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A reação de Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) consiste em uma poderosa transformação química, podendo levar à formação de importantes blocos de construção em síntese orgânica. No entanto, a reação de MBH apresenta sérias limitações, principalmente no que diz respeito ao tempo reacional, ao uso de aceptores de Michael β-substituídos e à necessidade de eletrófilos secundários extremamente elétron-deficientes. Dentro desta temática, o presente trabalho investiga uma metodologia tricomponente do tipo Michael-aldol mediada por organocalcogenolatos metálicos, dando origem a adutos de MBH β-organocalcogeno funcionalizados como produto. Nestes estudos foram avaliados diferentes organocalcogenolatos metálicos (S, Se e Te), bem como diferentes aceptores de Michael (eletrófilo primário) e aldeídos (eletrófilo secundário) frente à metodologia. Tal estudo tornou possível a obtenção da (±)-Acaterina, um produto natural biologicamente ativo, em uma única etapa reacional, sendo a síntese mais curta e de maior rendimento até então relatada. Além disso, a metodologia tricomponente foi adaptada à adição de um terceiro eletrófilo no meio reacional, tornando possível a obtenção de derivados de adutos de MBH (ésteres, éteres de silício e carbonatos) também de maneira one-pot (reação tetra-componente do tipo Michael-aldol-O-funcionalização/eliminação de selenóxido). Investigando possíveis novas aplicações dos derivados de MBH produzidos, foi estudada a enolização de ésteres derivados de adutos de MBH onde se observou comportamento nucleofílico do LDA bem como de outras bases fortes. Utilizando cálculos computacionais baseados em DFT, uma coordenada de reação foi calculada para um dos sistemas nos quais LDA foi empregado e, o resultado teórico obtido está de acordo com os resultados obtidos experimentalmente. / The Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction consists on a powerfull chemical transformation, leading to important building blocks in organic synthesis. However, the MBH presents some serious drawbacks, specially in respect to reactional time, the use of β- substituted Michael acceptors and the need for highly electron-deficient secondary electrophiles. Within this issue, the present work aims the investigation of a tricomponent Michael-aldol reaction mediated by metallic organochalcogenolates, leading to β-organochalcogen functionalized MBH adducts as products. In these studies the behavior of different metallic organochalcogenolates as well as different Michael acceptors (primary electrophile) and aldehydes (secondary electrophiles) were evaluated towards the methodology. Within this study it was possible to synthesize (±)-Acaterin, a natural bioactive compound, in a single reactional step, consisting in the shortest and higher yielding protocol related so far. Moreover, the tricomponent methodology was adapted to the addition of a third electrophile into the reactional media, allowing the preparation of MBH derivatives (esters, silicon ethers and carbonates) also in an one-pot manner (Michael-aldol-O-functionalization/selenoxide elimination four-component reaction). Investigating possible new applications of the produced MBH derivatives, the enolization of MBH esters was studied and a nucleophilic behavior was observed for LDA and for other strong bases. By means of DFT-based computational calculations, a reaction coordinate was calculated for a LDA-based enolization system and the obtained theoretical results are in agreement with the experimentally obtained results.

A reação de Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) consiste em uma poderosa transformação química, podendo levar à formação de importantes blocos de construção em síntese orgânica. No entanto, a reação de MBH apresenta sérias limitações, principalmente no que diz respeito ao tempo reacional, ao uso de aceptores de Michael β-substituídos e à necessidade de eletrófilos secundários extremamente elétron-deficientes. Dentro desta temática, o presente trabalho investiga uma metodologia tricomponente do tipo Michael-aldol mediada por organocalcogenolatos metálicos, dando origem a adutos de MBH β-organocalcogeno funcionalizados como produto. Nestes estudos foram avaliados diferentes organocalcogenolatos metálicos (S, Se e Te), bem como diferentes aceptores de Michael (eletrófilo primário) e aldeídos (eletrófilo secundário) frente à metodologia. Tal estudo tornou possível a obtenção da (±)-Acaterina, um produto natural biologicamente ativo, em uma única etapa reacional, sendo a síntese mais curta e de maior rendimento até então relatada. Além disso, a metodologia tricomponente foi adaptada à adição de um terceiro eletrófilo no meio reacional, tornando possível a obtenção de derivados de adutos de MBH (ésteres, éteres de silício e carbonatos) também de maneira one-pot (reação tetra-componente do tipo Michael-aldol-O-funcionalização/eliminação de selenóxido). Investigando possíveis novas aplicações dos derivados de MBH produzidos, foi estudada a enolização de ésteres derivados de adutos de MBH onde se observou comportamento nucleofílico do LDA bem como de outras bases fortes. Utilizando cálculos computacionais baseados em DFT, uma coordenada de reação foi calculada para um dos sistemas nos quais LDA foi empregado e, o resultado teórico obtido está de acordo com os resultados obtidos experimentalmente. / The Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction consists on a powerfull chemical transformation, leading to important building blocks in organic synthesis. However, the MBH presents some serious drawbacks, specially in respect to reactional time, the use of β- substituted Michael acceptors and the need for highly electron-deficient secondary electrophiles. Within this issue, the present work aims the investigation of a tricomponent Michael-aldol reaction mediated by metallic organochalcogenolates, leading to β-organochalcogen functionalized MBH adducts as products. In these studies the behavior of different metallic organochalcogenolates as well as different Michael acceptors (primary electrophile) and aldehydes (secondary electrophiles) were evaluated towards the methodology. Within this study it was possible to synthesize (±)-Acaterin, a natural bioactive compound, in a single reactional step, consisting in the shortest and higher yielding protocol related so far. Moreover, the tricomponent methodology was adapted to the addition of a third electrophile into the reactional media, allowing the preparation of MBH derivatives (esters, silicon ethers and carbonates) also in an one-pot manner (Michael-aldol-O-functionalization/selenoxide elimination four-component reaction). Investigating possible new applications of the produced MBH derivatives, the enolization of MBH esters was studied and a nucleophilic behavior was observed for LDA and for other strong bases. By means of DFT-based computational calculations, a reaction coordinate was calculated for a LDA-based enolization system and the obtained theoretical results are in agreement with the experimentally obtained results.

There are many applications of small organic compounds, e.g. as drugs or as tools to study biological systems. Once a compound with interesting biological activity has been found, medicinal chemists typically synthesize small libraries of compounds with systematic differences to the initial “hit” compound. By screening the new ensemble of compounds for their ability to perturb the biological system, insights about the system can be gained. In the work presented here, various ways to synthesize small libraries of ring-fused 2‑pyridones have been developed. Members of this class of peptidomimetic compounds have previously been found to have a variety of biological activities, e.g. as antibacterial agents targeting virulence, and as inhibitors of the aggregation of Alzheimer b‑peptides. The focus in this work has been to alter the core skeleton, the central fragment, of the previously discovered biologically active 2‑pyridones and evaluate the biological effects of these changes. Several new classes of compounds have been constructed and their preparations have included the development of multi-component reactions and a method inspired by diversity-oriented synthesis. Some of the new compounds have been evaluated for their effect on the fibrillation of different amyloid proteins. Both the Parkinson-associated amyloid protein a-synuclein and the bacterial protein CsgA that is involved in bacterial biofilm formation are affected by subtle changes of the compounds’ central fragments. This is an example of the usefulness of central-fragment alterations as a strategy to probe structure-activity relationships, and the derived compounds may be used as tools in further study of the aggregation of amyloid proteins.

Thesis advisor: James P. Morken / This dissertation details the discovery, development, and mechanistic exploration of several enantioselective processes involving organoboronic esters. The first chapter will discuss electrophile-induced metallate rearrangement reactions, the fundamental reactivity that underlies much of the subsequently discussed work. The second chapter details the discovery and mechanistic study of the metal-induced metallate rearrangement reaction and the multi-component conjunctive coupling reaction manifold and related reactions it enables. The factors that govern the competition between metal-induced metallate rearrangement versus transmetallation will be explored. The third chapter will discuss efforts to understand and overcome the initial limitations of the conjunctive coupling reaction including halide inhibition of palladium catalysis and the inability to engage other organometallic reagents such as organomagnesium nucleophiles, and how this allowed the development of a more general reaction. The fourth chapter discusses the development of an enantioselective triamine–nickel-catalyzed conjunctive coupling reaction of alkyl electrophiles as well as a related nickel-promoted radical-polar crossover reaction and the mechanistic features leading to one reaction manifold or the other. A related enantioselective diamine–nickel-catalyzed tandem radical addition cross coupling reaction of alkyl iodides, alkenylboron reagents, and alkyl- or arylzinc reagents will also be discussed. The fifth chapter will cover the discovery of a diamine–nickel-catalyzed enantioselective carbozincation reaction of alkenylboron compounds which produces enantioenriched α-boryl alkylzinc reagents. The mechanistic investigations undertaken and application of these species in a variety of stereospecific transformation will be discussed along with the preliminary discovery and optimization of a diphosphine-Pd-catalyzed stereoconvergent Negishi cross-coupling reaction of racemic α-boryl alkylzinc reagents. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2019. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.

Les phosphatases CDC25 sont des éléments-clé de la régulation du cycle cellulaire chez les eucaryotes; elles activent par une double déphosphorylation les complexes CDK/cyclines permettant ainsi la progression dans les différentes phases du cycle. Leur sur-expression, observée dans des cancers très fréquents, est corrélée à une forte agressivité des tumeurs et un mauvais pronostic ce qui en fait des cibles d’intérêt en cancérologie. Deux nouvelles séries d’inhibiteurs ont été développées à partir d’une thiazolopyrimidinone (TZP), capable d’inhiber l’activité des CDC25, et préalablement identifiée par l’équipe. La première série a été obtenue par dimérisation de deux noyaux thiazolones conduisant à des inhibiteurs avec des CI50 de l’ordre du micromolaire sur CDC25B plus actifs que les mono-thiazolones, ces composés étant sélectifs vs PTP1B et VHR. De plus, ces dimères semblent interagir avec le site actif et la poche de liaison des inhibiteurs. Une deuxième série d’analogues de thiazolidin-4-one a été obtenue par simplification de la structure TZP. Une réaction à quatre composants, utilisant l’énergie micro-onde, a été développée pour préparer rapidement des inhibiteurs de CDC25B avec des CI50 de l’ordre du micromolaire. Enfin, une approche originale pour inhiber CDC25 en ciblant l’interaction CDC25/CDK-Cycline a débutée. Un crible in silico/in vitro sera réalisé afin d’identifier de petites molécules inhibitrices de cette interaction. Des études préliminaires pour la mise en place d’outils permettant l’évaluation de l’affinité de ces molécules pour le site de reconnaissance de CDK2 ont été engagées. / CDC25 phosphatases are key regulators of the cell cycle and its checkpoints. Hence, they are required to dephosphorylate and thus activate the Cdk/Cyclin complexes triggering progression through the different phases. Over-expression of CDC25 has been demonstrated in a large number of human tumors and is often associated with aggressiveness and poor clinical prognosis. CDC25 phosphatases may therefore represent attractive targets for anti-cancer therapy. Starting from a thiazolopyrimidinone (TZP) structure, previously reported as CDC25 inhibitor in our laboratory, two series of new compounds have been developed. Dimerisation of the thiazolone scaffold led to bis-thiazolone derivatives with inhibitory activities in the micromolar range greater than that observed for the mono-thiazolones. Moreover, most of these compounds were selective CDC25 inhibitors. A second scaffold was designed by opening of the pyrimidine ring of the TZP, leading to thiazolidine-4-one derivatives that inhibit CDC25B activities with values of IC50 in the micromolar range. A four-component reaction, using micro-wave irradiation, was developed to rapidly prepare these compounds. Finally, an approach aiming at inhibiting the interactions between phosphatase CDC25 and its substrate CDK2 was engaged. Several virtual chemical libraries will be screened in silico, and the small molecules candidates selected will be assessed for their binding affinity using an in vitro assay, that we sought to develop.