Este trabalho encontra-se situado na área de Inteligência Artificial, mais especificamente na modelagem de Sistemas Multiagentes destinados à simulação social. A área de pesquisa de simulação social baseada em agentes é uma área recente e bastante promissora. Por tratar de problemas extremamente complexos, existe a necessidade de criar modelos e abstrações para possibilitar sua realização. Dando continuidade a trabalhos anteriores, esta tese pretende consolidar uma nova versão do modelo MAS-SOC, destinado à definição de simulações sociais baseada em Sistemas Multiagentes Situados, com organizações que funcionam em ambientes determinados (organizações situadas). É proposta uma abordagem integrada, que conecta de maneira forte as entidades agentes, organizações e ambiente, sendo os agentes, o ambiente e as estruturas da organização tratadas como entidades de primeira ordem. A definição do ambiente é feita através da linguagem ELMS, estendida com uma infraestrutura normativa. Esta infraestrutura normativa é composta basicamente por objetos normativos e espaços normativos que permitem a distribuição espacial da informação normativa no ambiente, possibilitando a contextualização das normas que os agentes devem seguir em um escopo espacial determinado. A contextualização das normas facilita a sua operacionalização e a verificação de conformidade, reduzindo também a possibilidade de interpretações errôneas das normas. Com isso, a infraestrutura normativa conecta ambiente físico à estrutura da organização do sistema multiagente. Além disso, o modelo proposto usa um esquema mínimo de definição das organizações para armazenar informações e restrições que o projetista da simulação prefira representar desta forma. Esta maneira integrada de modelar os sistemas multiagentes, associando a organização ao espaço em que a organização deve funcionar, pode facilitar a modelagem de grandes sistemas, pois o conceito de espaço normativo permite que a modelagem seja feita através da partição do ambiente físico em módulos onde as atividades da organização situada são realizadas. Assim, o modelo trata de forma bastante prática o uso das normas organizacionais que podem ser representadas através de objetos normativos. Esta forma de representação possibilita aos agentes decidirem sobre a aderência as normas, já que estas não estão embutidas no mecanismo de raciocínio dos agentes. Além disso, a forma contextualizada das normas facilita raciocínio sobre elas e possibilita a aderência a normas previamente desconhecidas pelos agentes. / This work is situated in the research area of Artificial Intelligence, specifically the modelling of Multi-agent systems for social simulation. The research area of agent based social simulation is a recent and interesting area. In order to handle with its very complex problems, it requires the development of models and abstractions to make possible its realisation. Continuing previous works, this thesis aims to consolidate extensions to the MAS-SOC model, in order to turn it into a suitable model for the social simulation based on situated multi-agent systems with organizations that operate in determined environments (situated organisations). It is proposed an integrated approach in which multiagent entities such as agents, organisations and environments are strongly connected to each other, and the environment and the organisational structures being treated as first order entities. The definition of the environment is made with the use of the ELMS language, which have been extended with a normative infrastructure. The normative infrastructure is composed essentially by normative objects and normative places, which are means for the spatial distribution of the normative information over the environment, allowing the contextualisation of the norms in a bounded spatial scope. The norms being bounded in a specific spatial scope facilitates its operationalisation and conformity checks, also reducing the possibilities of norms misinterpretations. Thus, the normative infrastructure connects the physical environment to the organisational structures of the multiagent system. The thesis proposes that this integrated approach to model multi-agent systems may ease the modelling of large scale systems, since it allows the partition of the environment in a modular way, facilitating the operationalisation and verification of the adequacy of the structure of an organisation to the physical space where it is located, and also reducing the possibility of the misinterpretations of norms by the agents, through the contextualisation of norms. Also, the proposed scheme uses a minimal structure for the definition of the organisations in order to store information that the simulation designer prefers to represent in such way. Further, the proposed approach allows a very practical way to use of norms in a physical environment, by allowing the agents to reason about following a norm abiding behaviour or not, since the norms are not hard-wired in their reasoning mechanisms, and its contextualized form facilitates that agents reason about adhering to norms that were previously unknown to them.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo propor uma abordagem para o problema de alocação dinâmica de recursos em ambiente de produção baseada no paradigma de multiagentes. Para tanto, é especificada uma arquitetura multiagente genérica chamada M-DRAP - Multi-agent Dynamic Resource Allocation Planning, a partir da qual podem ser derivados modelos particulares. As principais contribuições deste trabalho compreendem: (i) a definição de uma estratégia que permita o planejamento dinâmico de cada recurso no atendimento as demandas das atividades de produção de forma descentralizada e distribuída, através de uma abordagem orientada a projeto; (ii) a proposição de uma organização social baseada em uma abordagem multiagente orientada a mercado, capaz de propiciar relações de negociação entre agentes autônomos no sentido de atenderem aos seus interesses individuais, contribuindo de forma efetiva para a satisfação dos objetivos e restrições temporais e de custos globais ao sistema de produção como um todo; (iii) a especificação de uma arquitetura multiagente derivada do CIMOSA, representando de forma consistente a estrutura funcional e organizacional de um sistema de produção; (iv) a definição de estratégias baseadas em negociação entre os agentes capazes de propiciarem o tratamento das perturbações que afetam o sistema de produção em tempo real. Como contribuindo associada, e proposta uma metodologia para a modelagem conceitual de sistemas multiagentes para o domínio das aplicações envolvendo modelagem de empresas. / The objective of this work is to propose an approach to the problem of dynamic resource allocation in production systems. A multi-agent reference architecture called M-DRAP - Multi-agent Dynamic Resource Allocation Planning - is specified and described in this thesis. The main contributions of this work are (i) the definition of a decentralised and distributed strategy for dynamic resource allocation planning, using a project oriented approach, (ii) the proposition of a social organisation based on marketoriented behaviour, which considers the necessity of each agent's local plan to converge to an adequate global plan in terms of production costs to the whole system, (iii) the definition of a multi-agent architecture inspired in the CIMOSA reference architecture representing a functional and organisational structure, (iv) the definition of a strategy based on negotiation which propitiates real-time disturbance treatment. As an associated contribution, we propose a methodology to multi-agent systems conceptual modelling adequate to the enterprise modelling domain.

Este trabalho encontra-se situado na área de Inteligência Artificial, mais especificamente na modelagem de Sistemas Multiagentes destinados à simulação social. A área de pesquisa de simulação social baseada em agentes é uma área recente e bastante promissora. Por tratar de problemas extremamente complexos, existe a necessidade de criar modelos e abstrações para possibilitar sua realização. Dando continuidade a trabalhos anteriores, esta tese pretende consolidar uma nova versão do modelo MAS-SOC, destinado à definição de simulações sociais baseada em Sistemas Multiagentes Situados, com organizações que funcionam em ambientes determinados (organizações situadas). É proposta uma abordagem integrada, que conecta de maneira forte as entidades agentes, organizações e ambiente, sendo os agentes, o ambiente e as estruturas da organização tratadas como entidades de primeira ordem. A definição do ambiente é feita através da linguagem ELMS, estendida com uma infraestrutura normativa. Esta infraestrutura normativa é composta basicamente por objetos normativos e espaços normativos que permitem a distribuição espacial da informação normativa no ambiente, possibilitando a contextualização das normas que os agentes devem seguir em um escopo espacial determinado. A contextualização das normas facilita a sua operacionalização e a verificação de conformidade, reduzindo também a possibilidade de interpretações errôneas das normas. Com isso, a infraestrutura normativa conecta ambiente físico à estrutura da organização do sistema multiagente. Além disso, o modelo proposto usa um esquema mínimo de definição das organizações para armazenar informações e restrições que o projetista da simulação prefira representar desta forma. Esta maneira integrada de modelar os sistemas multiagentes, associando a organização ao espaço em que a organização deve funcionar, pode facilitar a modelagem de grandes sistemas, pois o conceito de espaço normativo permite que a modelagem seja feita através da partição do ambiente físico em módulos onde as atividades da organização situada são realizadas. Assim, o modelo trata de forma bastante prática o uso das normas organizacionais que podem ser representadas através de objetos normativos. Esta forma de representação possibilita aos agentes decidirem sobre a aderência as normas, já que estas não estão embutidas no mecanismo de raciocínio dos agentes. Além disso, a forma contextualizada das normas facilita raciocínio sobre elas e possibilita a aderência a normas previamente desconhecidas pelos agentes. / This work is situated in the research area of Artificial Intelligence, specifically the modelling of Multi-agent systems for social simulation. The research area of agent based social simulation is a recent and interesting area. In order to handle with its very complex problems, it requires the development of models and abstractions to make possible its realisation. Continuing previous works, this thesis aims to consolidate extensions to the MAS-SOC model, in order to turn it into a suitable model for the social simulation based on situated multi-agent systems with organizations that operate in determined environments (situated organisations). It is proposed an integrated approach in which multiagent entities such as agents, organisations and environments are strongly connected to each other, and the environment and the organisational structures being treated as first order entities. The definition of the environment is made with the use of the ELMS language, which have been extended with a normative infrastructure. The normative infrastructure is composed essentially by normative objects and normative places, which are means for the spatial distribution of the normative information over the environment, allowing the contextualisation of the norms in a bounded spatial scope. The norms being bounded in a specific spatial scope facilitates its operationalisation and conformity checks, also reducing the possibilities of norms misinterpretations. Thus, the normative infrastructure connects the physical environment to the organisational structures of the multiagent system. The thesis proposes that this integrated approach to model multi-agent systems may ease the modelling of large scale systems, since it allows the partition of the environment in a modular way, facilitating the operationalisation and verification of the adequacy of the structure of an organisation to the physical space where it is located, and also reducing the possibility of the misinterpretations of norms by the agents, through the contextualisation of norms. Also, the proposed scheme uses a minimal structure for the definition of the organisations in order to store information that the simulation designer prefers to represent in such way. Further, the proposed approach allows a very practical way to use of norms in a physical environment, by allowing the agents to reason about following a norm abiding behaviour or not, since the norms are not hard-wired in their reasoning mechanisms, and its contextualized form facilitates that agents reason about adhering to norms that were previously unknown to them.

La gestion de crise est devenue une activité indispensable à toute organisation publique ou privée. Elle repose le plus souvent sur un dispositif particulier appelé « cellule de crise » qui a pour objectif de mettre en œuvre des mesures d'anticipation, de vigilance, d'intervention et de sauvegarde et fait intervenir de multiples acteurs qui interagissent. Pour se préparer aux situations de crise, les communes ont l'obligation de définir un PCS (Plan Communal de Sauvegarde), mais ce dernier ne suffit pas à lui seul à garantir l'efficacité de l'organisation de crise. L'objectif de ce travail est de proposer une méthodologie, principalement fondée sur la pensée systémique et sur les Systèmes Multi-Agents, pour étudier la vulnérabilité organisationnelle de la cellule de crise et en évaluer sa performance. Un outil de simulation a été développé à destination des responsables. Il intègre des indicateurs de performance organisationnels pour identifier les défaillances potentielles de l'organisation. Les résultats de la simulation sont consignés sous la forme d'un tableau de bord dont l'analyse peut servir à améliorer l'organisation de crise. / Crisis management has become an essential activity in public and private organizations. It is most often supported by a "crisis cell" that aims to implement anticipation, vigilance, response and backup measures by involving multiple actors interactions. To be prepared for emergencies, municipalities have to define a EOP (Emergency Operations Plan). However, EOP on its own is not sufficient to ensure the effectiveness of crisis organization. The objective of this work is to propose a methodology mainly based on systems thinking and Multi-Agent Systems, to study the organizational vulnerability of crisis cell and assess its performance. A simulation tool is developed for decision makers. Organizational performance indicators are integrated to identify potential failures of the organization. Simulation results are reported in the form of a dashboard whose analysis can be used to improve crisis organization.

De nos jours, l’intérêt porté à la préservation de l’environnement à travers la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre prend de plus en plus d’ampleur. Depuis 2006,la politique multimodale a évolué vers une politique co-modale qui n’oppose plus la voiture au transport public mais encourage une combinaison de tous les modes de transport sans favorisation dans le but d’une optimisation du service. Placés dans ce cadre, le but de cette thèse est de mettre en œuvre un système de gestion de véhicules partagés qui recouvre tous les services de transports existants tel que le transport public, le covoiturage, les véhicules en libre service et qui capable de satisfaire les demandes des utilisateurs en leur fournissant des itinéraires co-modaux optimisés en terme de temps, coût et émission des gaz à effet de serre tout en respectant leurs préférences et priorités. En recevant plusieurs requêtes simultanées en un court laps de temps, le système doit être capable à la fois de décomposer les solutions en tronçons que nous appelons Routes, en respectant toutes les similarités entre les différentes demandes et de regrouper les informations de manière cohérente pour déterminer les combinaisons de Routes possibles. Vu l’aspect dynamique et distribué du problème, une stratégie de résolution efficace mettant à profit une mixture de concepts ; à savoir les systèmes multi-agents et l’optimisation a été mise en place. Les résultats expérimentaux présentés dans cette thèse justifient l’importance de la co-modalité et la nécessité de mettre à profit la complémentarité entre les véhicules partagés et les autres moyens de transport à travers un système intelligent et global / Nowadays, the protection of the environment through the reduction of greenhouse gases is becoming more and more important. In order to resolve environmental problems, a multimodal policy is firstly adopted in order to encourage the use of public transport. Since 2006, a new notion: the co-modality is introduced and it consists on developing infrastructures and taking measures and actions that will ensure optimum combination of individual and public transport modes. In this context, the purpose of this thesis is to implement co-modal transport system that covers all the existing transport services such as the public transport, the carpooling or the free use vehicles (bikes, cars). In order to satisfy the user’s requests, the system offers optimized co-modal itineraries in terms of three criteria: total time, total cost and greenhouse gases emission taking into account their preferences and constraints. In a short time interval, many transport users can formulate simultaneously a set of requests. So the system should find feasible decompositions in terms of independent sub-itineraries called Routes recognizing similarities and recognize the different possibilities of Routes Combinations to compose each itinerary demand. Considering the dynamic and distributed aspect of the problem, an effective strategy combining different concepts like multi-agent system and optimization methods is applied. The experimental results presented in this thesis justify the importance of co-modality and the necessity of taking advantage of the complementarity between the shared vehicles and other means of transportation through an intelligent and global system

Cette thèse est consacrée à la conception et au développement d’une plateforme multi-agent, en réalité virtuelle, de pilotage de véhicules intelligents pour la simulation du comportement microscopique du trafic. D’abord, un système de simulation intelligent des véhicules en réalité virtuelle (VR-ISSV), basé sur les multi-agents, est proposé : c’est un système modulaire hiérarchique de modélisation et de simulation, comprenant une couche matérielle, réseau et système d’exploitation ; une couche de gestion de la visualisation ; une couche de multi-agents et une couche d’interface homme-machine. Ensuite, pour le modèle d’agent du véhicule intelligent, un paradigme de conception décentralisée est utilisé basé sur l’approche multi-contrôleurs, où le comportement du suivi des véhicules et le comportement du dépassement des véhicules sont réalisées par coordination entre multi-contrôleurs. L’agent d’environnement est construit en tenant compte de l’interaction entre les véhicules et l’environnement naturel synthétique. Un système d’information géographique (GIS) est par ailleurs utilisé afin de définir l’agent d’environnement. Enfin, pour assurer la sécurité dans les manœuvres microscopiques du trafic, plusieurs contrôleurs du véhicule intelligent, adaptés à l’environnement complexe, sont considérés. Les contrôleurs, basés sur la logique floue, sont proposés pour envoyer les commandes appropriées aux actionneurs du véhicule - volant de direction, accélérateur, frein... Les modèles de comportement microscopique du trafic basé sur l’agent de véhicule intelligent sont étudiés considérant différents scénarios et l’environnement / This PhD thesis is dedicated to the modeling and simulation of microscopic traffic behavior in virtual reality system, with the intent of providing a new approach to effectively ensure traffic safety. At first, Virtual Reality Intelligent Simulation System of Vehicles (VR-ISSV), based on multi-agent, is proposed to simulate the intelligent microscopic traffic, which is a hierarchical modular modeling and simulation system consisting of hardware, network and operating system layers, visualization management layer, multi-agent layer, human-machine interface layer. The multi-agent layer includes entity agents (intelligent vehicle agents and around vehicle agents), service agent and environment agent. Second, for the intelligent vehicle agent model, a decentralized design paradigm is used for developing the multi-controller based intelligent vehicle, whereby the car following behavior and the overtaking behavior could be realized by the coordination of the multi-controller. The environment agent is constructed based on the conception of Synthetic Natural Environment (SNE), taking into account the interaction between the vehicles and the natural environment. Geographic Information System (GIS) is used to establish environment agent. Finally, to ensure the safety in microscopic traffic maneuver, the intelligent vehicle controllers adapting to complex environment are considered. Fuzzy logic based controllers are designed for sending the appropriate outputs to the vehicle’s actuators – the steering wheel and the throttle/brake pedals. Microscopic traffic behavior models based on the intelligent vehicle agent involving environment are studied

Nous considérons dans ce travail, des problèmes d’optimisation dans des graphes de flot multi-agent. Trois types d’agents sont considérés : les agents producteurs, transporteurs et usagers et différentes variétés de topologies de réseaux sont abordées. Chaque agent transporteur contrôle la capacité d’un ensemble de routes élémentaires (arcs), ayant chacun une capacité qui peut être augmenté jusqu’à une valeur maximale moyennant un coût fixe. Les autres agents (i.e., usagers/producteurs) sont intéressés par la maximisation du flot qu’ils reçoivent. Dans ce but, ces derniers offrent une récompense aux agents transporteurs, cette récompense est proportionnelle à la valeur du flot reçu. Ce contexte multi-agent particulier est appelé jeu expansion de réseau multi-agent. La stratégie d’un agent transporteur consiste à décider de la capacité de ses arcs sachant qu’un coût supplémentaire est encouru pour toute expansion unitaire de capacité. Il reçoit en contrepartie une part de la récompense. Il est intéressé par la maximisation de son profit et se comporte en conséquence. En outre, la stratégie d’un agent producteur/usager consiste à décider de la politique de partage de sa récompense afin de maximiser le flot qu’il reçoit. Le flot total réalisé dépend finalement des stratégies de tous les agents. Dans ces jeux d’expansion de réseau multi-agent, nous nous intéressons à caractériser des stratégies stables (i.e., Equilibre de Nash) selon diverses hypothèses. En se basant sur cette caractérisation, différents cas sont définis et étudiés. L’analyse de la complexité de quelques problèmes de décision est présentée dans ce manuscrit. Nous nous intéressons particulièrement au problème de recherche d’un équilibre de Nash qui maximise la valeur du flot total circulant dans le réseau. Nous montrons que ce problème est NP-difficile au sens fort et nous montrons comment une telle stratégie peut être caractérisée par des chemins spécifiques dans des graphes résiduels. Nous proposons également un programme linéaire à variables mixtes (PLM) qui résout le problème dans le cas d’un seul agent producteur/usager et un ensemble d’agents transporteurs. Des résultats expérimentaux sont fournis pour prouver l’efficacité de notre approche. / In this work, multi-agent network flow problems are addressed. Three types of agentsare considered, namely the producer, transportation and customer agents and various network topologies are tackled. Every transportation agent controls the capacities of a set of elementary routes (arcs), each one having a capacity that can be increased up to a certain point at a given cost. The other agents (i.e., customers/producers) are interesting in maximizing their flow of products. For that aim, we assume that they offer to the transportation agents a reward that is proportional to the realized flow value. This particular multi-agent framework is referred to as a multi-agent network expansion game. The transportation agent’s strategy consists in deciding upon the capacity of its arcs, an extra-cost being incurred for any capacity expansion. It receives in return a part of the total reward. It is interested in the maximization of its profit and behaves accordingly. Beside that, the producers/customers’ strategies consist in deciding the sharing policy for their reward for maximizing their own flow of products. The total network flow value eventually depends on all agents’ strategies. We take interest in characterizing and finding particular stable strategies (i.e., Nash Equilibria) that are of interest for this game under various assumptions. Based on this characterization, several cases are defined and studied. The analysis of the complexity of some decision problems is made. We particularly focus on the problem of finding a Nash Equilibrium that maximizes the value of the total flow. We prove that this problem is NP-hard in the strong sense and show how such a strategy can be characterized considering paths in specific reduced agent-networks. We also provide a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulation that solves the problem in the case of a single producer/customer agent and a set of transportation agents. Computational experiments are provided to prove the effectiveness of our approach

Titre: Simulation multi-agent de l’information des voyageurs dans les transports en commun.Résumé:Avec la généralisation de l'information temps-réel, le comportement des réseaux de transport modernes devient de plus en plus difficile à analyser et à prévoir. Le rôle de l'information est de plus en plus critique, particulièrement en cas de dysfonctionnement des réseaux, et l’information devient de plus en plus personnalisée et individuelle. Plusieurs phénomènes tels que la saturation, la concentration et la sur-réaction peuvent être observés après l’utilisation de systèmes d’information voyageurs. En effet, sans contrôle, la diffusion massive d'informations, à travers les panneaux à messages variables, les annonces dans les médias ainsi que les dispositifs de guidage individuel peut avoir des effets pervers et créer de nouvelles congestions. Ainsi, il est devenu important de développer des outils de simulation pour les décideurs de politiques de mobilité, prenant en compte ce nouvel environnement informationnel.Dans ce travail de thèse, nous proposons une simulation multi-agent pour mesurer l'impact de la fourniture d'informations sur la qualité des voyages en transports en commun, notamment dans des situations perturbées, en prenant en compte un environnement informationnel hétérogène. Dans un premier temps, nous concevons une simulation qui assure le déplacement de voyageurs sur un réseau de transport en commun. Ensuite, nous l’enrichissons par l’intégration de l’information des voyageurs et des taux d’équipements des voyageurs en smartphones, de telle manière qu’il puisse représenter les voyageurs connectés et être capable de distinguer l’impact des informations personnelles de celui des informations générales. Pour ce faire, nous nous fondons sur le paradigme multi-agent, qui est un modèle puissant pour la conception et l'implantation d'applications de transport. Pour répondre aux besoins de l’intégration de l’information des voyageurs, en particulier l’information individuelle, nous adoptons une approche centrée-environnement où l’environnement spatio-temporel multi-agent est l’interlocuteur des agents voyageurs et représente l’évolution dans le temps de l’état du réseau de transport en commun.Afin de tester notre simulateur dans un contexte réaliste de déplacement, nous utilisons les données réelles du réseau de Toulouse. Pour évaluer l’impact de la provision d’information voyageur sur le réseau, nous testons différents scénarios en fonction du pourcentage de voyageurs connectés représentés par des agents. Ces scénarios simulés sont analysés suivant leur impact sur les temps de parcours moyens des voyageurs, connectés et non connectés. Les résultats montrent que le nombre de voyageurs connectés a un impact positif sur les temps de parcours jusqu’à un certain seuil, au delà duquel l’impact devient relativement négatif / Title: Multiagent simulation of traveler information on transit networks.Abstract:With the generalization of real-time traveler information, the behavior of modern transport networks becomes harder to analyze and to predict. Advanced traveler Information systems play a major role in modern transportation system, mainly in case of disturbances, and the information is becoming more personalized and individual. Different phenomena such as over-saturation, concentration and over-reaction can be observed after the use of advanced traveler information systems. In fact, without control, the massive spread of information via billboards, radio announcements and individual guidance may have perverse effects and create new traffic jams. It is now critical to develop simulation tools for mobility policies makers, taking into account this new information environment to observe these effects and to consider the proper methods to deal with them.In this PHD work, we propose a multiagent simulation to measure the impact of information provision on the quality of passengers’ travels, notably in case of disturbances, taking into account a heterogeneous information environment. First, we design and implement a simulation to ensure travelers movement in a transit network. Then, we enrich our model to integrate traveler information system and to represent travelers equipped with smart phones. It allows us to evaluate separately personal and general information. To this end, we use the multi-agent paradigm, which is proven to be a powerful model to design and implement transportation applications. To deal with the integration of the traveler information system in the simulator, we adopt an environment-centered approach, where the space-time multiagent environment is the privileged interlocutor of the agents and represent the evolution of the transit network state over time.To test our simulator in a real context, we use real data on the city of Toulouse, France. To assess the impact of information provision, we simulate different scenarios in function of the percentage of connected travelers, represented as agents. These simulated scenarios are analyzed following their impact on the average travel times of the travelers (connected and no-connected). Results show that the number of connected travelers has a positive impact on overall travel times up until a certain threshold before becoming relatively negative

Les communautés virtuelles sont des systèmes sociotechniques dans lesquels des entités (humaines et/ou artificielles) répartis à travers le monde se réunissent autour d’intérêts et/ou d’objectifs communs. Afin de réaliser ces objectifs, les membres de la communauté doivent collaborer en partageant leurs ressources et/ou connaissances. Or, toute collaboration comporte une part de risque dans la mesure où les membres peuvent se comporter de manière non coopérative ou malveillante. Dans de tels contextes, où les mécanismes de sécurité standard ne suffissent plus, la confiance est rapidement devenue un facteur déterminant lors de la prise de décision. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse s’attaque à la problématique de la gestion de la confiance dans les communautés virtuelles ouvertes et décentralisées. Pour cela, nous avons proposé une infrastructure de gestion de la confiance adaptative et conforme socialement (ASC-TMS). L’aspect novateur de ce système réside dans sa faculté à exhiber des propriétés sociales et adaptatives. L’aspect social du ASC-TMS fait référence à la capacité de notre système à prendre des décisions qui soient sûres non seulement pour l’individu mais également et surtout pour les autres membres de la communauté. Par ailleurs, l’aspect adaptatif du système fait référence à la capacité du système à prendre des décisions qui soient en parfaite adéquation avec l’environnement dans lequel ces décisions sont prises. Ainsi, cette thèse constitue une nouvelle étape vers l’automatisation de l’évaluation de la confiance en assistant les membres des communautés virtuelles ouvertes et décentralisées dans leur prise de décision. Le système a été implémenté et déployé en utilisant la plateforme de développement multi-agent JaCaMo. Nous avons également illustré l’applicabilité de notre approche sur un scénario réel de communauté virtuelle d’innovation ouverte. Enfin, nous avons évalué notre système expérimentalement en utilisant la plateforme de simulation multi-agent Repast. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l’utilisation de notre système avait un impact positif sur la dynamique des communautés dans lesquels il est a été utilisé. / Virtual communities (VCs) are socio-technical systems wherein distributed individuals (human and/or artificial) are grouped together around common objectives and goals. In such systems, participants are massively collaborating with each other’s by sharing their private resources and knowledge. A collaboration always bears the risk that one partner exhibits uncooperative or malicious behaviour. Thus, trust is a critical issue for the success of such systems. The work presented in this dissertation addresses the problem of trust management in open and decentralised virtual communities (VCs). To address this problem, we proposed an Adaptive and Socially-Compliant Trust Management System (ASC-TMS). The novelty of ASC-TMS lies in its ability to exhibit social-awareness and context-awareness features. Social-awareness refers to the ability of the trust management system (TMS) to handle the social nature of VCs by making trust evaluations that are collectively harmful, while context-awareness refers to the ability of the system to handle the dynamic nature of VCs by making trust evaluations that are always in adequacy with the context in which these evaluations are undertaken. Thus, the contributions made in this thesis constitute an additional step towards the automation of trust assessment. We provided accordingly a novel trust management system that assists members of open and decentralised virtual communities in their trust decisions. The system has been implemented and deployed using the JaCaMo multi-agent platform. We illustrated also the applicability of on a real life open innovation virtual community scenario. Finally, the ASC-TMS has been experimentally evaluated using the multi-agent based Repast simulation platform. The preliminary results show that the use of our system significantly improves the stability of the virtual communities in which it has been deployed.

Denna rapport beskriver utvecklingen av ett grafiskt gränssnitt för utvärderingsverktygetHanabi Challenge Benchmark. Utvärderingsverktyget grundar sig på det populärakortspelet Hanabi och presenterar sig själv som en ny riktlinje för forskningav artificiell intelligens med fokus på multi-agentbaserade kooperativa utmaningar.Syftet och målet med projektet är att analysera, tolka och visualisera datat frånverktyget för att skapa en bättre förståelse av verktyget.Ett grafiskt gränssnitt utvecklas sedan genom att använda kunskaper inom theoryof mind i kombination med teorier inom människa-datorinteraktion. Resultatenav detta projekt utvärderas genom ett småskaligt användarbarhetstest. Användareav olika åldrar, kön och nivåer av datorkunskap testade applikationen och ficksedan svara på en enkät. Resultatet av enkäten gjorde grund för utvärderingen avkvaliteten för det grafiska gränsnittet. / This report will describe the development of the Graphical User Interface (GUI) forthe Hanabi Challenge Benchmark. The benchmark is based on the popular cardgame Hanabi and presents itself as a new research frontier in artificial intelligencefor cooperative multi-agent challenges. The project’s intentions and goals are tointerpret and visualize the data output from the benchmark to give us a better understandingof it.A GUI was then developed by using knowledge within theory of mind in combinationwith theories within human-computer interaction. The results of this project wereevaluated through a small-scale usability test. Users of different ages, gender andlevels of computer knowledge tested the application and through a questionnaire,the quality of the GUI was assessed.