In recent years renewed efforts have been made to enforce the edict of family responsibility, culminating in the enactment of the Child Support Act, 1991. Under this legislation, the duty of absent fathers to provide for their former families has been reinforced which great rigour. The primary aim of this study is to see if the outcomes of this Act could have been predicted through an historical analysis of past precedent. The period from 1900-1940 is investigated for comparison with the present day. Statutory measures which attempted to ensure that fathers complied with court orders were also enacted in these years. Moreover, they were passed in a political, economic and moral climate not dissimilar to the 1980s and 1990s. Through an examination of archival sources, this study looks at the reasons why governments then were anxious to find ways of preventing lone mother families from becoming a burden on central or local finances - and why they believed their support should not be the responsibility of the community. It then explores the outcome of these measures in terms of their success, or otherwise, from an administrative and financial perspective. Following a similar examination of the Child Support Act, a comparative analysis of efforts to reinforce the financial duty of absent fathers in both the early and late twentieth century is undertaken. From these findings it is concluded that important lessons from the past have been ignored at our peril.

Children who are more fearful and inhibited during early childhood are at greater risk for social problems (e.g., loneliness, social isolation) and clinically significant internalizing disorders during adolescence and adulthood (e.g., Rubin, Chen, McDougall, Bowker, & McKinnon, 1995; Williams et al., 2009). While the impact of fearful temperament on adjustment indices are regularly the focus of study, less well understood are biological and social processes that may affect the development of fearful temperament. The present study considered the role of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and parenting on change in fearful and inhibited temperamental characteristics during early childhood. The s/s genotype was expected to be associated with elevated and sustained levels of fearful temperament. Moreover, supportive parenting was expected to be associated with less fearful temperament while more harsh parenting would be associated with more fearful temperamental characteristics, especially for children with the s/s 5-HTTLPR genotype. Study hypotheses were tested using 165 families (i.e., biological mothers and fathers, 3-5 year old children) who participated in the Family Transitions Project (FTP: R. D. Conger & K. J. Conger, 2002). Children were genotyped using cheek swabs. Parents reported on children’s temperamental characteristics at ages 3, 4, and 5. Independent observations of mothers and fathers completing a puzzle with their 3 and 4 year old children were used to measure parenting. Results were partially supportive of predictions. Parenting interacted with the 5-HTTLPR genotype to predict trajectories of shyness and soothability dimensions of fearful temperament, but the pattern of findings varied for mothers and fathers. Results are discussed in terms of differential susceptibility and the conceptualization of risk and resilience.

No description available.

In a sample of 57 two-parent families, the current study investigated: (a) mother-father differences in observed autonomy supportive and control behaviours (i.e., directives and negative, parent-centered control); and (b) mothers and fathers unique and relative contributions to childrens later social-emotional competence. Parents behaviours were assessed during an observed clean-up task with mother-child and father-child dyads when children were 2 to 3-and-a half years of age. Parent ratings of childrens social-emotional competence were obtained one year later, when children were 3 to 5-and-a-half years old. Results revealed that mothers engaged in significantly more autonomy support than fathers when observed interacting with their young children. Furthermore, mothers negative, parent-centered control, and fathers autonomy support uniquely predicted childrens later social-emotional competence. These results suggest that mothers and fathers have differential influences on their young childrens growing competences, and exemplify the importance of including fathers in parenting research and intervention. / Psychological Studies in Education

Thesis (D. Min.)--Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:16:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3122348 bytes, checksum: 55491e3ee81fbabe071b5f7a921d1baa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The main objective of this thesis was to examine parental socialization goals made by mothers and fathers with respect to the development of their children. The parental socialization goals were focused from integracionalist theories that view the development of children from the socio-cultural, placing the social dimension as a key aspect for human development. The parental socialization goals appear as a relevant field of research for understanding human development, because they are directly linked to parenting styles towards children, and socializing the fundamental axis around in which family interactions are articulated. The principle of bidirectionality demonstrates that development is a product of interaction between child characteristics and the characteristics of people who socialize, placing a sync between children s development and their parental behavior. The study used the technique of field research of a descriptive nature; the locus of the research was the participants' home residences in the city of Joao Pessoa, Paraiba. We interviewed 18 couples, each spouse individually with children 12 to 48 months, who responded to a questionnaire and an interview with semi-structure. The contents of the interviews were treated according to the technique of content analysis proposed by Bardin. Each interview was treated in depth and the results were analyzed in a quantitative and qualitative approach, presented in simple frequency of the reference values of verbal expressions, carried out by inference and interpretation, which allowed the identification of nine categories, 40 subcategories and 643 units of analysis. The results showed more similarities than differences between the goals pursued by mothers and fathers, verifying that the efforts are more likely to be that of combining responsibilities in pursuit of a co-parenting. The differences between mother and father were seen as complementary. The father is presented only as a reflection or replacement of the mother, but as a relevant participant to the child s development. Both mothers and fathers were more focused and committed to the responsibility of educating and caring for children observing a social construction of the current historical context. / O objetivo principal da presente tese foi analisar as metas parentais de socialização apresentadas por mães e pais com relação ao desenvolvimento de seus filhos. As metas parentais de socialização foram enfocadas a partir das teorias interacionistas, que concebem o desenvolvimento da criança a partir do meio sócio-cultural, colocando a dimensão social como um aspecto primordial para o desenvolvimento humano. As metas parentais de socialização configuramse como um campo relevante da pesquisa, para compreensão do desenvolvimento humano por estarem diretamente vinculadas aos estilos parentais dirigidos à criança, sendo a socialização o eixo fundamental em torno do qual se articulam as interações familiares. O princípio da bidirecionalidade demonstra que o desenvolvimento é um produto da interação entre as características da criança e as características das pessoas que as socializam, ocorrendo uma sincronia entre o seu desenvolvimento e a conduta parental. O estudo utilizou a técnica de pesquisa de campo de caráter descritivo, o lócus da realização da pesquisa foi nas residências domiciliares dos participantes, na cidade de João Pessoa, no estado da Paraíba. Foram entrevistados 18 casais, cada cônjuge individualmente, com filhos de 12 a 48 meses, que responderam a um questionário e a uma entrevista com roteiro semi-estruturado. Os conteúdos das entrevistas foram tratados de acordo com a técnica de Análise de Conteúdo proposta por Bardin. Cada entrevista foi estudada em profundidade e os resultados tratados e analisados de forma quantitativa e qualitativa, apresentados em frequência simples dos valores de referencia das manifestações verbais, por inferência e interpretação, o que possibilitou a identificação de 9 Categorias, 40 subcategorias e 643 Unidades de Análises. Os resultados demonstraram mais semelhanças do que diferenças, nos relatos apresentados pelas mães e pais, verificando-se que os esforços tendem mais a ser no sentido de combinar responsabilidades na busca de uma co-paternidade. As diferenças encontradas entre a mãe e o pai foram vistas como complementares, o pai não se apresentou apenas como um reflexo ou substituição da mãe, mas como um participante relevante para o desenvolvimento da criança. Tanto as mães como os pais estavam mais voltados e comprometidos com a responsabilidade de educar e cuidar dos filhos, verificando-se uma construção social do atual contexto histórico.

Parents' perceptions of their child's behavior may differ for mothers and fathers. Differences in parental perception may also be apparent in cases of special needs adoptive families with high demands of their child for time, interventions and attention. This paper examines the differences in mother-child and father-child interactions, child behavior as reported by mothers, and fathers and changes in both after participation in an intervention program. Results suggest notable differences between mothers' and fathers' parent-child interaction scores and reports of child behavior. In addition, interaction scores and behavior reports showed some correlations. Finally, there seemed to be notable differences in the trends for the Child Behavior Checklist compared to the two attachment measures (Randolph Attachment Disorder Questionnaire and Beech Brook Attachment Disorder Checklist). Several possible explanations for mother and father differences are discussed.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo examinar a estabilidade e mudança nas práticas educativas maternas e paternas, em particular o uso de práticas indutivas, coercitivas e de não interferência aos 24, 36 e 72 meses de vida da criança. Além disso, investigou-se a relação dessas práticas com a competência social infantil aos 72 meses. Participaram do estudo 24 mães e pais que tinham um único filho e residiam na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Quando as crianças completaram 24 meses, os participantes responderam a uma entrevista para a avaliação das práticas educativas. Aos 36 meses de vida das crianças, as famílias foram observadas durante o almoço, quando as práticas educativas também foram investigadas. Por fim, aos 72 meses de vida das crianças, os participantes responderam novamente à entrevista sobre práticas educativas parentais e a uma escala para avaliação da competência social dos filhos. Os resultados corroboraram parcialmente a hipótese inicial de que não haveria estabilidade nas práticas educativas parentais, tendo em vista que estas se constituem em comportamentos parentais específicos usados para orientar determinados comportamentos infantis, passíveis de serem influenciadas pelo nível de desenvolvimento da criança. ANOVAs de medidas repetidas indicaram diferenças quanto às práticas indutivas maternas entre os 24 e 36 meses, bem como entre as práticas de não interferência, entre os 24 e 36 meses e também entre os 36 e 72 meses. Quanto aos pais, as diferenças foram encontradas entre as práticas indutivas aos 24 e 72 meses e entre as práticas de não interferência aos 24 e 36 meses e aos 36 e 72 meses. Quando considerados o nível socioeconômico familiar (NSE) e o sexo da criança como fatores de análise, apenas o NSE esteve relacionado com as práticas indutivas paternas, indicando que pais de NSE mais altos são mais indutivos com seus filhos aos 36 meses. Já a hipótese de que as práticas educativas indutivas estivessem relacionadas à competência social infantil não recebeu apoio, uma vez que apenas as práticas coercitivas e de não interferência maternas apareceram correlacionadas com as dimensões de responsabilidade e autocontrole da criança, respectivamente. Os resultados sugerem que, à medida que a criança apresenta novas habilidades e demandas, surge a necessidade de práticas educativas parentais adequadas às diferentes fases do desenvolvimento infantil. / The present study had as its main objective to examine stability and change in mothers' and fathers' child-rearing practices, in particular the use of inductive, coercive and noninterference practices with children at 24, 36 and 72 months of age. In addition, the relation of such practices with child social competence at 72 months was investigated. 24 mothers and fathers who had an only child and lived in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre participated in the study. When children were 24 months old, the participants were interviewed about their child-rearing practices. When the children were 36 months, they and their families were observed during lunch time, with a focus on child-rearing practices. Finally, when the children were 72 months, the parents were again interviewed about their child-rearing practices and completed a scale assessing their children's social competence. The results partially confirm the initial hypothesis that there would no be stability in parents' child-rearing practices, given that the methods used by parents to guide their children’s behavior may be influenced by the children's level of development. Repeated measures ANOVAs indicated differences in maternal inductive practices between 24 and 36 months and differences in non-interference practices both between 24 and 36 and 36 and 72 months. Concerning the fathers, differences were found between inductive practices at 24 and 72 months and among non-interference practices at 24 and 36 months and at 36 and 72 months. When taking into account family socioeconomic status (SES) and the child's gender as factors of analysis, the latter had no impact and SES was related only to fathers' inductive practices, indicating that fathers with higher SES were more inductive, but only with their 36-month-old children. On the other hand, the hypothesis that inductive practices were related to child social competence was not supported, since only maternal coercitive and noninterference practices showed to be correlated with the dimensions of child responsibility and self-control, respectively. The results suggest that as developing children show new abilities and demands their parents need to adapt their child-rearing practices to reflect those changes.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo examinar a estabilidade e mudança nas práticas educativas maternas e paternas, em particular o uso de práticas indutivas, coercitivas e de não interferência aos 24, 36 e 72 meses de vida da criança. Além disso, investigou-se a relação dessas práticas com a competência social infantil aos 72 meses. Participaram do estudo 24 mães e pais que tinham um único filho e residiam na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Quando as crianças completaram 24 meses, os participantes responderam a uma entrevista para a avaliação das práticas educativas. Aos 36 meses de vida das crianças, as famílias foram observadas durante o almoço, quando as práticas educativas também foram investigadas. Por fim, aos 72 meses de vida das crianças, os participantes responderam novamente à entrevista sobre práticas educativas parentais e a uma escala para avaliação da competência social dos filhos. Os resultados corroboraram parcialmente a hipótese inicial de que não haveria estabilidade nas práticas educativas parentais, tendo em vista que estas se constituem em comportamentos parentais específicos usados para orientar determinados comportamentos infantis, passíveis de serem influenciadas pelo nível de desenvolvimento da criança. ANOVAs de medidas repetidas indicaram diferenças quanto às práticas indutivas maternas entre os 24 e 36 meses, bem como entre as práticas de não interferência, entre os 24 e 36 meses e também entre os 36 e 72 meses. Quanto aos pais, as diferenças foram encontradas entre as práticas indutivas aos 24 e 72 meses e entre as práticas de não interferência aos 24 e 36 meses e aos 36 e 72 meses. Quando considerados o nível socioeconômico familiar (NSE) e o sexo da criança como fatores de análise, apenas o NSE esteve relacionado com as práticas indutivas paternas, indicando que pais de NSE mais altos são mais indutivos com seus filhos aos 36 meses. Já a hipótese de que as práticas educativas indutivas estivessem relacionadas à competência social infantil não recebeu apoio, uma vez que apenas as práticas coercitivas e de não interferência maternas apareceram correlacionadas com as dimensões de responsabilidade e autocontrole da criança, respectivamente. Os resultados sugerem que, à medida que a criança apresenta novas habilidades e demandas, surge a necessidade de práticas educativas parentais adequadas às diferentes fases do desenvolvimento infantil. / The present study had as its main objective to examine stability and change in mothers' and fathers' child-rearing practices, in particular the use of inductive, coercive and noninterference practices with children at 24, 36 and 72 months of age. In addition, the relation of such practices with child social competence at 72 months was investigated. 24 mothers and fathers who had an only child and lived in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre participated in the study. When children were 24 months old, the participants were interviewed about their child-rearing practices. When the children were 36 months, they and their families were observed during lunch time, with a focus on child-rearing practices. Finally, when the children were 72 months, the parents were again interviewed about their child-rearing practices and completed a scale assessing their children's social competence. The results partially confirm the initial hypothesis that there would no be stability in parents' child-rearing practices, given that the methods used by parents to guide their children’s behavior may be influenced by the children's level of development. Repeated measures ANOVAs indicated differences in maternal inductive practices between 24 and 36 months and differences in non-interference practices both between 24 and 36 and 36 and 72 months. Concerning the fathers, differences were found between inductive practices at 24 and 72 months and among non-interference practices at 24 and 36 months and at 36 and 72 months. When taking into account family socioeconomic status (SES) and the child's gender as factors of analysis, the latter had no impact and SES was related only to fathers' inductive practices, indicating that fathers with higher SES were more inductive, but only with their 36-month-old children. On the other hand, the hypothesis that inductive practices were related to child social competence was not supported, since only maternal coercitive and noninterference practices showed to be correlated with the dimensions of child responsibility and self-control, respectively. The results suggest that as developing children show new abilities and demands their parents need to adapt their child-rearing practices to reflect those changes.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo examinar a estabilidade e mudança nas práticas educativas maternas e paternas, em particular o uso de práticas indutivas, coercitivas e de não interferência aos 24, 36 e 72 meses de vida da criança. Além disso, investigou-se a relação dessas práticas com a competência social infantil aos 72 meses. Participaram do estudo 24 mães e pais que tinham um único filho e residiam na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Quando as crianças completaram 24 meses, os participantes responderam a uma entrevista para a avaliação das práticas educativas. Aos 36 meses de vida das crianças, as famílias foram observadas durante o almoço, quando as práticas educativas também foram investigadas. Por fim, aos 72 meses de vida das crianças, os participantes responderam novamente à entrevista sobre práticas educativas parentais e a uma escala para avaliação da competência social dos filhos. Os resultados corroboraram parcialmente a hipótese inicial de que não haveria estabilidade nas práticas educativas parentais, tendo em vista que estas se constituem em comportamentos parentais específicos usados para orientar determinados comportamentos infantis, passíveis de serem influenciadas pelo nível de desenvolvimento da criança. ANOVAs de medidas repetidas indicaram diferenças quanto às práticas indutivas maternas entre os 24 e 36 meses, bem como entre as práticas de não interferência, entre os 24 e 36 meses e também entre os 36 e 72 meses. Quanto aos pais, as diferenças foram encontradas entre as práticas indutivas aos 24 e 72 meses e entre as práticas de não interferência aos 24 e 36 meses e aos 36 e 72 meses. Quando considerados o nível socioeconômico familiar (NSE) e o sexo da criança como fatores de análise, apenas o NSE esteve relacionado com as práticas indutivas paternas, indicando que pais de NSE mais altos são mais indutivos com seus filhos aos 36 meses. Já a hipótese de que as práticas educativas indutivas estivessem relacionadas à competência social infantil não recebeu apoio, uma vez que apenas as práticas coercitivas e de não interferência maternas apareceram correlacionadas com as dimensões de responsabilidade e autocontrole da criança, respectivamente. Os resultados sugerem que, à medida que a criança apresenta novas habilidades e demandas, surge a necessidade de práticas educativas parentais adequadas às diferentes fases do desenvolvimento infantil. / The present study had as its main objective to examine stability and change in mothers' and fathers' child-rearing practices, in particular the use of inductive, coercive and noninterference practices with children at 24, 36 and 72 months of age. In addition, the relation of such practices with child social competence at 72 months was investigated. 24 mothers and fathers who had an only child and lived in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre participated in the study. When children were 24 months old, the participants were interviewed about their child-rearing practices. When the children were 36 months, they and their families were observed during lunch time, with a focus on child-rearing practices. Finally, when the children were 72 months, the parents were again interviewed about their child-rearing practices and completed a scale assessing their children's social competence. The results partially confirm the initial hypothesis that there would no be stability in parents' child-rearing practices, given that the methods used by parents to guide their children’s behavior may be influenced by the children's level of development. Repeated measures ANOVAs indicated differences in maternal inductive practices between 24 and 36 months and differences in non-interference practices both between 24 and 36 and 36 and 72 months. Concerning the fathers, differences were found between inductive practices at 24 and 72 months and among non-interference practices at 24 and 36 months and at 36 and 72 months. When taking into account family socioeconomic status (SES) and the child's gender as factors of analysis, the latter had no impact and SES was related only to fathers' inductive practices, indicating that fathers with higher SES were more inductive, but only with their 36-month-old children. On the other hand, the hypothesis that inductive practices were related to child social competence was not supported, since only maternal coercitive and noninterference practices showed to be correlated with the dimensions of child responsibility and self-control, respectively. The results suggest that as developing children show new abilities and demands their parents need to adapt their child-rearing practices to reflect those changes.