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This thesis describes the relation between the tourism industry and crisis from a consumer perspective. The impacts on consumers have been receiving little attention in earlier tourism research. This study contains an empirical research with a focus on the attitudes of travellers during the refugee crisis of 2015. The attitudes are seen as interesting for this study since they can affect the traveller before, during and after the trip. In this work the attitudes further are divided into four different sub-categories, which were detected to be important in order to describe how the attitudes of travellers can be affected from a crisis. The performed study shows that the attitudes can be affected from a crisis in different ways. It also shows that the refugee crisis of 2015 had impacts on travellers, that might vary from person to person and that they might not be aware of themselves.

The purpose of the study has been to identify the motivational factors prompting the South African MMA (Mixed Martial Arts) fan to attend events and how these factors are influencing their spending patterns and media consumption. With the growing popularity of Africa’s biggest MMA promoter and the production values and size of events, EFC (Extreme Fighting Championship) is taking the African market to a global level. To understand the South African MMA fan, marketers should differentiate strategies to meet these various customers’ satisfaction needs and demands. Media plays a big role in the growing of the sport, and Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and television broadcasts all contribute to fans gaining access to the MMA sport. The following motivational factors were used to measure the MMA fan: Aesthetic quality, Sports interest, Drama/Eustress, Socialising, Vicarious achievement, Fighter interest, Adoration/Hero, Violence, Escape, National Pride and Economic Factors. Participants who attended the local amateur MMA fights in the south of Johannesburg were requested to complete the online web questionnaire to establish the motivational factors of South African MMA fans. Aesthetic quality, Sports interest and Drama/Eustress were ranked as the highest motivators. There were some gender differences where females indicated that they were more interested in the Drama factor and the males in the Sports interest factor. It was clear from the results that most male fans were drawn to MMA by word-ofmouth, clubs or events. The female fans used the internet and television as their media consumption of MMA. Although the study was limited to a local MMA event, insights into the motivation of the South African MMA fan were discovered as well as how media is consumed differently by different genders. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The purpose of the study has been to identify the motivational factors prompting the South African MMA (Mixed Martial Arts) fan to attend events and how these factors are influencing their spending patterns and media consumption. With the growing popularity of Africa’s biggest MMA promoter and the production values and size of events, EFC (Extreme Fighting Championship) is taking the African market to a global level. To understand the South African MMA fan, marketers should differentiate strategies to meet these various customers’ satisfaction needs and demands. Media plays a big role in the growing of the sport, and Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and television broadcasts all contribute to fans gaining access to the MMA sport. The following motivational factors were used to measure the MMA fan: Aesthetic quality, Sports interest, Drama/Eustress, Socialising, Vicarious achievement, Fighter interest, Adoration/Hero, Violence, Escape, National Pride and Economic Factors. Participants who attended the local amateur MMA fights in the south of Johannesburg were requested to complete the online web questionnaire to establish the motivational factors of South African MMA fans. Aesthetic quality, Sports interest and Drama/Eustress were ranked as the highest motivators. There were some gender differences where females indicated that they were more interested in the Drama factor and the males in the Sports interest factor. It was clear from the results that most male fans were drawn to MMA by word-ofmouth, clubs or events. The female fans used the internet and television as their media consumption of MMA. Although the study was limited to a local MMA event, insights into the motivation of the South African MMA fan were discovered as well as how media is consumed differently by different genders. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This literature review investigates what previous research has found regarding target language use in the Elementary EFL classroom, and what different views there might be on communicating in English during English lessons. The study is conducted with Stephen Krashen’s (1982) Second Language Acquisition Theory as theoretical perspective. Findings show that one important reason for target language use in the EFL classroom is increasing the target language exposure to provide opportunities for the pupils to develop their language proficiency, while first language is used to instruct, translate, scaffold, explain, and facilitate and confirm learning, to discipline and criticise, and to give feedback and positive reinforcement. The results from the five reviewed studies in this thesis imply that both target language and first language have their place in the EFL classroom, and that the teachers’ choice of which language to use is highly individual. They also indicate that vocabulary acquisition and communicative skills call for different language approaches, and that different language theories apply to different teaching situations. Another conclusion from this review is that further research on teachers’ choices of instructional language is needed, as are further investigations of pupils’ preferences and in what situations they benefit from target language and first language respectively.

Resandet har blivit en självklarhet i det moderna samhället där mötet med nya kulturer och människor är viktiga beståndsdelar. I och med detta har backpackerresor blivit ett vanligt förekommande fenomen där människor väljer att resa under längre tid till platser längre bort. Studien hoppas kunna bidra till turismforskningen genom att skapa en större förståelse över resemotiv vilket kan förutspå framtidens behov inom backpackerresandet. Studien syftar till att undersöka resemotiv till en backpackerresa och om nya kulturmöten bidrar till identitetsskapande hos individen. Nyckelorden som genomsyrar studien är resemotiv, identitet och kulturmöten. Studien använder ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt som består av åtta intervjuer med respondenter mellan åldrarna 20-30 år som har backpackat i Sydostasien och Australien. Intervjuerna transkriberades och bearbetades för att kunna analyseras tillsammans med de valda teorierna. Uppsatsens resultat stöds av teorier inom det aktuella forskningsområdet, där Abraham Maslows behovshierarki har hjälp till att styrka resemotiv. Erving Goffman, George Herbert Mead, Anthony Giddens och Émile Durkheims teorier har används för att förstå hur en identitet skapas. Edward Hall och Gert Jan Hofstede, Paul Pedersen & Geert Hofstede har används för att styrka kulturmötens betydelse i en individs utveckling. Resultatet i studien visar att motivet till en backpackerresa ligger i känslan av frihet och kravlöshet. Respondenterna har blivit stärkta av den aktuella backpackerresan men en identitetsförvirring kunde tydas efter resan. Identitetsförvirringen bestod i att respondenternas världsbild vidgats och att intrycken medförde en tvetydig syn på framtiden. / Travel has become a matter of course in modern society, where the meeting with new cultures and people are important elements. Backpacking travels has become a common phenomenon in which people choose to travel longer to places further away. The study hopes to contribute to tourism research by creating a greater understanding of travel motives, which can predict future needs in the backpacking industry. The study aims to look into the motives of a backpacking trip and if cultural meetings contribute to a personal development for the individual. The keywords that permeates this study is travel motives, identity and cultural meetings. The study uses a qualitative approach which consists of eight interviews with respondents between the ages of 20-30 years old and who has been backpacking in Southeast Asia and Australia. The interviews were transcribed and processed to be analyzed together with the selected theories. Selected theories in the field of research have been produced to strengthen the results, where Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs has helped to establish travel motives. Erving Goffman’s, George Herbert Mead’s, Anthony Giddens and Émile Durkheim's theories has been used to understand how identity is created. Edward Hall’s and Gert Jan Hofstede, Paul Pedersen & Geert Hofstede’s theories has been used to prove the role of cultural impact in an individual's personal development. The results of the study show that the travel motives for a backpacking trip is the feeling of freedom and permissiveness. The respondents have been strengthened by the backpacking trip, but an identity confusion could be deciphered after the trip. The identity confusion where laying in an enlarged worldview and an ambiguous view of the future of the respondent.

The thesis deals with the development assistance of the Czech Republic. The first part focuses on explanation of the definition of the development assistance, its historical development and incorporation into the international context. Through a historical excursus occurs to the individual motives for its provision. The second part is devoted to development assistance of the Czech Republic, its territorial and sector orientation and motives of the Czech Republic for its provision. The third part focuses on Mongolia as a partner in development assistance of the Czech Republic.

The study is focused on investigating the effectiveness of digital fashion branding magazines through the perspective of various types of online fashion consumers. The classification of online fashion consumers is based on motives of shopping behavior. Factors of positive online shopping experience were employed in order to identify perceptions and preferences towards digital fashion branding magazines. The study is implemented by the means of digital fashion branding magazines’ analysis, focus group and individual interviews. The results of the research enable to identify various ways of presenting the branding magazines. The study demonstrates differences in perceptions of digital fashion branding magazines of various types of online fashion consumers. The types of consumers attracted by the branding magazines are considered as well. Digital fashion branding magazines are regarded to be an effective marketing tool which requires further improvement by all the identified types. / Program: Master Programme in Fashion Management

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