Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, School of Biological Sciences, 1999. / "July 1998" Bibliography: leaves 321-360.

Lipase was partially purified from the viscera of grey mullet ( Mugil cephalus) by ammonium sulfate fractionation, simultaneous desalting, and concentration via ultrafiltration and then affinity chromatography on EAH-Sepharose 4B. The partially purified extract was characterized using p-nitrophenyl palmitate (rho-NPP) as substrate. Grey mullet lipase was active within the pH range of 7-10, with an optimum pH of 8.0, and was stable from pH 4-10. The enzyme was active within the temperature range of 20°C and 60°C, and exhibited an optimum for the hydrolysis of rho-NPP at 50°C. The enzyme was stable between 10-50°C, beyond which it lost activity progressively. At 50°C there was ca. 50% residual activity after 60 min incubation. However at 60°C, there was 22%, 20% and 0% remaining activity after 10, 30 and 60 min incubation respectively. Based on the temperature activity data, the activation energy for the hydrolysis of rho-NPP was calculated as 1.94 kcal/mol (8.15 kJ/mol). / The rho-nitrophenyl esters of medium to long chain fatty acid (C10-C16) served as good substrates with the order of ease of hydrolysis as; rho-NP-palmitate > rho-NP-myristate > rho-NP-caprate > rho-NP-caproate > rho-NP-butyrate > rho-NP-acetate. The Km' and Vmax for the hydrolysis of rho-NPP were 0.22 mM and 20 mumol min-1 mg-1 , respectively. The hydrolytic activity of the lipase was enhanced by Mg2+, Mn2+, NaN3, and EDTA, but strongly inhibited by Hg2+, and Cu2+. PMSF (1 mM), Ca2+ (1 mM and 10 mM) had no effect on grey mullet lipase activity. Lower concentrations (25-10% v/v) of water-miscible organic solvents (dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, iso-propanol, and methanol) had negligible effect on the activity of the lipase while higher concentrations (>50% v/v) completely inhibited the enzyme. The grey mullet lipase was remarkably stable in water-immiscible organic solvents (benzene, toluene, hexane, heptane, and isooctane). The water-immiscible solvents also activated the enzyme with hexane giving the most activation. Lower concentrations of trihydroxylated bile salts (sodium taurocholate, and sodium cholate) were more potent activators than the dihydroxylated bile salt (sodium deoxycholate). Sodium dodecyl sulfate at 1 mM, and Tween 80RTM at 1% had 6% and 12% stimulatory effect on the activity of the enzyme respectively, while 1% and 0.5% Triton RTM X-100 caused 67% and 40% inhibition, respectively.

"July 1998" / Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, School of Biological Sciences, 1999. / Bibliography: leaves 321-360. / Introduction -- Musculoskeletal anatomy of Mugil cephalus -- A phylogenetic analysis of the Indo-Pacific mullets -- Description of the genera and species of Indo-Pacific mullet -- References. / Systematic, phylogeny and geographical distribution of Mugilidae in Indo-Pacific and Australian waters was reviewed, using morphological and osteological data. The original description, and synonymies, of all genera and species were compiled, and the extant type specimens in the Australian Museum, Queensland Museum, Western Australian Museum, British Museum of Natural History, Paris Museum of Natural History, Amsterdam, and Leiden Museums of Natural History were examined. Specimens of 11 species were collected from 50 coastal sites of Australia between Cairns (Queensland), to Port Elliston (South Australia), and Tasmania. Species that could not be collected were borrowed from the above mentioned museums. Thirty nine genera of mullets have been described worldwide of which 18 genera were recognised as valid in this study and a new genus 'ParamugiV is described. Mullets are most speciose in Indo-Pacific and this research suggests that 27 species (excluding Mugil brousssonetii Valenciennes, 1836), belonging to 14 genera are found in this region. -- The osteology and musculature of Mugil cephalus, as representative of Mugilidae is described. Distinguishing osteological characters within the group are defined. Osteology is a useful discriminant between genera and, in combination with morphometries and meristics, establishes useful criteria for the identification of these fishes. -- Phylogenetic analysis of data was performed using PAUP (Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony) computer software. Keys for identification of genera and species of Indo-Pacific mullets are developed and description of different genera and species are given following the hierarchy of relationships among them on the cladogram. The genera of Cestraeus and Aldrichetta represent the plesimorphic (primitive) subfamily of Agonostominae in Indo-Pacific. Mugilinae containing the other Indo-Pacific mullets is apomorphic (advanced). The cladogram of phylogenetic analysis suggests that Myxus elongatus and Trachystoma petardi are the most plesiomorphic members of the subfamily Mugilinae and sister group to other Indo-Pacific species. Osteology and morphology of alimentary canal of Gracilimugil argenteus also supports the superficial differences of this genus from Liza, and the cladogram separates it as a distinct lineage following Trachystoma, and more primitive compared to the rest of Indo-Pacific mullets. Osteology also strongly suggests that Gracilimugil ramsayii is a junior synonym of Gracilimugil argenteus. The cladogram also separates Ellochelon vaigiensis as a distinct lineage which is plesiomorphic to Liza and the rest of derived Indo-Pacific mullets. Valamugil georgii and Liza parmata display some morphological features different from diagnostic characters for Mugil, Valamugil and Liza. The autapomorphic character states of distinct morphology of maxilla, articular, palatine and lachrymal plus ctenoid scales without membranous hind margin, and lack of pectoral axillary scale grouped them as a distinct lineage in the cladogram and sister-group to Liza. 'Paramugil' a new genus is erected for 'MugiV parmatus and 'Mugil' georgii. The genera Crenimugil and Valamugil are sister-groups, and except morphology of mouth do not reveal any significant differences. -- Twenty species of mullets belonging to twelve genera are found in Australian waters. Species Trachystoma petardi, Myxus elongatus, Gracilimugil argenteus, and Paramugil georgii, are restricted only to Australian waters. Trachystoma petardi is confined to freshwater rivers of north New South Wales to south Queensland. Myxus elongatus inhabits in temperate waters of Australia, Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island. Gracilimugil argenteus is limited to southern coasts of Australia from Cardwell in Queensland to Geraldton in Western Australia and Paramugil georgii is confined to temperate and tropical coastal waters of Australia. Aldrichtta forsteri is restricted to temperate waters of Australia and New Zealand. The most diversity in Australian mullets is observed in tropical waters of north Queensland, Northern Territory and north Western Australia. Liza macrolepis occurs in the waters of north and north-east Australia. There is no record of Neomyxus leuciscus, Cestraeus spp., Liza affinis, Valamugil speigleri and Valamugil perusii in Australian Waters. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / xiii, 397 leaves ill

No description available.

The present study focused on using food wastes and feed supplements, e.g. enzymes (bromelain and papain), baker’s yeast and Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) for rearing freshwater fish (grass carp and grey mullet) in Hong Kong. Different types of food wastes, e.g. meats, bones, cereals, fruits and vegetables were collected from local hotels, mixed in different ratios and processed into feed pellets for feeding trials. The cereal dominant food waste feed (FW A) was more suitable for grass carp and grey mullet, with the best growth performance (e.g. feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR)) and higher protein digestibility (in grass carp), compared to FW B and FW C which contained higher proportions of meat products. The NBT (Nitroblue Tetrazolium) activities in blood and plasma protein levels were decreased in the grass carp, cultured with food waste feeds without any supplements, compared to the commercial feed, Jinfeng®, 613 formulation (Control). Upgrading FW A by the addition of 1% and 2% mixtures of bromelain and papain significantly increased the feed protein solubility and subsequent to growth (SGR and relative weight gain (RWG)) and feed utilization (e.g. apparent net protein utilization (ANPU), protein efficiency ratio (PER)) in both fish species. The protein and feed utilizations by grass carp were also promoted by the yeast supplements with the optimal dose of 2.5% yeast (S. cerevisiae) added to FW A upgraded by enzymes. This showed that yeast could further enhance nutrient utilization contained in feeds after addition of bromelain and papain. The in vitro study on the grass carp’s plasma treated with TCM extracts also showed that TCM extracts could stimulate plasma bactericidal activity (on Aeromonas hydrophila), possibly through enhancing plasma complement activity. The formulation with Radix scutellaria, Rhizoma coptidis, Herba andrographis and Radix sophorae flavescentis in the ratio of 1:1:2:3 was more effective in enhancing plasma bactericidal activity than single TCM extracts. Besides, R. coptidis and R. scutellaria possessed the strongest antimicrobial activity (in vitro) on fish pathogens (such as A. hydrophila, Lactococcus garvieae and Vibrio cholerae) among the 17 tested TCMs. In addition, TCMs were less likely for developing drug resistant pathogens than antibiotics. Grass carp immunity (NBT activity in blood, plasma bactericidal activity and total immunoglobulin level) was boosted by the addition of TCM formulation and baker’s yeast (S. cerevisiae). The disease resistance to pathogen (A. hydrophila) was also enhanced, with significantly lower mortalities observed in groups feeding with TCM (1 and 2% for 21 to 28 days) and baker’s yeast (2.5 and 5% for 28-56 days). The uses of yeast and TCMs led to positive effects on growth, immunity and disease resistance to pathogens in fish, but the effects (grass carp) were less effectual when both were supplemented in feed. The combined use of both supplements may impair the effects of TCM formulation or yeast in the modulation of gut mircoflora, and upset the balance of beneficial microbial communities. The present study demonstrated the feasibility of using feed supplements (TCM and baker’s yeast) to enhance fish immunity and enzymes upgraded food waste feeds for rearing fish, for the development of a more sustainable aquaculture in Hong Kong.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Zoology & Entomology)) - Rhodes University, 2009.

Dissertação(mestrado)-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aqüicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2009. / Submitted by Cristiane Silva (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2012-07-27T00:36:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao la costa.pdf: 778123 bytes, checksum: 5e1013f3ec79c5831a44cf3f91f24d2f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-07-27T17:42:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao la costa.pdf: 778123 bytes, checksum: 5e1013f3ec79c5831a44cf3f91f24d2f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-27T17:42:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao la costa.pdf: 778123 bytes, checksum: 5e1013f3ec79c5831a44cf3f91f24d2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / O presente experimento teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do camarão Litopenaeus vannamei e da tainha Mugil platanus em sistema de monocultivo e de policultivo. A criação dos organismos foi realizada em viveiros escavados, localizados no Laboratório de Aquacultura Continental da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande. Os viveiros com área aproximada de 200 m² foram previamente tratados com cal virgem e fertilizados com esterco bovino curtido. Os tratamentos, em triplicata, foram: monocultivo de camarão (CM); policultivo de camarão com tainha (P); e monocultivo de tainha (TM). As pós-larvas (PL) de camarão foram estocadas numa densidade de 10 PL m-2 com peso inicial de 0,02 g (± 0,003 g) e as tainhas na densidade de 0,67 peixes m-2, pesando inicialmente 1,67g (± 0,32 g). Peixes e camarões foram alimentados com ração comercial para camarão (38% PB) uma vez por dia. A quantidade de ração ministrada aos camarões inicialmente foi de 20% da biomassa total, decrescendo até 5% no final do experimento. Às tainhas, foi ofertada a quantidade de 5% da sua biomassa, durante todo o experimento. Os parâmetros físico e químicos da água foram registrados diariamente. O experimento teve duração de 79 dias durante o verão de 2007/2008. O acompanhamento do crescimento dos animais foi realizado por biometria semanal. No final do experimento foi verificado o ganho de peso, a taxa de crescimento específico, a conversão alimentar aparente, a sobrevivência e a produção dos animais cultivados, além do fator de condição para as tainhas. Os camarões em monocultivo apresentaram ganho de peso (15,59g), taxa de crescimento específico (8,40 % dia-1), conversão alimentar aparente (0,88), sobrevivência (91%) e produção (1.454 kg ha-1) significativamente maior (p < 0,05) do que no policultivo. As tainhas no policultivo apresentaram ganho de peso (42,72 g) e taxa de crescimento específico (3,99) significativamente maior (p < 0,05) que no monocultivo, enquanto seu fator de condição foi significativamente (p < 0,05) menor no policultivo (1,06). A conversão alimentar aparente das tainhas não apresentou diferenças significativas (p > 0,05) entre o monocultivo (2,50) e o policultivo (2,40). Os parâmetros físicos e químicos não foram significativamente diferentes (p > 0,05) entre os tratamentos adotados, com exceção da transparência que foi maior em viveiro de monocultivo de tainha. / The study objected to evaluate Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) shrimp and Mugil platanus (Günther, 1880) mullet performance in monoculture and polyculture system. Culture of organisms was conducted in earthen ponds at Continental Aquaculture Laboratory of Rio Grande University. The ponds, with approximately 200 m², were early treated with lime and organic fertilization. The treatment were: shrimp monoculture (CM); shrimp and mullet polyculture (P); and mullet monoculture (TM), with three replicates. Shrimp post-larvae (PL) was stocked at a rate of 10 PL m-2 with mean initial weight of 0,02 g (± 0,003 g) and mullets were stocked at rate of 0,67 fish m-2, weighing 1,67g (± 0,32 g). The organisms have been fed with commercial meal to shrimp (38%PB) once a day at evening. Meal rate initially given to shrimp was 20% total biomass, it decreased until 5%, at the end of experiment. To mullets, it was given the same rate throughout experiment (5%). The water quality parameters were measured daily. Experiment had duration of 79 days in summer, from December, 5th, 2007 until February, 22th, 2008. Four biometry was done (at days 0, 30, 60 and 79) to accompany animals weight. At end experiment, gain weight, specific growth rate, feed conversion apparent rate, survival rate and yield of organisms cultured were analyzed. To mullets was analyzed too factor condition. Shrimp showed weight gain, specific growth, feed conversion apparent rate, survival rate and yield on monoculture significantly higher than on polyculture (p < 0,05). Mullet showed weight gain and specific growth rate significantly higher on polyculture (p < 0,05), while its condition factor was significantly higher (p < 0,05) on monoculture. There was no significant difference (p > 0,05) between feed conversion apparent rate of mullets among treatments. The water quality parameters had not significantly different between treatments, excepting transparency witch was biggest to mullet’s monoculture. The shrimp’s performance was suppressed in present mullets; it showed better zootechnic performance in monoculture.

Orientador: Marlene Tiduko Ueta / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T08:04:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Namba_ThalesKodi_M.pdf: 808082 bytes, checksum: 323221cbe3d59207547b2b04abbf693b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: globalização da cultura oriental e o aumento do consumo de pescado cru evidenciaram alguns problemas, entre eles doenças causadas por parasitas. Existe grande incidência de Ascocotyle sp. em peixes mugilídeos, muito utilizados na alimentação humana em diversas partes do mundo. O estudo teve como objetivos verificar a presença de metacercárias de trematódeos Heterophyidae em peixes mugilídeos comercializados no município de Iguape/SP; estabelecer a prevalência e densidade de metacercárias em peixes capturados em praia e rio; estabelecer correlação entre metacercárias e morfometria dos peixes; constatar o hábito alimentar da população do município de Iguape/SP em relação ao consumo do pescado e a eventual ocorrência de zoonose. Foram coletados 120 peixes, 60 tainhas Mugil liza e 60 paratis Mugil curema, sendo 30 de cada espécie capturados em praia e outros 30, em rio. Foram anotados os dados biométricos dos peixes e, após a necropsia, 5g de "pool de vísceras" e de musculatura de cada espécime foram fragmentados e homogeneizados para extração e contagem de metacercárias. M. liza mediram 45,6 ± 4,8 cm, com peso de 860,6 ± 228,4g, M. curema mediram 36,2 ± 2,4 cm, com 448,5 ± 127,8g de peso. As metacercárias, identificadas como Ascocotyle sp., estavam presentes em todos os exemplares de peixes. A prevalência de metacercárias não mostrou diferenças em relação ao sexo dos peixes. A densidade de metacercárias foi maior nas vísceras do que na musculatura para as duas espécies de peixes e maior em M. liza. Em M. curema a densidade de larvas nas vísceras foi significativamente maior em exemplares capturados em rios. Os testes de correlação de Pearson mostraram valores muito baixos entre prevalência e densidade de metacercárias e dados biométricos dos peixes. Residentes no município, pesquisados para levantamento do hábito alimentar, relataram consumir peixes, frequentemente tainhas, na maioria assados ou cozidos. Um total de 3,2% das pessoas pesquisadas relataram consumir peixe cru / Abstract: The world spread of oriental culture and the common use of fish which is not cooked showed some problems related to them like diseases caused by parasites. There is a great incidence of Ascocotyle sp. parasites in mullets fishes, which are part of human culinary spread all over world. The aim of the present study is to estimate the presence of trematode Heterophyidae metacercariae among mullets fishes commercialized at Iguape city; to evaluate the prevalence and density of metacercariae among fishes from the sea and river; to stablish the inter-relation between the presence of metacercariae and the fishes morphometry; to ascertain food habits among people from Iguape city and relate food fish habits to zoonosis occurrence. 120 fishes were select, 60 Mugil liza and 60 Mugil curema, half of each species from the sea and the other half from the river. All fishes biometrical data have been score and, pos-mortem, 5g of visceral pool and muscular tissue from each sample have been fragmented and homogeneized in order to stablish the presence and amount of metacercariae. M. liza were 45,6 ± 4,8 cm length and 860,6 ± 228,4g weigth; M. curema were 36,2 ± 2,4 cm length and 448,5 ± 127,8g weigth. Metacercariae identified as Ascocotyle were present in all fishes. There were no differences for prevalence between fishes sex. The major concentration of metacercariae samples have been identified in visceral organs when compared to muscular tissue of both fish species and much greater at visceral organs from M. liza. Larval visceral concentration of M. curema was significantly high among river species. Pearson correlation tests did not show close association between metacercariae prevalence/density and biometrial fish data. People from Iguape city use to eat grilled or cooked mullet. Total of 3,2% of people consume raw fish / Mestrado / Parasitologia / Mestre em Parasitologia

O presente estudo teve por objetivos pesquisar a presença de metacercárias de Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa em amostras de tainha comercializada na CEAGESP/SP e, relatar a importância da tainha ao longo do tempo, apresentando sua história, descrevendo sua pesca no Estado de São Paulo e a sua representatividade socioeconômica e cultural. O presente trabalho foi estruturado em quatro capítulos. O primeiro faz uma síntese da importância do pescado como alimento, no contexto da segurança alimentar, ressalta a sua participação como potencial transmissor de agente parasitário de caráter zoonótico, mais especificamente Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa. No capitulo dois, é feita a descrição da biologia da tainha (Mugil liza), do trematódio digenético Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa e a pesquisa a campo da presença de metacercárias do parasito em amostras de tainha provenientes do maior mercado atacadista de pescado da América Latina CEAGESP/SP. A construção do terceiro capítulo utilizou metodologia de qualitativa, descritiva e de caráter exploratório, considerada a mais coerente com o perfil do estudo, em virtude da escassez quase completa de publicações sobre o tema. Como resultados obteve-se 100% (92/92) das amostras infectadas com metacercárias de Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa, permitindo recomendar o consumo de tainha exclusivamente cozida ou assada. / The present study aimed at investigating the presence of metacercariae Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa in samples of mullets sold at CEAGESP/SP, reporting the importance of mullets over time, presenting its history, describing its fishing in the state of São Paulo and its social economic and cultural representativity. It is divided into four chapters. The first one summarizes the importance of fish as food, in the context of food safety, highlighting its role as potential carrier of zoonotic parasitary agents. Chapter two covers a description of the biology of mullets (Mugil liza), of the trematode digenea Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa, and the field research on the presence of the parasite in samples of mullets from the largest wholesale fish market in Latin America CEAGESP/SP. Chapter three is on the systematization of information for describing the cultural representativity of mullets using qualitative and descriptive methodology. Results showed that 100% (92/92) of the mullets were infected, in their body musculature, which confirms the need for full cooking before consumption, as a broader, easier and safer control strategy. It was also concluded through this study that fishing mullets is a significant activity along the entire Brazilian coast and it maintains its social economic and cultural representativity. However, it requires effective actions for preservation and maintenance of the species, avoiding instabilities in the marine ecosystem, in order to assure the availability of the product in the market.

O presente estudo teve por objetivos pesquisar a presença de metacercárias de Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa em amostras de tainha comercializada na CEAGESP/SP e, relatar a importância da tainha ao longo do tempo, apresentando sua história, descrevendo sua pesca no Estado de São Paulo e a sua representatividade socioeconômica e cultural. O presente trabalho foi estruturado em quatro capítulos. O primeiro faz uma síntese da importância do pescado como alimento, no contexto da segurança alimentar, ressalta a sua participação como potencial transmissor de agente parasitário de caráter zoonótico, mais especificamente Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa. No capitulo dois, é feita a descrição da biologia da tainha (Mugil liza), do trematódio digenético Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa e a pesquisa a campo da presença de metacercárias do parasito em amostras de tainha provenientes do maior mercado atacadista de pescado da América Latina CEAGESP/SP. A construção do terceiro capítulo utilizou metodologia de qualitativa, descritiva e de caráter exploratório, considerada a mais coerente com o perfil do estudo, em virtude da escassez quase completa de publicações sobre o tema. Como resultados obteve-se 100% (92/92) das amostras infectadas com metacercárias de Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa, permitindo recomendar o consumo de tainha exclusivamente cozida ou assada. / The present study aimed at investigating the presence of metacercariae Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa in samples of mullets sold at CEAGESP/SP, reporting the importance of mullets over time, presenting its history, describing its fishing in the state of São Paulo and its social economic and cultural representativity. It is divided into four chapters. The first one summarizes the importance of fish as food, in the context of food safety, highlighting its role as potential carrier of zoonotic parasitary agents. Chapter two covers a description of the biology of mullets (Mugil liza), of the trematode digenea Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa, and the field research on the presence of the parasite in samples of mullets from the largest wholesale fish market in Latin America CEAGESP/SP. Chapter three is on the systematization of information for describing the cultural representativity of mullets using qualitative and descriptive methodology. Results showed that 100% (92/92) of the mullets were infected, in their body musculature, which confirms the need for full cooking before consumption, as a broader, easier and safer control strategy. It was also concluded through this study that fishing mullets is a significant activity along the entire Brazilian coast and it maintains its social economic and cultural representativity. However, it requires effective actions for preservation and maintenance of the species, avoiding instabilities in the marine ecosystem, in order to assure the availability of the product in the market.