This dissertation looks at some of the most famous structures by talented and cryptic American architect Louis Sullivan (1856-1924) for fusions of Aesthetic Movement surfaces and two-part Classical Monumentality. For architects, the Aesthetic Movement allowed for a greater amount of freedom when it came to sources, massing, and ornament, which resulted in the creation of more highly textured surfaces than ever before. Under raking light, this texture produces some scintillating effects. Sullivan used this textural freedom throughout his career, creating some surfaces that sparkle. It will also be demonstrated that Sullivan changed his drawing style to better articulate his textural visions to others. The second way in which this dissertation looks at Sullivan’s architecture is through the lens of Classical monumentality, specifically that used in Donato Bramante’s Palazzo Caprini (constructed ca. 1512), which is better known today as the House of Raphael. Composed of a basement surmounted by a major order, Bramante’s venerable two-part pattern spawned legions of descendants. This dissertation will demonstrate that Sullivan applied lessons from derivatives of this structure’s facade to a range of building types. Visual analysis of select building facades will demonstrate that Sullivan kept combining these two themes throughout his career.

Esta pesquisa pretende examinar a consolidação de formas urbanísticas e arquitetônicas como representação do espaço político na Grécia antiga. O objetivo central é o de analisar em que medida o poder político - ou seu formato - interfere no disciplinamento do espaço, especialmente no que se refere à incorporação da ideologia tirânica nas grandes obras monumentais do Ocidente grego. Assim, os dados reunidos acerca da monumentalização do espaço primordialmente de Atenas, na Península Balcânica, e de Siracusa, na Sicília, entre os séculos VI e IV a.C., nos servirão para delimitar um quadro comparativo entre as diferentes formas de organização política e social e o planejamento urbano dessas poleis, de modo a elucidar a chamada paisagem do poder. Em tempo, dados de outras poleis como as de Metaponto, Camarina, Himera, Tasos e Cirene serão incorporados ao conjunto estudado de sorte a dar maior densidade às conclusões esperadas. Para tanto, far-se-á uso de referências metodológicas pertencentes à Arqueologia da Paisagem e critérios inspirados na linha de pesquisa desenvolvida por Amos Rapoport que lida com a questão da especialização do espaço como marca de \"complexificação\" das sociedades. / This research aims to examining the consolidation of urban and architectural forms as a representation of Greek political space. The central goal is analyze how political power - or its format - interferes in the disciplining of space, especially with regard to the incorporation of tyrannical ideology in large monumental buildings of the Greek West. Thus, the data gathered about the monumentalization primarily of two Greek cities (Athens and Syracuse), between 6th and 4th centuries BC, serve to delimit a comparative analyse between different forms of political organization and social and urban planning, in order to elucidate the landscape of power. In time, data from other poleis as Metaponto, Kamarina, Himera, Tasos and Cyrene will be incorporated to give more density to the expected conclusions. For that, use will be made of the methodology pertaining to the Landscape Archaeology and criteria inspired by the line of research developed by Amos Rapoport dealing with the issue of specialization of space as a feature of complex societies.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar o papel dos governos tirânicos siracusanos na reestruturação urbanística desta cidade, fundada pelos gregos em meados do século VII a.C. Para tanto, vamos explorar em fontes escritas autores que relatam aspectos importantes da Sicília, são eles : Diodoro Sículo, principal referência para Siracusa, Heródoto, Tucídides, Estrabão, Cícero, Políbio, Píndaro e Pausânias. Trabalhamos com o levantamento dos dados arqueológicos nas áreas importantes da pólis (ásty e khóra), bem como nas suas sub-colônias, com a finalidade de compreender o seu espaço urbano, seu dinamismo de expansão desde a fundação até o século V a.C e sua monumentalidade. O confronto entre o documento escrito e o documento material, metodologia do trabalho, será a base para que compreendamos melhor as relações políticas, sociais, econômicas e espaciais. Os remanejamentos compulsórios de populações promovidos pelos tiranos são analisados no contexto das mudanças observadas no espaço da pólis siracusana. / This research has the objective to analyse the influence of the tyrannical governments of Syracuse in the urbanistic restructuration of this city, founded by Greeks in the middle of VII century B.C. For so, we are going to explore the written sources for writers who tells important aspects of Sicily. They are: Diodoro Sículo, first reference for Siracuse, Heródoto, Tucídides, Estrabão, Cícero, Políbio, Píndaro and Pausânias. We\'ve been working with the archeological data at the very important areas in the \"polis\" (ásty and khora), and the sub-colonies, with the objective of understanding the urban space, its dynamism of expansion since the foundation until the V century B.C. and its monumentality. The confrontation between the written and the material source, methodology of work, will be the base for better understanding the political, social, economic and spacial relations. The compulsory populational reallocations made by the tyrants are analysed in the context of the changes observed at the syracusean \"polis\".

This thesis’s networked public sphere - the Civic Superstructure - transforms the public sphere by reconsidering the pace and purview of the civic. Contemporary public institutions are typically disconnected and isolated islands dispersed throughout the city. Our fast-paced, plugged-in lifestyle, however, is evermore inconsistent with such inconvenient geographical dispersal. By incorporating isolated public institutions into a networked system, this project provides a connective layer across an existing site and takes advantage of the interstitial zones between private institutions to offer the civic realm in places where you least expect it. This sprawling network acts as a platform for accessing public services and information, while also providing a new common space for the public to meet, to learn, to play and even to protest — in short, to be a public, even in this most unlikely of places rendered newly civic through a combination of digital and physical access.

At present the literature of counter-monument studies does not account for the complex interactions of irony and nostalgia in memorial spaces. The three case studies examined in this project show that nostalgia can produce critically engaging spaces of deliberation depending on how ironic commemoration intervenes in comic or tragic frames. In order to show that more rhetorical focus is possible, I have challenged the conceptualization of counter-monument studies through what I have termed the “ironic monumental disruption.” Monument studies must address how the idea of the counter-monument, in which the "counter" supposedly resides in the artifact itself, valorizes monolithic critiques and fails to recognize that contexts, interactions, and artifacts all shape the symbolism of the commemorative site. Alternatively, ironic monumental disruptions offer critical and deliberative opportunities in their interactions with visitors and provide more conceptual insight into transitional commemorative practices. The monuments reviewed in this project initially appeared to provide additional reinforcement for escapist, capitalist narratives, but my examination of them has revealed that allowing for (ironic) commemorative contradictions provides discursive openings for publics unknowingly silenced by a lack of public deliberation. Commemorative irony produces valuable insights into the current historical moment and the representational issues created by ideological transitions. The citizens of Bosnia, Bulgaria, and Hungary express varying levels of nostalgia about their communist past, which is why the commemorative sites within these countries create a valuable spectrum of ironic and nostalgic entanglements. Commemorative irony produces valuable insights into the current historical moment and the representational issues created by ideological transitions. / text

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar o papel dos governos tirânicos siracusanos na reestruturação urbanística desta cidade, fundada pelos gregos em meados do século VII a.C. Para tanto, vamos explorar em fontes escritas autores que relatam aspectos importantes da Sicília, são eles : Diodoro Sículo, principal referência para Siracusa, Heródoto, Tucídides, Estrabão, Cícero, Políbio, Píndaro e Pausânias. Trabalhamos com o levantamento dos dados arqueológicos nas áreas importantes da pólis (ásty e khóra), bem como nas suas sub-colônias, com a finalidade de compreender o seu espaço urbano, seu dinamismo de expansão desde a fundação até o século V a.C e sua monumentalidade. O confronto entre o documento escrito e o documento material, metodologia do trabalho, será a base para que compreendamos melhor as relações políticas, sociais, econômicas e espaciais. Os remanejamentos compulsórios de populações promovidos pelos tiranos são analisados no contexto das mudanças observadas no espaço da pólis siracusana. / This research has the objective to analyse the influence of the tyrannical governments of Syracuse in the urbanistic restructuration of this city, founded by Greeks in the middle of VII century B.C. For so, we are going to explore the written sources for writers who tells important aspects of Sicily. They are: Diodoro Sículo, first reference for Siracuse, Heródoto, Tucídides, Estrabão, Cícero, Políbio, Píndaro and Pausânias. We\'ve been working with the archeological data at the very important areas in the \"polis\" (ásty and khora), and the sub-colonies, with the objective of understanding the urban space, its dynamism of expansion since the foundation until the V century B.C. and its monumentality. The confrontation between the written and the material source, methodology of work, will be the base for better understanding the political, social, economic and spacial relations. The compulsory populational reallocations made by the tyrants are analysed in the context of the changes observed at the syracusean \"polis\".

Esta pesquisa pretende examinar a consolidação de formas urbanísticas e arquitetônicas como representação do espaço político na Grécia antiga. O objetivo central é o de analisar em que medida o poder político - ou seu formato - interfere no disciplinamento do espaço, especialmente no que se refere à incorporação da ideologia tirânica nas grandes obras monumentais do Ocidente grego. Assim, os dados reunidos acerca da monumentalização do espaço primordialmente de Atenas, na Península Balcânica, e de Siracusa, na Sicília, entre os séculos VI e IV a.C., nos servirão para delimitar um quadro comparativo entre as diferentes formas de organização política e social e o planejamento urbano dessas poleis, de modo a elucidar a chamada paisagem do poder. Em tempo, dados de outras poleis como as de Metaponto, Camarina, Himera, Tasos e Cirene serão incorporados ao conjunto estudado de sorte a dar maior densidade às conclusões esperadas. Para tanto, far-se-á uso de referências metodológicas pertencentes à Arqueologia da Paisagem e critérios inspirados na linha de pesquisa desenvolvida por Amos Rapoport que lida com a questão da especialização do espaço como marca de \"complexificação\" das sociedades. / This research aims to examining the consolidation of urban and architectural forms as a representation of Greek political space. The central goal is analyze how political power - or its format - interferes in the disciplining of space, especially with regard to the incorporation of tyrannical ideology in large monumental buildings of the Greek West. Thus, the data gathered about the monumentalization primarily of two Greek cities (Athens and Syracuse), between 6th and 4th centuries BC, serve to delimit a comparative analyse between different forms of political organization and social and urban planning, in order to elucidate the landscape of power. In time, data from other poleis as Metaponto, Kamarina, Himera, Tasos and Cyrene will be incorporated to give more density to the expected conclusions. For that, use will be made of the methodology pertaining to the Landscape Archaeology and criteria inspired by the line of research developed by Amos Rapoport dealing with the issue of specialization of space as a feature of complex societies.

The map of Iron Age Anatolia (ca. 1200-550 BCE, Turkey) is dotted by territorial kingdoms that rose and were subsumed into larger political entities throughout its history. Current archaeological narratives commonly place Lydia into this scene quite late in the Iron Age with the rise of its Mermnad elite in the seventh century BCE. Their power is well attested by the rapid expansion of their influence in Anatolia, as well as by their ambitious buildings programs that monumentalized their capital city Sardis. Among these programs, monumental urban terrace platforms hold a unique position, for they regularized the rugged topography of a naturally elevated district at the heart of Sardis, converting it into a visibly dominant promontory to house the Lydian palace. Until recently there were no precedents for these enormous man-made investments, hence the narrative of the Mermnad elite’s late and fast emergence and the reconstruction of Sardis as an agglomeration of small sites before their time. The fresh discovery of a long sequence of large-scale constructions (2000-700 BCE) in the city’s elite precinct now casts doubt on this narrative. In this dissertation, I study these early monumental constructions along with the later terraces to investigate the course of Lydian elite placemaking and their wider implications for Lydia’s place in Iron Age Anatolia. This research is multi-scalar, expanding out from a detailed study of architecture, to the place of terraces within the socio-spatial fabric of diachronic settlements at Sardis, and finally to wider regional Anatolian context. I begin with the examination of the corpus of urban terrace constructions in Sardis and their architectural design principles and dating evidence. Next, I compare the terraces to constructions from domestic neighborhoods as well as other Mermnad elite structures. Their scalar facets—large size, costly materials, and large labor requirements—mark them as monumental in each building episode. I consider symbolic and experiential facets using a variety of theoretical frameworks—memory, social submission, performance, and domination—to demonstrate how these terraces shaped their socio-spatial environments through ongoing claims of an old central precinct. This was achieved by introducing architectural novelties as well as more formality and regularity, employing transformative labor as a means of public spectacle and creating built representations of spatial control and domination. At the same time, I show the extent to which these practices foreshadow Mermnad elite placemaking ideologies. Thus, this research marks Lydian constructions in the ninth and eighth centuries BCE as productions of a previously unregistered early Lydian elite. I conclude by contextualizing early Lydian placemaking practices within Anatolia’s broader socio-political spheres. This study reveals terracing to demarcate elite space as a Lydian mode of placemaking and that in timing and ideology it followed the culture-political trajectories of Anatolia—by peer-polity competition—more so than those of the Aegean. As a result, I acknowledge the deeper history of the ruling elite in Lydia, one that reverses the narrative of a sudden, late, and rapid development fostered by the Mermnads. This study, thus, makes a place for Lydia in the Iron Age maps of Anatolia two centuries earlier than has been previously believed.

This thesis study investigates the significance of the archetypal images of architecture and the inherent relationship between space, structure, and form. How are space and form defined by architecture? Is form a premeditated thing, and, if so, how is it intuitively understood by the creative process? By studying the models and patterns through which the autonomous language of architecture is communicated, the thesis study attempts to develop an understanding of the nature of form through universal and particular conditions. Rather than present the study as a completed body of work ending with an objective conclusion, the included images and text represent an ongoing investigation addressing critical architectural ideas including the relationship between form and context and the role of tradition and historical precedent as a deciding factor of modern architecture. / Master of Architecture

Com o final da Idade do Bronze na Grécia Continental se tornou possível vislumbrar uma série de mudanças que afetaram o modo de vida de toda sociedade grega. Neste trabalho pretendemos estudar como as formas arquitetônicas registraram essas mudanças e quais interpretações são possíveis de serem formuladas a partir do registro arqueológico e análises das fontes textuais. Será dado destaque aos sentidos da monumentalidade em edificações de usufruto coletivo. O momento em questão abrange os séculos XII - VIII e as estruturas estudadas serão as Casas de Chefe com particular ênfase na função que possuíam, sua arquitetura e de que maneira sucederam os palácios da época Micênica. / With the end of the Bronze Age Continental Greece became possible to envisage a series of changes that have affected the way of life of the entire Greek society. In this paper we intend to study how architectural forms recorded these changes and interpretations which are possible to be made from the archaeological record and analysis of the textual sources. Emphasis will be placed to the senses of the monumentality in buildings of collective usufruct. The moment in question covers the centuries XII - VIII and the studied structures will be the Rulers\' Dwellings with particular emphasis on the function that had, its architecture and how succeeded the palaces of the Mycenaean era.