Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2005 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction: The reasons explained for writing a history of the Igreja Reformada em Mocambique, the point of departure, defining the dates chosen as parameters, the method of presenting this history and about the title. Part One: Establishing the ORC Mission in Portuguese East Africa: 1908 -1922 OpeningtheMissioninthePEA: 1902-1909, Expansion: 1909-1915, Problems and closure of missions: 1915 - 1922, Evaluation Part Two: Seventy years of Exile: 1922 - 1992 A: Fifty years wlthout formal leadership in congregations: 1922 -1971 Efforts to re-open: 1922 - 1933, Dark ages - trans-border ministry: 1933 - 1962, Changing Climate and Leadership of the Elders: 1962 - 1972, The beginnings of the fRM in GazaJMaputo: 1971 B: Twenty years of painful progress: 1972 - 1992 Short time of grace: 1972 - 1975, Political change and Tribulation: 1975 - 1982, 2.1 Encouraging events: 1977 -1982: Mphatso Synod, Moderator visits, Maputo Visits, Overview of Ecclesiastical Development New fields: 1983 - 1991: Zambesia: 1983 -, Exterior Support and First Missionary, 1986, Adjusting to the climate: 1986 - 1990, First Teams, New congregations: Beira, Tete, Ulongue Medical Co-operation IAcris New Dawn: More Missionaries, Bibles Part Three: Rapid expansion, consolidation and healing: 1992- Expansion and New Frontiers: 1992 -1996 Synod of 1992, Tete congregation, teams, Peace - starting with reconstruction, Maize Seed 1993 -1995: Expanding Orderly (chronological development) Ecclesiastical Development: Tete (Ulongue Church) & Zambesia Province. Work in the South, Synodical Meetings and Ecumenism, Dreams coming true: Hefsiba, Other Ministries, Support. New Frontiers: 1995 -1996 Yao Outreach, Makua Outreach, Youth Team, Two Synods (reasons and formation of Joint Com). Epilogue: Conclusion on main objectives, the IRM as Reformed Church and the uniqueness of its history. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding: Redes vir die skrywe van 'n geskiedenis vir die Igreja Reformada em Mocarnbique, die vertrekpunt vir so 'n skrywe, verduideliking vir keuse van datums wat dien as tydperk grense, die metode van aanbieding en oor die titel. Deel Een: Vestiging van die NGK Sending in Portugees Oos Afrika: 1908 -1922 Opening van die Sending in die POA: 1902 -1909, Uitbreiding: 1909 - 1915, Probleme en sluiting van Sending stasies: 1915 - 1922, Evaluering Deel Twee: Seventig Jaar in 8allingskap: ]922 - 1992 A: Vyftig Jaar sonder Formele Leierskap in Gemeentes: 1922 -1971 Pogings om te heropen: 1922 - 1933, Donker Eeue - trans-grens bedieninge: 1933 - 1962, Veranderinge en Leierskap van die Ouderlinge: 1962 - 1972, Die begin van die IRM in GazaJMaputo: 1971 B: Twintig Jaar vall MoeiLike Vooruitgang: 1972 - 1992 Kort tyd van genade: 1972 - 1975, Politieke Verandering en Vervolging: 1975 - 1982, Bemoedigende Gebeure, 1977 -1982: Mphatso Sinode, Besoeke deur Moderator, Maputo Besoeke, Oorsig van Ekklesiologiese Ontwikkeling Nuwe Velde tussen 1983 - 1991: Zambesia: 1983 -; Buitelandse Hulp en die Eerste Sendeling na 1975; Aanpassing by die Landsomstandighede: 1986 - 19901; Eerste Spanne; Nuwe Gemeentes: Beira, Tete, Vila Ulongue Mediese Samewerking IAcris Nuwe Tydperk: Meer Sendelinge , Bybels Deel Drie: Vinnige Vooruitgang, Konsolidasie en Heling, 1992- Voorultgang en Nuwe Grense: 1992 -1996 Sinode van 1992, Tete gemeente, Spanne, Vrede - Begin van herkonstruksie, Mielie Saad. 1993 -1995 - Ekklesiologiese Ontwikkeling: Tete (Ulongue Kerk en Binneland); Zambesia Provinsie, Werk in die Suide, Sinodale Byeenkomkste en Ekumene, Drome Bewaarheid: Hefsiba, Ander Bedieninge, Ondersteuning Nuwe Grense: 1995 -1996 Yao Uitreik, Makua Uitreik, Jeug span '95, Twee Sinodes (redes en vorming van die "Joint Com"). Epiloog: Konklusie n.a.v. hoof doelstellings, die IRM as Gereformeerd Kerk en die uniekheid van haar geskiedenis

Submitted to School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa 24 August 2016 / The recent significant discoveries of gas in Mozambique could provide a much needed solution to the South African electricity crisis, but at what cost? This research report seeks to determine the economic viability of utilising Mozambican Gas to produce electricity by using data from the Integrated Resource Plan 2010-2030 Update of 2013 in a levelised cost of electricity model. The Mozambican gas fields are yet to be developed and the final price at which gas will be available is unclear, but a price range determined by ICF international in a study for the World Bank is assumed for the purposes of the study, with the results yielding a range levelised cost of energy. The results of the levelised cost determine that Mozambican gas can be utilised to provide an economical solution to the south African electricity crisis, but the price at which gas is available will determine the type of generation, either peaking power, midmerit and or baseload generation. / MT2017

La demande croissante pour l’alimentation, l’énergie et les ressources naturelles, combinée à la limitation des ressources et à la libéralisation du commerce sont parmi les facteurs ayant entrainé une nouvelle « ruée sur les terres agricoles » observée depuis quelques années. Alors que certains ont exprimé des inquiétudes sur les implications potentielles de ces projets sur les droits et les moyens de subsistance des populations rurales des pays en développement, d’autres ont souligné le potentiel de ces opportunités dans la lutte pour la sécurité alimentaire et le développement rural que constituait ces annonces d’investissements dans un secteur longtemps négligé. Cette thèse interroge la complexité économique, institutionnelle et sociale des investissements fonciers à grande échelle et leur capacité à engendrer des restructurations agraires et un changement du modèle de développement agricole au Mozambique. En raison de leur fort taux d’échec et des difficultés d’implantation des projets, il apparait que les investissements fonciers à grande échelle n’ont pas entrainé une rupture dans les structures agraires locales marquée par un changement des caractéristiques des exploitations majoritairement productrices dans le secteur agricole national. En revanche, l’intérêt des investisseurs étrangers tend à influencer les autorités nationales vers une réactivation du modèle de développement agricole qui prévalait après l’Indépendance, c’est-à-dire un secteur agricole dual avec des agriculteurs familiaux marginalisés d’une part et des exploitations agricoles à grande échelle établies avec des investissements étrangers de l’autre. Ainsi, non seulement la grande majorité des agriculteurs familiaux ne bénéficient pas de la dynamique actuelle de projets d’investissement, mais les politiques agricoles et foncières et les mesures de soutien tendent à se détourner d’eux au profit de la facilitation des investissements à grande échelle. Nos résultats remettent en cause la capacité des projets actuels à enclencher une trajectoire de développement agricole capable de répondre aux défis des économies africaines. / The growing demand for food, energy and natural resources, combined with the limited stock of natural resources available and the process of trade liberalization are among the factors that have triggered a new rush for land observed in the last years. Despite an extensive literature, most analyses of large scale land based investment are politically and ideologically anchored, reflecting strong opposing stances. On one hand, some have expressed some concerns on the potential implications of these projects on peasants’ land rights and livelihood. On the other hand, some other researchers have argued that these projects should be seen as opportunities in the struggle for food security and rural development. This thesis questions the economic, social and institutional complexity of large scale land based investment including their differentiated evolutionary dynamics and implications in terms of agricultural development and agrarian change in Mozambique. Because of a high failure rate and difficulties to establish the production structures, it appears that large scale land based investments haven’t led to a shift from small scale farming to large scale farming as the main farming organization in Mozambique. However, the rising interest of foreign investors tend to influence national authorities in rehabilitating the post-Independence agricultural development model, which was characterized by a dual system composed of marginalized subsistence farmers on one hand and foreign owned large scale farms. So, not only do smallholders benefit little from present agricultural investment dynamics, but also agricultural policies and support measures tend to shift away from the former towards the facilitation of large-scale investment. Our results questions the capacity of actual large scale land based investments to trigger a trajectory of agricultural development able to meet African economies challenges.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:46:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Beatriz Pereira de Santana.pdf: 3059751 bytes, checksum: 51ee0d2796e2ad0ddd5d566729758795 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-13 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Aiming to contribute to the researches in the lusophone area, this research is consisted of a comparative analysis of the Constitutions of Mozambique of 1975 and 1990 to the light of the French line of the Discourse Analysis, basing itself mainly on Althusser (1998), Maingueneau (1997, 1998, 2002 and 2004) and Charaudeau (2004 and 2006). Besides resorting to researchers from Mozambique to talk about the problematic of the national tongues and of the Portuguese language in Mozambique such as Firmino (2002), Lopes (2002), Namburete (2006) and Gonçalves (1985, 1996) this study presents a cut in the History of Mozambique, from 1960 (when the pro freedom movements start), going on to 1975 (independence year), till nowadays. Taking into account the historic linguistic conditions of this period, in which many documents were produced, the presence of a strong political party discourse and the identifying of an ideology and the voice (ethos) that limit this discourse will be searched. The results of the analysis point to the presence of a discourse that, when disguising itself as a juridical form, masks its political character and dissimulates an authoritarian position of the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) and, at the same time, constructs and reinforces the image of freedom conductor of the Mozambique nation facing the Portuguese colonialism. By this, by means of the Constitution of the Popular Republic of Mozambique 1975 an antidemocratic and a single party discourse is institutionalized and, consequently, an imperialist administration. This way to administer promotes the rising of the National Resistance of Mozambique (RENAMO) that, in opposition to the performance of the frelimonian s government, discuss the need to multi party elections and the elaboration of the new Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique (1990). / Buscando contribuir para os estudos na área da lusofonia, este trabalho consiste em uma análise comparativa das Constituições Moçambicanas de 1975 e 1990 à luz da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa, fundamentando-se especialmente em Althusser (1998), Maingueneau (1997, 1998, 2002 e 2004) e Charaudeau (2004 e 2006). Além de recorrer a pesquisadores moçambicanos para tratar da problemática das línguas nacionais e da língua portuguesa em Moçambique tais como Firmino (2002), Lopes (2002), Namburete (2006) e Gonçalves (1985, 1996) este estudo apresenta um recorte da História de Moçambique, de 1960 (quando se iniciam os movimentos em prol da liberdade), passando por 1975 (ano da independência), até os dias atuais. Considerando-se as condições histórico-lingüísticas desse período, nas quais foram produzidos esses documentos, buscar-se-á verificar a presença de um discurso político-partidário marcado e identificar a ideologia e a voz (o ethos) que permeiam esse discurso. Os resultados da análise apontam para a presença de um discurso que, ao se revestir de uma fôrma jurídica, mascara o seu caráter político e dissimula a sua posição autoritária da Frente de Libertação Moçambicana (FRELIMO) e, ao mesmo tempo, constrói e reforça a imagem de condutora da libertação da nação moçambicana frente ao colonialismo português. Com isso, institucionaliza-se, por meio da Constituição da República Popular de Moçambique 1975, um discurso antidemocrático e monopartidário e, conseqüentemente, uma administração imperialista. Essa maneira de administrar promove o surgimento da Resistência Nacional Moçambicana (RENAMO) que, contrária à atuação do governo frelimoniano, argumenta a necessidade de eleições multipartidárias e a elaboração da nova Constituição da República de Moçambique (1990).

Thesis (MA (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Tourism development is a complex process which many researchers have attempted to understand from various social science perspectives. This study adopts a geography approach to analyse tourism development in the Inhambane Coastal Zone (ICZ) by using the Miossec (1976) and the Butler (1980) models as basic frameworks for analyses. Although both models were found to be useful, they require more accurate data than what was generally available for the ICZ. Before the country’s independence in 1975, Mozambique was considered one of many premier tourism destinations in Southern Africa and the tourism sector had played an important role in the economy of the country. The 16 years period of internal conflict (1976- 1992) resulted in a rapid decline in the performance of the sector. Since the end of the armed conflict in 1992 and the democratic transition, a slow recovery of the tourism sector in Mozambique has set in. Tourism facilities for accommodation and leisure activities have increased considerably over the last ten years, despite the absence of any integrated tourism planning. In this study questionnaire surveys of tourist establishment representatives and local residents as well as focus group discussions and interviews were conducted to acquire primary data to analyse the evolution of the ICZ as a tourist destination during the period 1992 to 2008. In addition, secondary sources such as reports, tourism plans, tourism statistics and maps of the study area were used. It was found that tourism is developing slowly in the ICZ and the opening up (or rediscovering) of the zone as a destination remains limited due to the slow development of infrastructure in general. The tourism nodes are in different stages of their destination life cycle and the local residents living in the seven communities react differently toward tourism development. The ICZ has not progressed further than phase two in Miossec’s model. The Miossec model was found a suitable tool for analysing tourism development in the ICZ but it remains a challenge to identify both the evolutionary stage of the ICZ as a destination and the stage of each tourism node. The study also found that local residents in the ICZ expressed positive views about tourism development but they are still not satisfied with the current benefits they acquire from the current development status of tourism in the zone. / AFRIKAANS SUMMARY: Baie navorsers het reeds gepoog om die komplekse proses van toerisme-ontwikkeling vanuit verskeie sosiaal-wetenskaplike benaderings te verstaan. Hierdie studie volg ʼn geografiese benadering ten einde toerisme-ontwikkeling in die Inhambane Kussone (ICZ) met behulp van die Miossec (1976) en Butler (1980) modelle as basiese raamwerke te analiseer. Alhoewel beide modelle as bruikbaar bevind is, benodig hierdie modelle meer akkurate data as wat algemeen vir die ICZ beskikbaar is. Voor die land se onafhanklikheid in 1975, was Mosambiek gereken as een van vele vername toerisme bestemmings in Suidelike Afrika en die toerisme sektor het ʼn belangrike rol in die ekonomie van die land gespeel. Die 16 jare lange interne konflik (1976-1992) het tot ʼn snelle agteruitgang van die sektor se prestasie gelei. Sedert die einde van die gewapende konflik in 1992 en die oorgang na ʼn demokrasie, het die toerisme sektor in Mosambiek ʼn stadige herstel beleef. Toerisme fasiliteite vir akkommodasie en ontspanningsaktiwiteite het, ten spyte van die afwesigheid van geïntegreerde toerisme beplanning, aansienlik toegeneem. In hierdie studie is daar deur middel van ‘n vraelysopname aan verteenwoordigers van toerisme verwante besighede en plaaslike inwoners, asook fokus-groep besprekings primêre data in gesamel ten einde die evolusie van die ICZ as toeriste bestemming gedurende die tydperk vanaf 1992 tot 2008 te analiseer. Daarbenewens is sekondêre bronne soos verslae, toerisme planne, toerisme statistieke en kaarte van die studiegebied gebruik Daar is bevind dat toerisme in die ICZ stadig ontwikel en dat die herontdekking van die sone as bestemming beperk bly as gevolg van die stadige ontwikkeling van die infrastruktuur in die algemeen. Die toerisme nodusse is in verskillende stadia van hulle individuele bestemmingsiklusse, en die plaaslike inwoners in die sewe gemeenskappe reageer verskillend teenoor toerisme ontwikkeling. Die ICZ het nie verder as fase twee van die Miossec model gevorder het nie. Daar is ook vasgestel dat die Miosec model ʼn gepaste instrument is vir die analise van toerisme ontwikkeling in die ICZ, maar dit bly ʼn uitdaging om die evolusionêre stadium van die ICZ as ‘n bestemming in geheel asook die stadium van elke toerisme-nodus te kan identifiseer. Die studie het ook bevind dat plaaslike inwoners van die ICZ positiewe menings oor toerisme ontwikkeling het, maar nog steeds nie tevrede is met die huidige voordele wat hulle uit die huidige ontwikkelingstatus van toerisme in die sone ontvang nie.

The main aim of this study was to assess the degree of similarity or variation between the two cross-border standardised varieties of the Sena language spoken in Malawi and Mozambique. The study sets out to test the hypothesis that the two varieties are similar enough to be standardised into one common standard Sena. A contrastive analysis was done on the translated Biblical texts of Jonah and Matthew in both varieties on the grammatical, orthographical and lexical level. The findings show that on a grammatical and lexical level there is minimal variation, but on an orthographical level there is a 20% variation partly due to different orthographic conventions used by the translators. These findings suggest that in the light of the current trend of regionalisation, standardisation is desirable and could be achieved by a cross-border language commission. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M.A.

A trajetória de Moçambique desde a independência, ocorrida em 1975, até 2009 foi marcada pela transição de uma economia centralmente planificada (socialista) para uma economia de mercado (capitalista). A transição para o capitalismo abriu espaço para financiamentos de Ajuda Externa ao Desenvolvimento das Instituições de Bretton Woods (Banco Mundial – BM e Fundo Monetário Internacional – FMI) e Investimentos Estrangeiros Diretos em forma de mega-projetos das corporações multinacionais em Zonas Francas Industriais e Zonas Econômicas Especiais. Entretanto, a aliança da elite nacional como o capital estrangeiro favoreceu a corrupção, a transferência de lucros das multinacionais para os países de origem, fazendo com que a Ajuda Externa ao Desenvolvimento e os Investimentos Estrangeiros Diretos não produzissem desenvolvimento econômico e bem-estar social, com se pretendia que fosse. Este estudo identificou o Ajustamento Estrutural, a Ajuda Externa ao Desenvolvimento, a corrupção e as Zonas Francas Industriais como os principais vilões da situação de pobreza em que Moçambique se encontra e concluiu que Moçambique nunca irá reduzir a pobreza de forma significativa, contando apenas com ajuda externa, mega-projetos, investimentos estrangeiros e ZFI. O que se pensava que seria o remédio para a saída do marasmo do subdesenvolvimento de Moçambique, (portanto, a ajuda, mega-projetos e ZFI) tornou-se um obstáculo ao desenvolvimento do país. / The trantion from socialism to capitalism characterized the Mozambican trajectory after its independence, held in 1975. This transition gave place to external aid by Bretton Woods (World Bank and International Monetary Fund) and direct investments from multinational corporations mega-projects in special economic free zones. The alliance between the national elite with foreign capital brought corruption, transference of profits from the multinational corporations in Mozambique to its countries of origin. Because of this, the external aid and foreign investments did not develop the Mozambican economy and also did not bring the social well being to the people in Mozambique. This research, identified the structural adjustment, external aid, corruption and special economic free zones as the factories of poverty in Mozambique, and concluded that Mozambique will never reduce poverty looking to external aid, mega-projects, direct foreign investments and special economic free zones. What where thought it was an elixir (mega-projects, external aid, foreign direct investments and special economic free zones) became an obstacle to development.

The study sought to describe Mozambican women's experience of labour pain. The study sought to determine the manner in which labour pain is perceived and to determine the culturally acceptable behaviour of Mozambican women as they experience labour pain. The preferred pain relief measures and cultural practices and beliefs pertaining to labour pain by this cultural group were also studied. The major inferences drawn from this study are that during labour, Mozambican women mainly respond stoically to the experience of labour. They also exhibited different kinds of behaviour in response to labour pain, such as rubbing the painful site, tossing about in bed, and verbalisation. The implication of the study is that Swazi nurse-midwives should render culture congruent maternity care to the women during labour. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

Mozambique is in the process of setting up maternity waiting homes (MWHs) in an attempt to improve access of women living in remote areas. It is expected that MWHs will increase institutional deliveries and consequently, decrease maternal mortality caused by the delay in reaching obstetric care. However, no evidence for this assumption has been found in the literature. The objective of this research was, using Geographical Information Systems (GIS), to assess the impact of MWHs in increasing institutional deliveries coverage. GIS technology is a valuable methodology to analyse access, especially in contexts where official records are weak. An ecological study, using a sample of 28 health facilities, was conducted in six districts in northern Mozambique. The findings suggest that MWHs could contribute to increasing institutional deliveries coverage in a range of 4% to 2 %. However, they do not appear to increase access of women living in remote areas. / M.A. (Public Health)

A trajetória de Moçambique desde a independência, ocorrida em 1975, até 2009 foi marcada pela transição de uma economia centralmente planificada (socialista) para uma economia de mercado (capitalista). A transição para o capitalismo abriu espaço para financiamentos de Ajuda Externa ao Desenvolvimento das Instituições de Bretton Woods (Banco Mundial – BM e Fundo Monetário Internacional – FMI) e Investimentos Estrangeiros Diretos em forma de mega-projetos das corporações multinacionais em Zonas Francas Industriais e Zonas Econômicas Especiais. Entretanto, a aliança da elite nacional como o capital estrangeiro favoreceu a corrupção, a transferência de lucros das multinacionais para os países de origem, fazendo com que a Ajuda Externa ao Desenvolvimento e os Investimentos Estrangeiros Diretos não produzissem desenvolvimento econômico e bem-estar social, com se pretendia que fosse. Este estudo identificou o Ajustamento Estrutural, a Ajuda Externa ao Desenvolvimento, a corrupção e as Zonas Francas Industriais como os principais vilões da situação de pobreza em que Moçambique se encontra e concluiu que Moçambique nunca irá reduzir a pobreza de forma significativa, contando apenas com ajuda externa, mega-projetos, investimentos estrangeiros e ZFI. O que se pensava que seria o remédio para a saída do marasmo do subdesenvolvimento de Moçambique, (portanto, a ajuda, mega-projetos e ZFI) tornou-se um obstáculo ao desenvolvimento do país. / The trantion from socialism to capitalism characterized the Mozambican trajectory after its independence, held in 1975. This transition gave place to external aid by Bretton Woods (World Bank and International Monetary Fund) and direct investments from multinational corporations mega-projects in special economic free zones. The alliance between the national elite with foreign capital brought corruption, transference of profits from the multinational corporations in Mozambique to its countries of origin. Because of this, the external aid and foreign investments did not develop the Mozambican economy and also did not bring the social well being to the people in Mozambique. This research, identified the structural adjustment, external aid, corruption and special economic free zones as the factories of poverty in Mozambique, and concluded that Mozambique will never reduce poverty looking to external aid, mega-projects, direct foreign investments and special economic free zones. What where thought it was an elixir (mega-projects, external aid, foreign direct investments and special economic free zones) became an obstacle to development.