within Hsp104 and its model substrates that are crucial for substrate binding and processing by Hsp104. This work provides a theoretical framework that will encourage research in other protein remodeling AAA+ ATPases.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22660号 / 工博第4744号 / 新制||工||1741(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科高分子化学専攻 / (主査)教授 秋吉 一成, 教授 大内 誠, 准教授 佐々木 善浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

No description available.

<p> FKBP65 is a 65 kDa FK-506 binding protein containing 4 putative peptidyl prolyl isomerase (PPiase) domains, whose expression level parallels that oftropoelastin, the soluble precursor ofelastin. Studies from other laboratories have established that FKBP65 associates with tropoelastin (TE) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and dissociates from TE before reaching the Golgi apparatus (Patterson et al., 2000). TE contains 12% proline residues, which are often found in VPGVG repeats, and it has been suggested that these repeats formp-turns and subsequently P-spirals (Urry et al., 1992). The formation ofthe P-spiral is thought to be essential to endow the elastic properties of the elastin fibers. In order to form a P-turn, the proline residue at position 2 ofthe VPGVG sequence must be in trans conformation (Urry et al., 1995). Therefore, it was hypothesized by Davis and coworkers (Davis et al., 1998) that FKBP65, as a PPiase, may play an important role in the folding oftropoelastin by enhancing the formation ofP-turns in the ER, and thus elastic fiber formation. In the present study we have studied the coacervation (a reversible, temperature-dependent, self association process) ofTE and recombinant elastin model polypeptide, EP4, in the absence or presence ofrecombinant FKBP65 (rFKBP65). rFKBP65 was shown to enhance the coacervation process of TE, by lowering the coacervation temperature (T c) and increasing the overall extent of coacervation. In the kinetic study ofcoacervation ofTE at a constant temperature, rFKBP65 increased both the initial rate ofthe coacervation process and the overall extent ofcoacervation. These effects are specific to rFKBP65, as FKBP12 has no effect on the coacervation process. Rapamycin, an inhibitor ofthe PPiase activity ofFK-506 binding proteins, did not alter rFKBP65's effect on TE coacervation. </p> <p>In contrast to TE, rFKBP65 affected the coacervation process ofEP4 by increasing the T c, and by enhancing the dissociation of coacervates when temperature is decreased. Once again, these effects are specific to rFKBP65, as FKBP12 and BSA were shown to have no effect on the coacervation ofEP4. The effect of small pH changes on rFKBP65 was also investigated, and it was found that lowering the pH from 7.5 to 6.0 had no effect on rFKBP65's secondary structure or coacervation-altering activity. </p> <p> In summary, this study, along with an earlier study from this laboratory, has shown that FKBP65 affects the coacervation process ofTE. In addition, the coacervation pro·cess of an elastin model polypeptide, EP4, is also modulated by FKBP65. However, the mechanism ofthese effects remains unclear. Nevertheless, along with the data established by other laboratories, FKBP65 does appear to be a strong candidate as a molecular chaperone for tropoelastin, and may play an important role in the elastogenesis process. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Ultrasound contrast agents (CAs) are typically used in clinic for perfusion studies (blood flow through a specific region) and border delineating (differentiate borders between tissue structures) during cardiac imaging. The CAs used during ultrasound imaging usually consist of gas filled microbubbles (MBs) (diameter 1-5 μm) that are injected intravenously into the circulatory system. This thesis partially involves a novel polymer-shelled ultrasound CA that consists of air filled MBs stabilized by a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) shell. These MBs could be coupled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) in order to serve as a combined CA for ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. The first three papers (Paper A-C) in this thesis investigate the structural characteristic and the elimination process of the CA. In Paper A, two types (PVA Type A and PVA Type B) of the novel CA were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of thin sectioned MBs. The images demonstrated that the SPIONs were either attached to the PVA shell surface (PVA Type A) or embedded in the shell (PVA Type B). The average shell thickness of the MBs was determined in Paper B by introducing a model that calculated the shell thickness from TEM images of cross-sectioned MBs. The shell thickness of PVA Type A was determined to 651 nm, whereas the shell thickness of PVA Type B was calculated to 637 nm. In Paper C, a prolonged blood elimination time was obtained for PVA-shelled MBs compared to the lipid-shelled CA SonoVue used in clinic. In addition, TEM analyzed tissue sections showed that the PVA-shelled MBs were recognized by the macrophage system. However, structurally intact MBs were still found in the circulation 24 h post injection. These studies illustrate that the PVA-shelled MBs are stable and offer large chemical variability, which make them suitable as CA for multimodal imaging. This thesis also involves studies (Paper D-E) of the molecular chaperones (Hsp21 and DNAJB6). The small heat shock protein Hsp21 effectively protects other proteins from unfolding and aggregation during stress. This chaperone ability requires oligomerization of the protein. In Paper D, cryo-electron microscopy together with complementary structural methods, obtained a structure model which showed that the Hsp21 dodecamer (12-mer) is kept together by paired C-terminal interactions.The human protein DNAJB6 functions as a very efficient suppressor of polyglutamine (polyQ) and amyloid-β42 (Aβ42) aggregation. Aggregation of these peptides are associated with development of Huntington’s (polyQ) and Alzheimer’s (Aβ42) disease. In Paper E, a reconstructed map of this highly dynamic protein is presented, showing an oligomer with two-fold symmetry, indicating that the oligomers are assembled by two subunits. / <p>QC 20160527</p>