Access to fresh water is a human right, yet more than 780 million people, especially in rural areas, rely on unimproved sources and the need for finding ways of treating water is crucial. Although the use of natural coagulant protein in drinking water treatment has been discussed for a long time, the method is still not in practice, probably due to availability of material and limited knowledge. In this study, about hundred different crude extracts made from plant materials found in Southern India were screened for coagulation activity. Extracts of three Brassica species (Mustard, Cabbage and Cauliflower) were showing activity comparable to that of Moringa oleifera and were further investigated. Their protein content and profile were compared against each other and with coagulant protein from Moringa. Mustard (large) and Moringa seed proteins were also studied for their effect against clinically isolated bacterial strains. The protein profiles of Brassica extract showed predominant bands around 9kDa and 6.5kDa by SDS-PAGE. The peptide sequence analysis of Mustard large identified the 6.5kDa protein as Moringa coagulant protein (MO2.1) and the 9kDa protein band as seed storage protein napin3. Of thirteen clinical strains analysed, Moringa and Mustard large were proven effective in either aggregation activity or growth kinetic method or both in all thirteen and nine strains respectively. To my knowledge this is the first report on the presence of coagulant protein in Brassica seeds. Owing to the promising results Brassica species could possibly be used as a substitute to Moringa coagulating agent and chemicals in drinking water treatment. / <p>QC 20121214</p>

<p dir="ltr">Organizational newcomers strive to adjust when they start new jobs, yet little is known about how remote and hybrid work structures influence this process. Previous research has adopted variable-centered approaches to explore the frequency with which newcomers engage in dozens of proactive behaviors in traditional, face-to-face work environments. The current study builds upon this work to capture the socialization process in modern work environments. Adopting a person-centered approach, this study 1.) identifies profiles of newcomers’ perceptions of their work environments, 2.) identifies profiles of newcomer proactive behaviors, 3.) examines the effect of virtuality on these two sets of profiles, and 4.) explores which behavior profiles are associated with the most favorable changes in adjustment.</p>

A high rate of micronutrient deficiencies persists in Africa with the most vulnerable groups being women and children. The Moringa oleifera tree has been identified to help alleviate malnutrition at household level because of its rich content of vitamin A in its plant form - beta-carotene, iron and vitamin C. The objectives of this study was to identify households that consumed Moringa, to identify households that required diet diversification through the use of a Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) and to determine the acceptability of various dishes prepared from Moringa leaves as a possible contribution to the alleviation of malnutrition in resource poor communities. The dietary diversity score of the traditional Bapedi community is 4.7 and the results of the acceptability test of dishes prepared with Moringa indicated that Moringa could be recommended as an additional food ingredient to add micronutrient to the diet of Bapedi communities. / Agriculture and Environmental Sciences / M.A. (Human Ecology)

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and moringa (Moringa oleifera) are nutritious and medicinal vegetables, but could also harbor harmful microbial contaminants. The main aim of the project was to determine the effect of each processing techniques on the microbiology, proximate nutrients and shelf life of these vegetables to produce nutritious, tasty, safe and long lasting vegetable products. The processing techniques used were: washing, blanching, and drying. Leaf samples were collected at each stage of processing and were analysed for total viable count, coliform count, yeast and mould count and nutritional content. Microbial plate analysis showed the presence, particularly on cowpea leaves, of yeasts and bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Staphylococci, Streptococci, and enterobacter including enteropathogens such as Salmonella spp., Shigella dysenteriae and E coli. The presence of E.coli on the leaves was also confirmed using polymerase chain reaction-amplified ribosomal DNA analysis. The most effective processing technique which reduced microbial load to below SABS standards while retaining nutritional quality was the washing of the leaves twice with tap water followed by steam tunnel blanching at 94oC for 12 minutes. Oven drying the leaves at 60oC gave satisfactory and extended shelf life results. Proximate analysis comparison of the two leaf types showed that on average moringa leaves contained more ash (2.37 vs 1.1 g), protein (6,9 vs 3,6 g), fat (0,41 vs 0.2 g) and energy (305,1 vs 70KJ) but less dietary fibre (0,9 vs 7,5 g) than cowpea leaves. No significant differences were noted in these values following washing and steam blanching. These results indicate that washing of these leaves is effective as to reducing microbial load and maintaining proximate values in the short term (up to 4 days) but that oven drying is effective for longer-term storage. / Life and Consumer Sciences / M. Sc. (Life Sciences)

A high rate of micronutrient deficiencies persists in Africa with the most vulnerable groups being women and children. The Moringa oleifera tree has been identified to help alleviate malnutrition at household level because of its rich content of vitamin A in its plant form - beta-carotene, iron and vitamin C. The objectives of this study was to identify households that consumed Moringa, to identify households that required diet diversification through the use of a Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) and to determine the acceptability of various dishes prepared from Moringa leaves as a possible contribution to the alleviation of malnutrition in resource poor communities. The dietary diversity score of the traditional Bapedi community is 4.7 and the results of the acceptability test of dishes prepared with Moringa indicated that Moringa could be recommended as an additional food ingredient to add micronutrient to the diet of Bapedi communities. / Agriculture and Environmental Sciences / M.A. (Human Ecology)

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and moringa (Moringa oleifera) are nutritious and medicinal vegetables, but could also harbor harmful microbial contaminants. The main aim of the project was to determine the effect of each processing techniques on the microbiology, proximate nutrients and shelf life of these vegetables to produce nutritious, tasty, safe and long lasting vegetable products. The processing techniques used were: washing, blanching, and drying. Leaf samples were collected at each stage of processing and were analysed for total viable count, coliform count, yeast and mould count and nutritional content. Microbial plate analysis showed the presence, particularly on cowpea leaves, of yeasts and bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Staphylococci, Streptococci, and enterobacter including enteropathogens such as Salmonella spp., Shigella dysenteriae and E coli. The presence of E.coli on the leaves was also confirmed using polymerase chain reaction-amplified ribosomal DNA analysis. The most effective processing technique which reduced microbial load to below SABS standards while retaining nutritional quality was the washing of the leaves twice with tap water followed by steam tunnel blanching at 94oC for 12 minutes. Oven drying the leaves at 60oC gave satisfactory and extended shelf life results. Proximate analysis comparison of the two leaf types showed that on average moringa leaves contained more ash (2.37 vs 1.1 g), protein (6,9 vs 3,6 g), fat (0,41 vs 0.2 g) and energy (305,1 vs 70KJ) but less dietary fibre (0,9 vs 7,5 g) than cowpea leaves. No significant differences were noted in these values following washing and steam blanching. These results indicate that washing of these leaves is effective as to reducing microbial load and maintaining proximate values in the short term (up to 4 days) but that oven drying is effective for longer-term storage. / Life and Consumer Sciences / M. Sc. (Life Sciences)

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dalila M Formentini Schmitt.pdf: 1687104 bytes, checksum: d5ea17cddd5fa8a48f15d9203dd84077 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In Brazil, the dairy industry are mostly small and medium-sized and using conventional processing techniques coupled with the use of inorganic coagulants. Therefore, this sector needs special attention with regard to advanced techniques for treating their wastewater, in order to meet new environmental regulations and seek alternatives for reuse of treated water. Within this context, this study evaluated the effectiveness of treatment techniques based on principles of coagulation / flocculation using coagulant extracted from Moringa oleifera seed with salt solutions of KCl and NaCl 1.0 Molar, adsorption with Moringa oleífera seed as biosorbent and ultrafiltration with tubular ceramic membrane. The different techniques were evaluated individually and in combination, the efficiency of processes was assessed in terms of removal of parameters: apparent color, turbidity and COD. Among the techniques evaluated the best results were obtained with the combination of technique and the coagulation / flocculation / sedimentation for 60 min using 1500 ppm of coagulant extracted from Moringa oleífera with 1.0 Molar KCl solution combined with ultrafiltration technique at a pressure of 2 bar. This combination of techniques has achieved a 99.9% removal of apparent color and turbidity, and 98.5% of COD. Based on the results of Moringa oleífera was presented as a promising natural coagulant for the treatment of wastewater from the dairy industry. This technique combined with ultrafiltration can enable the reuse of water within the industry. / No Brasil, as indústrias de laticínios na sua maioria são de pequeno e médio porte e utilizam técnicas de tratamento convencionais somadas ao uso de coagulantes inorgânicos. Por isso, este setor precisa de atenção especial no que se refere a técnicas avançadas para o tratamento de suas águas residuárias, com objetivo de atender as novas regulamentações ambientais e buscar alternativas de reúso desta água tratada. Dentro deste contexto, o presente trabalho avaliou a eficiência das técnicas de tratamento baseadas nos princípios de coagulação/ floculação utilizando coagulante extraído da semente de Moringa oleífera com soluções salinas de KCl e NaCl 1,0 Molar, adsorção com semente de Moringa oleífera como biossorvente e ultrafiltração com membrana tubular cerâmica. As diferentes técnicas foram avaliadas individualmente e de forma combinada, a eficiência dos processos foi avaliada em termos de remoção dos parâmetros: cor aparente, turbidez e DQO. Dentre as técnicas avaliadas os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a combinação da técnica de coagulação/ floculação/ sedimentação de 60 min utilizando 1500 ppm do coagulante de Moringa oleífera extraído com solução de KCl 1,0 Molar combinada à técnica de ultrafiltração na pressão de 2 bar. Esta combinação de técnicas alcançou uma remoção de 99,9% de cor aparente e turbidez e 98,5% de DQO. Com base nos resultados obtidos a Moringa oleífera apresentou-se como um coagulante natural promissor para o tratamento das águas residuárias da indústria de laticínios. Esta técnica combinada à ultrafiltração pode possibilitar o reúso desta água dentro da indústria.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2018-05-10T00:06:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dalila_Schmitt_2018.pdf: 2548931 bytes, checksum: 5ee22f914bbdcce603c158d7a45f4786 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-10T00:06:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dalila_Schmitt_2018.pdf: 2548931 bytes, checksum: 5ee22f914bbdcce603c158d7a45f4786 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The whey industrialization process generates effluents that need a special attention regarding treatment and final disposal. Currently, many advanced treatment techniques have been studied in order to provide a treated water with high quality for reuse purposes. In this context, this work aimed at evaluating the efficiency of a hybrid system based on coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation (C/F/S) and nanofiltration (NF) for industrial reuse purposes. In the C/F/S process, the use of Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringa) seeds as a natural coagulant was evaluated. Different methods and saline solutions (KCl, MgCl2.6H2O, and CaCl2.2H2O) were studied when extracting the active components from the seeds. Nanofiltration was performed with polyamide membranes based on the tangential flow filtration principle. The extraction method that utilized the whole Moringa, ground directly with the saline solution, was highlighted among the evaluated ones, by using a smaller number of steps. The extraction with calcium chloride dehydrated demonstrated the best efficiency, compared to the magnesium chloride hexahydrate and potassium chloride. The C/F/S step was optimized through serial factorial designs, in which the turbidity removal was the response variable. It was obtained a turbidity removal of 91.52% when using 300 mg L-1 of the Moringa coagulant (MC), extracted with a saline CaCl2.2H2O solution (0.9 mol L-1) and a pH value of 10.0. The empirical quadratic model obtained, validated by the ANOVA and F-test, in conjunction with the desirability function, demonstrated the possibility to obtain turbidity removals of 92.04 % ( 9.13%) with the following conditions: MC = 300 mg L-1, CCaCl2 = 0.9 mol L-1 e pH = 11.0. The sedimentation time was reduced from 40 to 25 minutes. The MC performance concerning the turbidity removal proved to be dependent on the alkaline pH (8.0 to 11.0). In the nanofiltration process, it was evaluated the influence of the C/F/S optimized as a pre-treatment, comparing the hybrid C/F/S/NF and the direct NF at 4 bar. High removals of apparent color (99.7%), turbidity (99.1%), COD (88.9%), total hardness (66.3%), and calcium (63.7%) were obtained using the hybrid treatment system, providing a removal of 81.2% in the membrane fouling, compared to the raw NF treatment. The proposed hybrid system allows the reuse of this wastewater in the industry. / O processo de industrialização do soro de leite gera águas residuárias que necessitam de atenção especial, quanto ao seu tratamento e disposição final. Atualmente, muitas técnicas de tratamento avançadas são estudadas com o objetivo de produzir águas tratadas de elevada qualidade, para fins de reuso. Dentro deste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de um sistema de tratamento híbrido, composto por coagulação/floculação/sedimentação (C/F/S) e nanofiltração (NF), para fins de reuso industrial. No processo de C/F/S, foi avaliado o uso das sementes de Moringa oleífera Lam (Moringa) como coagulante natural. Foram avaliados diferentes métodos e soluções salinas (KCl, MgCl2.6H2O e CaCl2.2H2O) na extração dos componentes ativos das sementes. A nanofiltração foi realizada com membranas planas de poliamida pelo princípio de filtração tangencial. O método de extração no qual a Moringa integral foi triturada diretamente com a solução salina destacou-se dentre os avaliados, por utilizar um número menor de etapas. A extração com o cloreto de cálcio dihidratado, demonstrou ser mais eficiente, em comparação aos sais cloreto de magnésio hexahidratado e cloreto de potássio. A etapa de C/F/S foi otimizada através de planejamentos fatoriais em série, nos quais, utilizou-se a remoção de turbidez como variável resposta. Foi obtida uma remoção de turbidez de 91,52 %, ao utilizar 300 mg L-1 de coagulante de Moringa (CM), extraído com solução salina de CaCl2.2H2O (0,9 mol L-1) e pH 10,0. O modelo quadrático empírico obtido, validado pela ANOVA e teste “F”, juntamente com a função desejabilidade, demonstraram ser possível obter remoção de turbidez de 92,04 % ( 9,13 %), nas seguintes condições: CM = 300 mg L-1; CCaCl2= 0,9 mol L-1 e pH = 11,0. O tempo de sedimentação foi reduzido de 40 para 25 minutos. O desempenho de CM para remoção de turbidez demonstrou ser dependente do pH alcalino (8,0 a 11,0). No processo de nanofiltração avaliou-se a influência de C/F/S otimizado como pré-tratamento, compondo o tratamento híbrido C/F/S/NF, em comparação ao tratamento por NF direto (Bruto-NF), na pressão de 4 bar. Elevadas remoções de cor aparente (99,7 %), turbidez (99,1 %), DQO (88,9%), dureza total (66,3 %) e cálcio (63,7 %) foram obtidas utilizando o sistema de tratamento híbrido, que proporcionou redução de 81,2% no fouling da membrana, em comparação ao tratamento Bruto-NF. O sistema híbrido proposto possibilita o reuso desta água dentro da indústria.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Borges Lied.pdf: 1709683 bytes, checksum: afb03fea575cffbd1c379c5b02640807 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The cassava processing industry, especially potato starch, have a high pollution potential due to the release of their effluents on aquatic ecosystems. Among the main characteristics of this effluent highlights the high organic load and the presence of cyanide ion. The treatment of wastewater from potato starch has been done predominantly by treatment ponds. However, this type of system has limitations for wastewater treatment with the presence of cyanide. The cyanide ion is toxic to micro-organisms, and at certain concentrations the effect is significant, compromising both the removal of cyanide itself as other biodegradable compounds. In this context the present study evaluated the efficiency of starch factory effluent treatment by coagulation / flocculation, employing for that seed extracts of Moringa oleifera (M.O.) as a natural coagulant, as well as the use of the aquatic macrophyte Eichhornia crassipes as natural adsorbent. In the first stage of treatment, represented by the tests of coagulation/flocculation was used the methodology of experimental planning Central Composite Rotatable Design (DCCR). The variables studied were of the M.O. and concentration of salt solution of sodium chloride (NaCl). The test conditions were the following: fast mixing speed (VMR) of 100 rpm, mixing time (TMR) of 2 min; slow speed mixing (VML) of 20 rpm, mixing time (TML) 10 min, the settling time was 60 min. The response variables analyzed in this phase were: turbidity and color, COD and cyanide ion. The operating conditions were optimized: concentration M.O. of 2484 mg L-1 and salt concentration of 0.9 mol L-1. Under these conditions it was possible to remove 89.16% of Turbidity, 54.43% of apparent color, 66.39% of COD and 9.9% of cyanide ion. Given the low efficiency of removal of cyanide ion by coagulation is started for a subsequent treatment. For this, we adopted a treatment by batch adsorption using dry biomass of the aquatic macrophyte Eichhornia crassipes as an adsorbent. For the purpose of a further investigation was used a synthetic solution cyanide (NaCN solution). The best operating conditions of pH, adsorbent dosage and contact time were 2.0, 2.0 g L-1 and 20 min, respectively. By simulating a test combined coagulation/flocculation/adsorption with the effluent of cassava industry to greater removal of cyanide ion fit the sample with pH adjustment (2.0), removing around 31%, proving the thesis of the preliminary tests indicated for tests with a solution of sodium cyanide. / As indústrias de processamento de mandioca, especialmente as fecularias, apresentam alto potencial poluidor devido ao lançamento de seus efluentes sobre os ecossistemas aquáticos. Dentre as principais características deste efluente destaca-se a alta carga orgânica e a presença do íon cianeto. O tratamento das águas residuárias de fecularias vem sendo feito predominantemente por lagoas de tratamento. No entanto, esse tipo de sistema de tratamento apresenta limitações para efluentes com presença de cianetos. O íon cianeto é tóxico aos micro-organismos, sendo que em certas concentrações a influência é bastante significativa, comprometendo tanto a remoção do próprio cianeto como de outros compostos biodegradáveis. Neste contexto o presente estudo avaliou a eficiência do tratamento de efluentes de fecularia por coagulação/floculação, para isso empregando extratos de sementes de Moringa oleifera (MO) como coagulante natural, bem como o uso da macrófita aquática Eichhornia crassipes como adsorvente natural. Na primeira etapa do tratamento, representado pelos ensaios de coagulação/floculação foi utilizada a metodologia do planejamento experimental do tipo Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR). As variáveis estudadas foram: concentração de MO e concentração da solução salina de cloreto de sódio (NaCl). As condições de ensaio foram as seguintes: velocidade de mistura rápida (VMR) de 100 rpm, com tempo de mistura (TMR) de 2 min; velocidade de mistura lenta (VML) de 20 rpm, com tempo de mistura (TML) de 10 min; o tempo de sedimentação foi de 60 minutos. As variáveis de resposta analisadas nesta etapa foram: Turbidez, Cor Aparente, DQO e Íon Cianeto. As condições operacionais otimizadas foram: concentração de MO de 2484 mg L-1 e concentração salina de 0,9 mol L-1. Nestas condições foi possível remover 89,16% de turbidez, 54,43% de cor aparente, 66,39% de DQO e 9,9% de íon cianeto. Em face da baixa eficiência de remoção de íon cianeto por coagulação partiu-se para um tratamento subsequente. Para isso, adotou-se um tratamento por adsorção em batelada utilizando a biomassa seca da macrófita aquática Eichhornia crassipes como adsorvente. Para efeitos de uma melhor investigação utilizou-se uma solução sintética de cianeto (solução de NaCN). As melhores condições operacionais de pH, dosagem de adsorvente e tempo de contato foram 2,0; 2,0 g L-1 e 20 min, respectivamente. Ao simular um ensaio combinado de coagulação/floculação/adsorção com o efluente bruto de fecularia a maior remoção de íon cianeto coube a amostra com ajuste de pH (2,0), remoção em torno de 31%, comprovando a tese dos ensaios preliminares indicados pelos testes com a solução de cianeto de sódio.

El objetivo fundamental de este estudio es evaluar la factibilidad de la implementación de una línea de producción de potabilizadores de agua, la cual contiene como insumo principal un producto natural llamado Moringa y uno secundario, en menor cantidad, llamado hipoclorito de Calcio al 35%. El enfoque de este producto mixto es cubrir la necesidad de aquellas personas que consumen a diario agua potable en las zonas vulnerables de Lima. En el marco del estudio estratégico, se presenta un análisis del entorno empresarial con el propósito de identificar factores externos que inciden en la empresa, abarcando aspectos políticos, económicos, sociales, entre otros. Asimismo, se ejecutó un análisis orientado a la evaluación interna de la empresa. Luego de haber realizado ambos análisis se identificaron oportunidades, amenazas, fortalezas y debilidades, las cuales se integraron en el análisis FODA. Este análisis fue esencial para formular estrategias como la optimización de costos a través de economías de escala del producto, con el objetivo de mantener precios competitivos. Además, se propuso la estrategia de elaborar un producto accesible que salvaguarde la salud de los consumidores, consolidando así algunas estrategias para la toma de decisiones dentro de la empresa. En el análisis de mercado, se presenta la evaluación de la oferta y la demanda con el objetivo de determinar la cantidad de bio potabilizadores del proyecto que se debería producir en un intervalo de 5 años. Se partió en una estimación inicial de 1,502,961 unidades. Por otro lado, el análisis ayuda a identificar y definir el mercado objetivo, el cual se centró en el distrito de San Juan de Lurigancho. Se realizaron encuestas en esta área para comprender la aceptación del producto, y los resultados fueron reveladores: 99 % de los encuestados manifestó que deseaba adquirir el producto en estudio. Además, se logra especificar el perfil de consumidor (personas que se encuentran en un nivel socioeconómico E) y se expone el plan de marketing de manera detallada. Finalmente, en el estudio técnico se determina la ubicación específica de la planta industrial, así como su tamaño, distribución y capacidad, complementado con un análisis ambiental y social que identificó las acciones necesarias. En el estudio legal, se define los trámites necesarios a realizar para la institución de una empresa; también se incluye las leyes que se debe tomar en cuenta para el correcto desarrollo de la misma. En el estudio económico se presentan estados financieros, como el balance general, estado de ganancias y pérdidas, y el flujo económico y financiero. Con un COK de 20.30% y un WACC de 21.53%, se logró un TIRf del 63% y TIRe del 65%, superando el COK Y WACC respectivamente, indicando rentabilidad. Además, el VANe de S/. 2,206,627 y el VANf S/. 1,154,562, ambos positivos, respaldan la viabilidad del proyecto.