Genetic control strategies are a novel method for reducing populations of pest insects such as the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti, a major vector of several important arboviral diseases. This thesis describes efforts to develop new tools to engineer the Ae. aegypti genome and to better understand existing tools, and furthermore to use these to engineer a gene drive system in Ae. aegypti. The piggyBac transposon was found to be extremely stable in the germline of Ae. aegypti, and transposons engineered into the germline could not be remobilized with either an endogenous or exogenous source of piggyBac transposase. Conversely, somatic remobilization of piggyBac transposons was found to be readily detectable in the presence of a source of active transposase, the first report of such remobilization in Ae. aegypti. Toward new tools for genome engineering, the site-specific integrase from the phage φC31 was successfully used to promote exchange between a transgene cassette inserted into the genome of Ae. aegypti and a cassette in a plasmid vector, in the first demonstration of recombinase mediated cassette exchange technology in a pest insect species. The integrases from phages φRV1 and Bxb1 were not found to be active in the germline of the mosquito. Finally, development of a gene drive system in Ae. aegypti using an RNAi-mediated killer-rescue mechanism was attempted. Tissue-specific expression of tTAV-regulated-toxic effectors genes, using the promoter regions of the blood meal induced genes Carboxypeptidase A-1, 30Kb and Vitellogenin A, was possible, but sex-specificity was not achieved. A blood meal inducible lethal phenotype was not possible using the chosen promoters, with expression of the effectors either leading to death in early development or to a sublethal phenotype. RNAi against tTAV fused to the Mnp fragment of the dengue virus’ genome was tissue specific, but was found to be highly effective in the fat body suggesting that the Vitellogenin A was the best candidate for the engineering of killer-rescue systems in the mosquito.

Der Klimawandel hat weitreichende Folgen auf die Gesundheit der Menschen. Insbesondere Übertragungskrankheiten wie Dengue bekommen global gesehen eine zunehmende Bedeutung. Über die raumzeitliche Verteilung und das Umwelt-Dengue Risiko ist bisher wenig bekannt. Das Hauptziel dieser Dissertation war es daher, die Ätiologie von Dengue in einem hoch endemischen Gebiet besser zu verstehen. Es wurden räumliche Muster des Krankheitsauftretens untersucht, die anschließend in einer Umwelt-Risiko Analyse mit örtlichen Wetterdaten und Landnutzungsinformationen in Zusammenhang gebracht wurden. Zunächst wurde ein raumzeitlicher Ansatz durchgeführt, um herauszufinden, in wie weit Analysen, die verschiedene Aggregationsebenen miteinander kombinieren, zu neuen Erkenntnissen von raumzeitlichen Mustern von Dengue beitragen können. Anschließend wurde ein auf nicht-lineare zeitliche Einflüsse kontrolliertes, Poisson-generalisiertes additives Regressionsmodell genutzt, um herauszufinden, welchen Einfluss Wetterparameter auf die Verbreitung von Dengue haben. Schließlich wurden Boosted regression trees verwendet, um auf nicht-lineare Zusammenhänge und Interaktionen zwischen einzelnen Landnutzungsfaktoren und Dengue zu kontrollieren und um eine Risikokarte zu erstellen. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass mehr als eine geographische Ebene notwendig ist, um Krankheitscluster zu bestätigen. Minimaltemperatur, Regenmenge, und Windgeschwindigkeit waren mit der Verbreitung von Dengue im Untersuchungsgebiet assoziiert. Räumliche Dengue-Muster konnten durch Siedlungen, Wasser, gemischte Landwirtschaftsflächen, offene Flächen und stillgelegte Grünflächen erklärt werden. Dengue-Risiko ist auf der Ergebniskarte des Studiengebietes ersichtlich. Diese Dissertation liefert sowohl wertvolle Informationen für die Gesundheitspolitik in Malaysia als auch wichtige Herangehensweisen für die Entwicklung von Dengue-Kontrollmechanismen in und über die Untersuchungsregion hinaus. / Global changes to our earth system have impacts on human health; specifically vector-borne diseases such as dengue are of epidemiological importance. Dengue is a global disease burden. Little is known about the spatio-temporal distribution and environmental risk association of dengue disease. The main goal of this dissertation was to improve understanding of the etiology of dengue disease in a highly endemic region by focusing on, initially, vulnerability mapping of the disease occurrences and, next, environmental risk assessment between disease clusters and both weather and land use. First, a Spatio-temporal scan statistics approach was used to assess to what extent analyses that combine sub-district and address level data contribute to new insights into spatio-temporal dengue disease patterns to better inform health interventions. Second, a Poisson generalized additive model was used to assess the weather effects on dengue disease accounting for non-linear temporal effects. Third, a Boosted regression trees approach was used to account for nonlinearities and interactions between the land use factors and dengue disease and to generate a risk map. Results suggested that more than one geographical level was needed to confirm the disease clusters. Minimum temperature, rainfall and wind speed, were associated with the dengue cases in the study area. Spatial patterns of dengue cases could be explained by land use types, including human settlements, water bodies, mixed horticulture land, open land and neglected grassland. The predicted risk map depicted dengue risk in the study area. This dissertation provided compelling approaches that are highly valuable for dengue vector control policy advice; applicability is not confined to Malaysia but is transferable to other studies in similar settings.

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo analisar as representações e os usos políticos da guerra e da ocupação do Paraguai realizados por alguns periódicos argentinos como El Nacional, La Tribuna, La Nación e El Mosquito durante o período compreendido entre a morte de Solano Lopez, em 1870, e a retirada das tropas aliadas do país em 1876. Durante estes seis anos de ocupação, Brasil e Argentina discordaram em relação aos tratados definitivos de paz e limites a serem assinados com o novo governo paraguaio. Estas disputas eram intensamente abordadas pela imprensa de Buenos Aires, que estava, por sua vez, vinculada com as facções políticas de maior envergadura na Argentina: o nacionalismo e o autonomismo. Nacionalistas e autonomistas utilizaram a guerra recém terminada assim como os eventos políticos que ocorriam no Paraguai, como as negociações de paz, as revoltas e insurreições contra o governo de Assunção ou as manobras da diplomacia brasileira naquela república como instrumento de ataque, crítica e de desqualificação da facção rival, principalmente durante períodos eleitorais. Dadas as características da imprensa argentina durante a década de 1870, em alguns períodos de desacordos entre Brasil e Argentina, estes jornais criavam não somente uma arena pública de debate a respeito das questões referentes ao Paraguai, mas também um ambiente de apreensão e preocupação na capital Buenos Aires. As discordâncias, as missões diplomáticas, as negociações estabelecidas entre os governos brasileiro, argentino e paraguaio bem como toda a repercussão e os usos políticos que delas realizaram os periódicos consultados evidenciam que, pelo menos entre a imprensa da capital argentina, a Guerra da Tríplice Aliança foi mais além de Cerro Corá. / This Project aims to analyze the representations and the political uses of the war and of the Paraguay’s occupation, which were made by a few argentinian journals as El Nacional, La Tribuna, La Nación e El Mosquito in the period from Solano Lopez’s death, in 1870, to the withdrawal of allied troops of the country in 1876. During these six years of occupation, Brazil and Argentina did disagree about the final peace and limits treaties to be signed with the Paraguayan government. These disputes were massively used by Buenos Aires’ press, which was connected with meaningful Argentinian political factions: nationalism and autonomism. Nationalists and autonomists used the just finished war – as the political events which were occurring in Paraguay, as the peace negotiations, the rebellions against Assunção’s government, or the maneuver of Brazilian diplomacy at that republic – as an instrument of attack, of criticism na of disqualification of the rival faction, specially during the election period. Given the characteristics of the Argentinian press during the decade of 1870, in some periods of disagreement between Brazil and Argentina, these journals criticised not only a public arena for debates regarding Paraguay’s events, but also an atmosphere of apprehention and concerns at the capital of Buenos Aires. The disagreements, the diplomatic missions, the negotiations established between Brazilian, Argentinian and Paraguayan governments, as all the repercussion and diplomatic uses that resulted in the consulted periodicals highlight that, at least between the press of the Argentinian capital, the Triple Alliance War was beyond Cerro Corá.

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2013-08-02T20:48:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_MosquitosDipteraCulicidae.pdf: 107419885 bytes, checksum: 669fe86d8e2e589eb29870dd4f722e4e (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2013-08-14T12:54:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_MosquitosDipteraCulicidae.pdf: 107419885 bytes, checksum: 669fe86d8e2e589eb29870dd4f722e4e (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-14T12:54:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_MosquitosDipteraCulicidae.pdf: 107419885 bytes, checksum: 669fe86d8e2e589eb29870dd4f722e4e (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1996 / MPEG - Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho foi realizado de fevereiro a dezembro de 1995, na Estação Científica Ferreira Penna, localizada no interior da Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, município de Melgaço, estado do Pará, com o objetivo de estudar as atividades sazonal e diária na floresta e no ambiente humano, e a estratificação arbórea das várias espécies de culicídeos. As coletas foram realizadas com a utilização de isca humana e armadilha luminosa do tipo CDC - isca ave, na floresta, no solo e copa das árvores e isca humana no peridomicílio. Um total de 1919 mosquitos foram coletados, distribuídos nos gêneros Aedes Meigen, 1818, Anopholes Meigen, 1818, Haemagogus Williston, 1896, Psorophora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827, Culex Linnaeus, 1758, Coquillettidia Dyar, 1905, Mansonia Blanchard, 1904, uranotaenia Lynch-Arribalzaga, 1891, Limatus Theobald, 1901, Phoniomya Theobald, 1903, Ruchomya Theobald, 1903, Sabethes Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827, Trichoprosopon Theobald, 1901 e Wyeomyia Theobald, 1901. As espécies predominantes foram Culex (Melanoconion) portesi Senevet & Abonnec, 1941 (50,65%), Coquillettidia (Rhynchotaenia) venezuelensis (Theobald, 1912) (9,17%) e Haemagogus (Haemagogus) janthinomys dyar, 1921 (6,51%). As atividades horária e sazonal foram relacionadas com a temperatura, umidade e precipitação pluviométrica, e através do teste de correlação de Spearman, comprovou-se a interferência desses fatores sobre a atividade de algumas espécies. A hipótese de haver diferença significativa entre o número de espécies e exemplares, no solo e copa, foi verificada com utilização do teste do X² (qui-quadrado), que comprovou a diferença significativa somente entre o número de exemplares coletados no solo e copa, em isca humana na floresta. / This research was developted in 1995 from February to December, at the Ferreira Penna Research Station, in the municipality of Melgaço, state of Pará, within the Caxiuanã National Forest, with the objective of study the seasonal and daily activities in the forest and anthropic environment and the levels at which various species are found in the forest. The collects were made using human bait and CDC light trap with bird bait in the forest at ground and canopy and human bait in the anthropic environment. The total collection consisted of 1.919 mosquitoes belonging to the genera Aedes Meigen, 1818, Anopheles Meigen, 1818, Haemagogus Williston, 1896, Psorophora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827, Culex Linnaeus, 1758, Coquillettidia Dyar, 1905, Mansonia Blanchard, 1904, Uranotaenia Lynch-Arribalzaga, 1891, Limatus Theobald, 1901, Phoniomyia Theobald, 1903, Ruchomyia Theobald, 1903, Sabethes Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827, Trichoprosopon Theobald, 1901 e Wyeomyia Theobald, 1901. The predominant species were Culex (Melanoconion) portes! Senevet & Abonnec, 1941 (50,65%), Coquillettídia (Rhynchotaenia) venezuelensis (Theobald, 1912) (9,17%) and Haemagogus (Haemagogus) janthinomys Dyar, 1921 (6,51%). The daily and seasonal activities of mosquitoes species was correlated with temperature, relative humidity and rainfall, using the Spearman correlation, and statistically significant relations were found for some species with these factors. The hypothesis of the significative difference between the species and exemplaries mosquitoes number at ground and canopy was tested using X² test, that was just significant between the exemplaries mosquitoes number at ground and canopy in human bait in the forest.

Le moustique Aedes albopictus, potentiellement vecteur de virus tels que la dengue, le Chikungunya ou le Zika est présent dans une quarantaine de départements français de métropole. L’expérience de cas et foyers autochtones de dengue et de Chikungunya enregistrés en Europe et en France métropolitaine depuis une dizaine d’années confirment l’intérêt des autorités d’anticiper le risque par l’adoption de stratégies collectives. Ce travail s’appuie sur une ethnographie des interactions entre les agents de la communauté d’agglomération Var-Esterel-Méditerranée et des riverains, ainsi que sur une série d’entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès d’acteurs institutionnels et d’administrés de la Ville de Nîmes. A partir d’analyses des discours et des pratiques, ce travail propose une réflexion sur les perceptions de la nuisance, des risques sanitaires associés à Aedes albopictus, ainsi que des mesures mises en œuvre à titre individuel et collectif. Cette thèse entend démontrer en quoi la lutte contre Aedes albopictus et la promotion de la mobilisation sociale à l’échelle institutionnelle locale relèvent moins d’enjeux strictement sanitaires que plus largement politiques et en particulier de priorisation de l’agenda politique local. L’enjeu plus général que nous discutons est de savoir si l’implication institutionnelle locale en matière de lutte contre le moustique tigre est révélatrice d’identités de territoire et préfigure des inégalités territoriales et plus largement sociales en termes d’accès à l’information, de prévention vis-à-vis des risques sanitaires et de qualité de vie des populations. / The mosquito Aedes albopictus, is the potential vector of different viruses, such as dengue, Chikungunya and Zika, and is present in about 40 departments of mainland France. The experience of the cases and the autochthonous clusters of dengue fever and Chikungunya recorded in Europe and in mainland France in the last 10 years confirm the authorities’ interest in anticipating this problem by adopting collective strategies. The work of this thesis is based on the ethnography of the interactions between the local authority agents of the communauté d’agglomération Var-Esterel-Méditerranée and the local residents, as well as on a series of semi-structured interviews with institutional players and citizens of the city of Nîmes. Starting from the analysis of the words and actions, this work proposes an investigation of the perceptions concerning the mosquito nuisance and health risks associated with Aedes albopictus, as well as of the individual and collective measures. This thesis work wants to show how the fight against Aedes albopictus and the promotion of social mobilization at the local scale are less related to strict health issues and more broadly to political issues, particularly the local political agenda priorities. The more general issue we discuss is to understand whether the local institution implication in the fight against tiger mosquitoes reveals local identities and foreshadow local and also more general social inequalities in terms of access to information and prevention of health risks and quality of life of the populations.

Introduction This thesis concerns the mosquito-borne arbovirus Ross River (RR) virus. The main objectives were to determine the vector associations, the incidence, costs and natural history of disease, and behavioural and environmental risks for infection in tropical Queensland. 1. Literature review On the basis of the literature review there is strong evidence that Aedes vigilax, Ae. camptorhynchus and Culex annulirostris are important vectors in Australia. Aedes camptorhychus does not occur in Queensland. There is evidence that two peri-domestic container-breeding mosquitoes, Ae. notoscriptus and Ae. aegypti, may be vectors of the virus. The virus has been isolated from many other species but the role of most of these is unclear. It is unclear which vertebrate species are the major reservoirs for human infection. Studies are inconsistent with regard to the prevalence, duration and severity of symptoms and debility during RR virus disease. Nearly all epidemiological studies of RR virus have been descriptive. Therefore one can only surmise what the risks for human infection might be. Epidemiological studies to determine the associations between exposures and risk for disease do not exist. 2. Virus isolation from mosquitoes During 1996-1998 61,619 mosquitoes were processed for virus isolation. Thirty-three isolates of RR virus were made. The largest number (14) were from Ae. carmenti. The minimum infection rate (MIR) per 1,000 was 2.4. Isolates were also made from Ae. imprimens (1 isolate, MIR 10.3), Ae. kochi (2, 0.2), Ae. lineatus (1, 0.2), Ae. notoscriptus (1, 1.6), Ae. vigilax (1, 0.3), Cx. annulirostris (9, 0.3), Cx. vicinus (1, 4.0) and Mansonia septempunctata (3, 5.8). Ross River virus has been isolated from Cx. annulirostris, Ae. vigilax, Ae. notoscriputus and Ae. kochi but not from the other species. Ross River virus was not isolated from Ae. aegypti. Twenty-six isolates came from in or near a colony of 15,000 spectacled flying-fox, Pteropus conspicillatus. The proportion of RR virus positive pools from within 1 km. of this colony was significantly greater than elsewhere for all species combined and for Cx. annulirostris but not for Ae. carmenti. 3. The incidence and costs of Ross River virus disease Unpublished data on National, State and Territory notifications was collected. Crude incidence rates using census figures for denominator data were calculated. The same was done for the areas in which the other studies described in the thesis were carried out. An estimate of the cost of Ross River virus disease in Australia was made. During the period 1991-1998 of the States and Territories the Northern Territory (NT) had the highest and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) the lowest notification incidences. These were 62-281 and 0-3 per 100,000 per annum, respectively. During this period the notification incidence for Queensland ranged from 70 to 149 per 100,000 per annum. For the local government areas of Cairns and Mareeba, where the majority of cases of RR virus disease for the studies described in this thesis were recruited, the notification incidences were between 74 and 267, and 28 and 200, respectively. On the basis of an average of 4,800 cases per annum in Australia the cost of serological testing and medical consultations were estimated at $443,520 and $105,600. Lost earnings were estimated at $1,798,560. The total cost for medical consultations, serological testing and lost earnings will therefore be over $2 million in an average year. 4. The natural history of Ross River virus disease In 1998 incident cases of RR virus disease were ascertained. Fifty-seven eligible cases were recruited but only 47 could be reviewed on 3 occasions and data on these were analysed. Cases were followed for up to 197 days. Review included history, examination and the administration of the Clinical Health Assessment Questionnaire (CLINHAQ) and Short Form-36 (SF-36) . On initial review the 3 most common symptoms were arthralgia, joint stiffness and myalgia affecting 97.9, 89.4 and 59.6% of cases, respectively. The joint types most commonly affected by pain at the initial review were the ankles, wrists, interphalangeal joints of the fingers, knees and metacarpophalangeal joints. Objective signs of joint inflammation were rare. The prevalence of signs of inflammation decreased and the prevalence of normal joints on examination increased through the reviews. The prevalence of use of NSAIDs decreased through the reviews. On the basis of CLINHAQ items regarding work performance functioning at work improved through the course of the reviews. Linear regression with days since symptom onset as the independent variable was performed for some variables. The 8 dimensions of the SF-36 were standardized to the Queensland population and analyzed longitudinally . Analyses of the CLINHAQ functional disability index (FDI) and the visual analogue scales (VASs) for pain, global severity, fatigue, gastrointestinal complaints and sleep, and the depression and anxiety scales were also performed. The slopes of all fitted regressions except the SF-36 general health dimension were significantly different from zero. All measures of disease severity returned to normal by 8 months from onset, many in a shorter period. 5. Behavioural and environmental risks for infection Fifty-five incident cases of RR virus disease were recruited and formed the basis of a case-control study of behavioural and environmental risks. They were matched to 85 controls. In the year prior to symptom onset the only leisure exposure that significantly altered risk was camping [Odds ratio (OR) = 2.15; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07-4.35]. No peri-domestic activities in the year prior to onset significantly altered disease risk. Leisure exposures were also assessed in a 3-week exposure period ending 4 days prior to symptom onset. None significantly altered risk. No peri-domestic activity in this period significantly altered risk and nor did exposure to vertebrates or mosquitoes. Containers and vegetation around the subject's dwelling did not significantly increase risk. The presence of ice cream containers and buckets was significantly protective when assessed by questionnaire, however this was also assessed by inspection and was found to increase risk though not significantly so. It was concluded that the former finding was due to differential misclassification of exposure status. The premise condition index (PCI) was measured. A low PCI for the subject's house was associated with a significantly increased risk (3-4 relative to 7-9 as reference category: OR = 3.15, 95% CI = 1.07-9.25). Window screening did not alter disease risk and air-conditioning in the house or the bedroom decreased risk but not significantly so. Use of protective measures, except bed nets, in the year prior to onset was found to decrease disease risk. Personal repellents, mosquito coils and citronella candles significantly decreased risk. A dose response was shown for the number of protective measures from personal repellents, aerosol and surface sprays, mosquito coils, citronella candles and mosquito "zappers" used in the year prior to symptom onset. Pet ownership and proximity of dwelling to horses did not significantly alter risk. A preference for light coloured clothing was significantly protective (0.37, 0.15-0.89). Stratification by gender, date of symptom onset and geographical area was performed. Stratification by geographical area included a coastal and tablelands stratum. There were differences between the stratum-specific odds ratios for camping in the year prior to symptom onset, the presence of bromeliads in the subject's garden and a preference for light coloured clothing. Multivariate analysis demonstrated confounding by use of personal repellents, mosquito coils and citronella candles. When modeled together these were found to cause confounding among themselves. They also caused significant confounding of camping, outdoor work and the presence of banana trees in the subject's yard. Multivariate analysis of the association between PCI and disease risk failed to demonstrate confounding by use of protective measures or time between symptom onset and review. 6. Synthesis and conclusions The three research Chapters form a coherent body of public health research on the epidemiology (Chapters 5 and 6) and ecology (Chapters 4 and 7) of RR virus, and the natural history of RR virus disease (Chapter 6) in tropical Queensland. Conclusions are drawn from the research in the thesis. A set of priorities for future public health research on RR virus is suggested, and a pilot control program for Ross River virus disease in tropical Queensland is recommended.

[Truncated abstract] Ross River virus (RRV) causes the most common arboviral disease in Australia, with approximately 5000 new cases reported each year, making this virus a major public health concern. The aim of this thesis was to link results from virological, pathogenesis and epidemiological studies to further define RRV disease in the south-west (SW) of Western Australia (WA), a region of endemic and epizootic RRV activity. A crosssectional seroprevalence study was used to show that 7.8 percent of SW communities were seropositive to RRV, comparable to other regions of Australia with similar temperate climates to the SW . . . RRV-specific IgM antibodies were found to persist for at least two years following RRV infection. A murine model was used to conclusively show differences in pathogenesis between RRV genotypes, the SW and northern-eastern (NE) genotypes, which are known to circulate throughout Australia. The SW genotype, unique to the SW of WA induced only poor neutralising antibody production and nonneutralising antibodies after the acute phase of infection. In comparison, the NE genotype which currently predominates in mosquito populations in the SW of WA, induced the most efficient neutralising antibody response and consequently produced the mildest disease in the mouse. These data in the mouse suggest that the infecting genotype will mostly likely influence disease outcome in humans and could at least partially explain why more severe and persistent disease has been reported from the SW of WA. Collectively, results from this thesis provide an important benchmark against which future investigations into BFV and RRV diseases can be measured.

[Truncated abstract] A functional ecosystem is increasingly being recognised as a requirement for health and well being of resident human populations. Clearing of native vegetation for agriculture has left 1.047 million hectares of south-west Western Australia affected by a severe form of environmental degradation, dryland salinity, characterised by secondary soil salinisation and waterlogging. This area may expand by a further 1.7-3.4 million hectares if current trends continue. Ecosystems in saline affected regions display many of the classic characteristics of Ecosystem Distress Syndrome (EDS). One outcome of EDS that has not yet been investigated in relation to dryland salinity is adverse human health implications. This thesis focuses on one such potential adverse health outcome: increased incidence of Ross River virus (RRV), the most common mosquito-borne disease in Australia. Spatial analysis of RRV notifications did not reveal a significant association with dryland salinity. To overcome inherent limitations with notification data, serological RRV antibody prevalence was also investigated, and again no significant association with dryland salinity was detected. However, the spatial scale imposed limited the sensitivity of both studies. ... This thesis represents the first attempt to prospectively investigate the influence of secondary soil salinity on mosquito-borne disease by combining entomological, environmental and epidemiological data. The evidence collected indicates that RRV disease incidence is not currently a significant population health priority in areas affected by dryland salinity despite the dominant presence of Ae. camptorhynchus. Potential limiting factors include; local climatic impact on the seasonal mosquito population dynamics; vertebrate host distribution and feeding behaviour of Ae. camptorhynchus; and the scarce and uneven human population distribution across the region. However, the potential for increased disease risk in dryland salinity affected areas to become apparent in the future cannot be discounted, particularly in light of the increasing extent predicted to develop over coming decades before any benefits of amelioration strategies are observed. Finally, it is important to note that both dryland salinity and salinity induced by irrigation are important forms of environmental degradation in arid and semi-arid worldwide, with a total population of over 400 million people. Potential health risks will of course vary widely across different regions depending on a range of factors specific to the local region and the complex interactions between them. It is therefore not possible to make broad generalisations. The need is highlighted for similar research in other regions and it is contended that an ecosystem health framework provides the necessary basis for such investigations.

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo analisar as representações e os usos políticos da guerra e da ocupação do Paraguai realizados por alguns periódicos argentinos como El Nacional, La Tribuna, La Nación e El Mosquito durante o período compreendido entre a morte de Solano Lopez, em 1870, e a retirada das tropas aliadas do país em 1876. Durante estes seis anos de ocupação, Brasil e Argentina discordaram em relação aos tratados definitivos de paz e limites a serem assinados com o novo governo paraguaio. Estas disputas eram intensamente abordadas pela imprensa de Buenos Aires, que estava, por sua vez, vinculada com as facções políticas de maior envergadura na Argentina: o nacionalismo e o autonomismo. Nacionalistas e autonomistas utilizaram a guerra recém terminada assim como os eventos políticos que ocorriam no Paraguai, como as negociações de paz, as revoltas e insurreições contra o governo de Assunção ou as manobras da diplomacia brasileira naquela república como instrumento de ataque, crítica e de desqualificação da facção rival, principalmente durante períodos eleitorais. Dadas as características da imprensa argentina durante a década de 1870, em alguns períodos de desacordos entre Brasil e Argentina, estes jornais criavam não somente uma arena pública de debate a respeito das questões referentes ao Paraguai, mas também um ambiente de apreensão e preocupação na capital Buenos Aires. As discordâncias, as missões diplomáticas, as negociações estabelecidas entre os governos brasileiro, argentino e paraguaio bem como toda a repercussão e os usos políticos que delas realizaram os periódicos consultados evidenciam que, pelo menos entre a imprensa da capital argentina, a Guerra da Tríplice Aliança foi mais além de Cerro Corá. / This Project aims to analyze the representations and the political uses of the war and of the Paraguay’s occupation, which were made by a few argentinian journals as El Nacional, La Tribuna, La Nación e El Mosquito in the period from Solano Lopez’s death, in 1870, to the withdrawal of allied troops of the country in 1876. During these six years of occupation, Brazil and Argentina did disagree about the final peace and limits treaties to be signed with the Paraguayan government. These disputes were massively used by Buenos Aires’ press, which was connected with meaningful Argentinian political factions: nationalism and autonomism. Nationalists and autonomists used the just finished war – as the political events which were occurring in Paraguay, as the peace negotiations, the rebellions against Assunção’s government, or the maneuver of Brazilian diplomacy at that republic – as an instrument of attack, of criticism na of disqualification of the rival faction, specially during the election period. Given the characteristics of the Argentinian press during the decade of 1870, in some periods of disagreement between Brazil and Argentina, these journals criticised not only a public arena for debates regarding Paraguay’s events, but also an atmosphere of apprehention and concerns at the capital of Buenos Aires. The disagreements, the diplomatic missions, the negotiations established between Brazilian, Argentinian and Paraguayan governments, as all the repercussion and diplomatic uses that resulted in the consulted periodicals highlight that, at least between the press of the Argentinian capital, the Triple Alliance War was beyond Cerro Corá.

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo analisar as representações e os usos políticos da guerra e da ocupação do Paraguai realizados por alguns periódicos argentinos como El Nacional, La Tribuna, La Nación e El Mosquito durante o período compreendido entre a morte de Solano Lopez, em 1870, e a retirada das tropas aliadas do país em 1876. Durante estes seis anos de ocupação, Brasil e Argentina discordaram em relação aos tratados definitivos de paz e limites a serem assinados com o novo governo paraguaio. Estas disputas eram intensamente abordadas pela imprensa de Buenos Aires, que estava, por sua vez, vinculada com as facções políticas de maior envergadura na Argentina: o nacionalismo e o autonomismo. Nacionalistas e autonomistas utilizaram a guerra recém terminada assim como os eventos políticos que ocorriam no Paraguai, como as negociações de paz, as revoltas e insurreições contra o governo de Assunção ou as manobras da diplomacia brasileira naquela república como instrumento de ataque, crítica e de desqualificação da facção rival, principalmente durante períodos eleitorais. Dadas as características da imprensa argentina durante a década de 1870, em alguns períodos de desacordos entre Brasil e Argentina, estes jornais criavam não somente uma arena pública de debate a respeito das questões referentes ao Paraguai, mas também um ambiente de apreensão e preocupação na capital Buenos Aires. As discordâncias, as missões diplomáticas, as negociações estabelecidas entre os governos brasileiro, argentino e paraguaio bem como toda a repercussão e os usos políticos que delas realizaram os periódicos consultados evidenciam que, pelo menos entre a imprensa da capital argentina, a Guerra da Tríplice Aliança foi mais além de Cerro Corá. / This Project aims to analyze the representations and the political uses of the war and of the Paraguay’s occupation, which were made by a few argentinian journals as El Nacional, La Tribuna, La Nación e El Mosquito in the period from Solano Lopez’s death, in 1870, to the withdrawal of allied troops of the country in 1876. During these six years of occupation, Brazil and Argentina did disagree about the final peace and limits treaties to be signed with the Paraguayan government. These disputes were massively used by Buenos Aires’ press, which was connected with meaningful Argentinian political factions: nationalism and autonomism. Nationalists and autonomists used the just finished war – as the political events which were occurring in Paraguay, as the peace negotiations, the rebellions against Assunção’s government, or the maneuver of Brazilian diplomacy at that republic – as an instrument of attack, of criticism na of disqualification of the rival faction, specially during the election period. Given the characteristics of the Argentinian press during the decade of 1870, in some periods of disagreement between Brazil and Argentina, these journals criticised not only a public arena for debates regarding Paraguay’s events, but also an atmosphere of apprehention and concerns at the capital of Buenos Aires. The disagreements, the diplomatic missions, the negotiations established between Brazilian, Argentinian and Paraguayan governments, as all the repercussion and diplomatic uses that resulted in the consulted periodicals highlight that, at least between the press of the Argentinian capital, the Triple Alliance War was beyond Cerro Corá.