This thesis focuses on the private sector response to the human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in the Republic of South Africa (RSA) and the United States (US) in multinational businesses and corporations. From an epidemiological perspective HIV/AIDS and its co infections cause acute and chronic illness in the workforce leading to programs and interventions of various complexity and effectiveness. Workforce HIV/AIDS epidemiology in South Africa and the US is reviewed and discussed. From a critical medical anthropology perspective multinational corporations are political and economic entities with immense resources and power over people, communities, and governments globally. Corporate culture becomes important in the design of prevention and treatment strategies. Working with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) global AIDS program (GAP) allowed the researcher to conduct key informant interviews and participant observation in five multinational business in South Africa. Important issues are raised regarding workforce education, stigma, workplace and community relationships, rapid-saliva versus blood sample testing, and the need for more disclosure and involvement of people with HIV/AIDS (PWHAs) in the workplace. In light of increasing global capitalization, poor government services for prevention and treatment, and the fact that HIV/AIDS discrimination is a human rights abuse, from a collective standpoint businesses have been slow to respond to HIV/AIDS, in southern Africa as well as in the United States, and should make it a core component of corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies regardless of disease prevalence in the workforce.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / The involvement of beneficiaries in monitoring and evaluation processes, not only does it ensure the success of the project’s intended objectives, but it empowers, creates knowledge production while guaranteeing a means to a sustainable livelihood for beneficiaries. The study sought to assess the process of Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation using a case study of the Salesian Institute Youth project, vocational training in Cape Town South Africa. Thus the study set out to conduct an evaluative assessment of stakeholder participation in the process of PM&E; identify the organizational structure of the project team and the parties involved; assess the project intended goals versus the outcomes of the project, and identify the relationship between the process of PM&E and the outcomes of the project. The study employed quantitative and quantitative methods, noting the low response rate a larger sample of 150 questionnaires was evenly distributed across gender and 102 were completed. Ten interviews were conducted across all stakeholders. Data were captured and analyzed using SPSS and thematic analysis. The study concludes that the involvement of participants in the process of PM&E is vital to achieving positive projects outcomes. Participants should be made aware of the meaning, purposes of the project as this allows for their comprehension and free will to participate in PM&E processes. Although the outcomes of the project were positive, the study recommends that there is a need for an established scientific PM&E system for the organization that can be implemented in organization projects.

<p>Small and medium size enterprises are currently the major part of economic activities through out the world. Nowadays, they represent about 99% of all types of enterprises in Sweden, with providing high job opportunities to its labour force as these enterprises need focus in their development; the internal control mechanism is a means and a way of directing, monitoring and measuring the SMEs resources. It plays an important role in preventing and detecting fraud and protecting the physical and intangible resources as well as leading to high efficiency of the business operation. one since it contributes a lot for the majority of business enterprise involved in SMEs.</p><p>This study examines and describes the effectiveness of internal control systems in Swedish small and medium size enterprises. The study focuses on the main five components of internal control and their impact on achieving the company’s objectives. In so doing, the study creates a better understanding of effective internal control that may be applicable to the context of SMEs and establish theoretically the features of an effective internal control for sampled SMEs. To achieve this objective we formulate one research question: system of SMEs comply with the principles of effective internal control? into how closely SMEs follow the virtues of effective internal control in their business operation.</p><p>Applying an inductive approach in qualitative interview, the study found out that, contrary to what is generally suggested, SMEs are aware of the importance of having a good internal control system. The findings of the research enabled the emergence of a theory grounded in the collected data. Indeed, the major features of an effective internal control system applicable for SMEs are found to be control activities, effective information and communication system, effective monitoring and evaluation system framework.</p><p>Key words: <strong>SMEs, internal control, control environment, risk management, control activities, information and communication, monitoring and evaluation</strong></p>

Small and medium size enterprises are currently the major part of economic activities through out the world. Nowadays, they represent about 99% of all types of enterprises in Sweden, with providing high job opportunities to its labour force as these enterprises need focus in their development; the internal control mechanism is a means and a way of directing, monitoring and measuring the SMEs resources. It plays an important role in preventing and detecting fraud and protecting the physical and intangible resources as well as leading to high efficiency of the business operation. one since it contributes a lot for the majority of business enterprise involved in SMEs. This study examines and describes the effectiveness of internal control systems in Swedish small and medium size enterprises. The study focuses on the main five components of internal control and their impact on achieving the company’s objectives. In so doing, the study creates a better understanding of effective internal control that may be applicable to the context of SMEs and establish theoretically the features of an effective internal control for sampled SMEs. To achieve this objective we formulate one research question: system of SMEs comply with the principles of effective internal control? into how closely SMEs follow the virtues of effective internal control in their business operation. Applying an inductive approach in qualitative interview, the study found out that, contrary to what is generally suggested, SMEs are aware of the importance of having a good internal control system. The findings of the research enabled the emergence of a theory grounded in the collected data. Indeed, the major features of an effective internal control system applicable for SMEs are found to be control activities, effective information and communication system, effective monitoring and evaluation system framework. Key words: SMEs, internal control, control environment, risk management, control activities, information and communication, monitoring and evaluation

The importance of Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) during programme implementation has driven many governments, organisations and donors to invest substantial means in developing comprehensive M&E and tools. However, research reveals that, while some of these comprehensive M&E systems have been successfully implemented, others could not be used to achieve the purposes for which resources were utilised in designing them. Some writers have explained that, even though great effort is invested in the development of M&E systems, not all of them actually get implemented, or even if they do, they are only partially implemented. One reason cited was the complexity of M&E systems, which makes implementation difficult. The Non-Governmental (NGO) sector in its implementation of social programmes, uses M&E systems and frameworks to monitor programmes for various reasons, including accountability and organisational learning purposes. A case study approach, using in-depth qualitative methods, was used to analyse the implementation of the M&E systems in SaveAct, an NGO based in Pietermaritzburg in KwaZulu-Natal. A semi-structured interview guide was used to collect primary data. Interviews were conducted with various role-players within the system to gather information about their experiences of implementing M&E systems. Documents and reports were analysed to investigate the nature of the M&E systems, and their purposes and uses and implementation successes and challenges. The findings of the study revealed that in SaveAct the M&E is done for the purpose of accountability to donors and for organisational learning and improvement in programmes. Two previous frameworks were designed for intensive evaluation purposes, but could not be fully implemented. Challenges that emerged include the comprehensive nature of the frameworks, lack of human capacity and limited finances for implementation. However, regular data collection for monitoring was being successfully undertaken. Some of the success factors identified include the simple and easy-to-understand data collection tools and the inclusion of M&E activities in the routine work of staff (mainstreaming). M&E systems that have simple tools which clearly outline the goals and where the functions are included in the daily routine of the staff, are more likely to be implementable. The conclusions of the study were that M&E systems can be made more implementable if they are designed with an understanding that the system components are interrelated and an attempt is made to see to it that each component is functional, to ensure the mode of action of the entire system. M&E systems and frameworks should be designed to be simple and clear. They should contain fewer tools and should be easily understood by the people who do the actual data collection. The tools with fewer questions were easier to implement than those with many questions. M&E functions in SaveAct were more successful when included in normal routine work of the staff, or mainstreamed, and not undertaken as a separate activity and also when they are located within planning and budgeting functions of the organisation. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--UCLA, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-169).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 2007. / Advisers: Albert P.C. Chan, Daniel W.M. Chan. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.Ed.)--Unitec New Zealand, 2008. / Coda (electronic version) title-page has 2009 date. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-121).

REGO, Joizia Lima Cavalcante. Avaliação do Desenho da Ferramenta de Monitoramento das Ações e Projetos Prioritários – MAPP no Governo do Estado do Ceará. 2015. 127f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Avaliação de Políticas Públicas, Fortaleza (CE), 2015. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-15T14:23:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_jlcrego.pdf: 5116372 bytes, checksum: 0c4e505d9e7ff8f0b44fcc4d80944fbb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-15T14:36:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_jlcrego.pdf: 5116372 bytes, checksum: 0c4e505d9e7ff8f0b44fcc4d80944fbb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-15T14:36:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_jlcrego.pdf: 5116372 bytes, checksum: 0c4e505d9e7ff8f0b44fcc4d80944fbb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / The objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the design of the Management and Planning tool adopted by the state of Ceará, denominated Monitoring of Actions and Priority Projects - MAPP. The motivation for the investigation part of a restlessness occupational, to understand the concepts and execution, as well as instigating reflections and discussions about public spending control instrument adopted by the Government of the State of Ceará. The time frame was the 2007 to 2014 period of implementation of the Management and Planning tool MAPP. This evaluation seeks to discover through qualitative analysis from the perspective of some analytical axes of the in-depth evaluation (RODRIGUES, 2008; 2011) which considers the conceptual bases, the institutional trajectory and analysis of context. In this ambit, the methodological perspective uses the bibliographic research technique, documentary and open interviews, which provided clues for understanding the perceptions of those involved subjects, the creators and performers tool as well as examine the socio-political context. To understand the MAPP design context in the state, promotes the theoretical dialogue between the positivist conception of the Holanda (2006), the constructivist paradigm of the authors Guba and Lincoln (2011), and the Lejano post-constructivist (2012) in that supports new reflections on the conduct and monitoring of social projects of government from the perspective of democratic participation of the subjects involved. / O objetivo desta dissertação é avaliar o desenho da ferramenta de Gestão e Planejamento adotado pelo estado do Ceará, denominada Monitoramento das Ações e Projetos Prioritários – MAPP. A motivação para este estudo parte de uma inquietação profissional em compreender as concepções e a execução dos gastos públicos por parte do Governo do Estado do Ceará, bem como do intuito de instigar reflexões e discussões sobre os instrumentos de controle na gestão do erário. O recorte temporal foi o período de 2007 a 2014, período da implantação da ferramenta de Gestão e Planejamento – MAPP no estado. A referida avaliação busca desvendar – por meio da análise qualitativa, na perspectiva de alguns eixos analíticos da avaliação em profundidade (RODRIGUES, 2008; 2011), na qual se consideram as bases conceituais – a trajetória institucional e a análise do contexto. Nesse âmbito, a perspectiva metodológica utiliza a técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e entrevistas abertas, as quais fornecem indícios para compreender as percepções dos sujeitos envolvidos, os idealizadores e os executores da ferramenta, bem como examinar o contexto sociopolítico. Para compreender o contexto do desenho do MAPP no estado, fomenta-se o diálogo teórico entre a concepção positivista de Holanda (2006), o paradigma construtivista dos autores Guba e Lincoln (2011) e o pós-construtivista Lejano (2012), em que se embasam novas reflexões sobre a condução e o monitoramento dos projetos sociais de governo na perspectiva da participação democrática dos sujeitos envolvidos.

nÃo hà / O objetivo desta dissertaÃÃo à avaliar o desenho da ferramenta de GestÃo e Planejamento adotado pelo estado do CearÃ, denominada Monitoramento das AÃÃes e Projetos PrioritÃrios â MAPP. A motivaÃÃo para este estudo parte de uma inquietaÃÃo profissional em compreender as concepÃÃes e a execuÃÃo dos gastos pÃblicos por parte do Governo do Estado do CearÃ, bem como do intuito de instigar reflexÃes e discussÃes sobre os instrumentos de controle na gestÃo do erÃrio. O recorte temporal foi o perÃodo de 2007 a 2014, perÃodo da implantaÃÃo da ferramenta de GestÃo e Planejamento â MAPP no estado. A referida avaliaÃÃo busca desvendar â por meio da anÃlise qualitativa, na perspectiva de alguns eixos analÃticos da avaliaÃÃo em profundidade (RODRIGUES, 2008; 2011), na qual se consideram as bases conceituais â a trajetÃria institucional e a anÃlise do contexto. Nesse Ãmbito, a perspectiva metodolÃgica utiliza a tÃcnica de pesquisa bibliogrÃfica, documental e entrevistas abertas, as quais fornecem indÃcios para compreender as percepÃÃes dos sujeitos envolvidos, os idealizadores e os executores da ferramenta, bem como examinar o contexto sociopolÃtico. Para compreender o contexto do desenho do MAPP no estado, fomenta-se o diÃlogo teÃrico entre a concepÃÃo positivista de Holanda (2006), o paradigma construtivista dos autores Guba e Lincoln (2011) e o pÃs-construtivista Lejano (2012), em que se embasam novas reflexÃes sobre a conduÃÃo e o monitoramento dos projetos sociais de governo na perspectiva da participaÃÃo democrÃtica dos sujeitos envolvidos. / The objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the design of the Management and Planning tool adopted by the state of CearÃ, denominated Monitoring of Actions and Priority Projects - MAPP. The motivation for the investigation part of a restlessness occupational, to understand the concepts and execution, as well as instigating reflections and discussions about public spending control instrument adopted by the Government of the State of CearÃ. The time frame was the 2007 to 2014 period of implementation of the Management and Planning tool MAPP. This evaluation seeks to discover through qualitative analysis from the perspective of some analytical axes of the in-depth evaluation (RODRIGUES, 2008; 2011) which considers the conceptual bases, the institutional trajectory and analysis of context. In this ambit, the methodological perspective uses the bibliographic research technique, documentary and open interviews, which provided clues for understanding the perceptions of those involved subjects, the creators and performers tool as well as examine the socio-political context. To understand the MAPP design context in the state, promotes the theoretical dialogue between the positivist conception of the Holanda (2006), the constructivist paradigm of the authors Guba and Lincoln (2011), and the Lejano post-constructivist (2012) in that supports new reflections on the conduct and monitoring of social projects of government from the perspective of democratic participation of the subjects involved.