Os sistemas naturais e humanos são considerados sistemas integrados, com interações complexas e de caráter fortemente multidisciplinar. A abordagem da limnologia da paisagem, como um princípio holístico para avaliar as relações complexas entre a bacia de captação e o reservatório, é de grande importância na produção de diagnósticos consistentes. O modelo de tomada de decisão foi produzido por meio de literatura especializada, conhecimento de especialistas, Processo Hierárquico Analítico (AHP) e Avaliação Multicritério (MCE). O modelo foi desenvolvido para atuar em escala da paisagem, considerando a bacia de captação como a escala observacional. Foram selecionados sete critérios (variáveis preditoras) para determinar o grau de fragilidade ambiental para o processo de eutrofização antrópica em reservatórios tropicais: Variáveis Intrínsecas do Reservatório: (1) morfometria (profundidade) e Tempo de Retenção (RT); (2) Variáveis Limnológicas: Zona Eufótica e presença de macrófitas de crescimento intensivo; (3) Variáveis Antrópicas: Fonte de Poluição Difusa Potencial; e (4) Variáveis Hidrológicas: Taxa de Sedimentação e escoamento superficial potencial. No processo de ponderação das variáveis, todas as matrizes foram consistentes e os especialistas priorizaram o Escoamento Superficial potencial e a Fonte de Poluição Difusa Potencial com os principais responsáveis pelo processo de eutrofização antrópica. Apesar dos critérios e pesos serem fixos para os reservatórios tropicais, existe a possibilidade de ajuste do modelo de acordo com situações especiais, já que o modelo é flexível suficiente para ser utilizados em outras bacias de captação, com características diferentes e intrínsecas. O modelo também é adaptável em função da disponibilidade de base de dados / The human and natural systems are integrated systems, with complex interactions and a strong multidisciplinary character. The application of landscape limnology, as a holistic principle to address the complex relationships between the watershed and reservoir, are of great importance to produce consistent diagnoses and predictions. The GIS-based model was performed by using literature, expert knowledge, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE). The model was performed in a landscape scale considering the watershed as the observational scale. We selected seven criteria (predictor variables) to assess the environmental fragility to human-induced eutrophication in tropical reservoirs: (1) Intrinsic Reservoir Variables: morphometry (depth) and Retention Time (RT); (2) Limnological Variables: euphotic zone and intensive-growth macrophytes presence; (3) Anthropic Variable: Potential Non-Point Source (NPS); and (4) Hydrological Variable: Sedimentation Rate and Potential Runoff. In the weighting process, all matrices were consistent and the experts prioritized the potential runoff and potential NPS criteria as the main drivers of human-induced eutrophication. Although the criteria and its weights are considered fixed for any tropical reservoir, it is possible to adjust them according to specific situations since the model proposed is flexible enough to be used in different watersheds with different and intrinsic characteristics and adapted according to the database availability

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2017-08-07T13:10:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 R?GIA MARIA PETITTO.pdf: 3577833 bytes, checksum: 125f036f5ae5942ebbd9906d675670d3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T13:10:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 R?GIA MARIA PETITTO.pdf: 3577833 bytes, checksum: 125f036f5ae5942ebbd9906d675670d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-21 / The objective of this work was to characterize the recycled aggregates generated in the metropolitan region of Campinas and to test its application in the production of mortars for general use. From a qualitative approach, with an exploratory objective, the surveys of the current legislation and legal requirements imposed to solid waste management and the panorama of this management in the metropolitan region of Campinas were carried out. The six recycling plants for the disposal of construction waste (RCC) generated in the implanted municipalities were identified and, based on the data collected, a map with the geographic location of these plants was elaborated. After the sample collection, with a quantitative approach of applied nature and exploratory objective, analyzes of the physical characteristics were made (grain size composition, 75 ?m sieve material, water absorption, clay cladding content and friable materials, Specific mass and organic impurity) and chemical (soluble salts and organic matter content by fire loss) of these materials. All the analyzed aggregates presented satisfactory results in the granulometric composition and water absorption tests. Regarding the content of fine material (less than 75 ?m), clay content and friable materials and organic impurities, few samples could be accepted for use recommended by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT). The analysis of the soluble salts content would also make it impossible to accept the aggregate of some suppliers. With the replacement of natural aggregate by the recycled aggregates, mortars with a 1: 3 dash (cement: aggregate) were prepared, and 20 and 40% of the natural aggregate were replaced. The characteristics of the mortars in the fresh state (water retention, incorporated air content, mass density) and hardened (water absorption by capillarity, capillary coefficient, compressive strength, flexural tensile strength and apparent specific mass in the Hardened state). From the results obtained, the analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology showed the content of incorporation of the recycled aggregate in the production of general purpose mortars composed of cement and sand. For the application of this method, weights were assigned to punctuated criteria related to the physical and mechanical performance of mortars and environmental criteria related to the exhaustion of natural resources and transport distance. The best result was found in mortar with a 20% substitute content of mixed recycled aggregate by municipal unit from Campinas, but it is not possible to observe a tendency to obtain better results in mortars with lower substitution content, nor exclusively by mortars with mixed recycled aggregates. / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar os agregados reciclados gerados na regi?o metropolitana de Campinas e testar sua aplica??o na produ??o de argamassas para uso geral. A partir de uma abordagem qualitativa, com objetivo explorat?rio, foram realizados os levantamentos da legisla??o vigente e exig?ncias legais impostas ? gest?o dos res?duos s?lidos e do panorama desta gest?o na regi?o metropolitana de Campinas. As seis usinas recicladoras para destina??o dos res?duos de constru??o civil (RCC) gerados nos munic?pios implantadas foram identificadas e, a partir dos dados coletados, elaborou-se um mapa com a localiza??o geogr?fica destas usinas. Ap?s a coleta de amostras, com abordagem quantitativa de natureza aplicada e objetivo explorat?rio, foram realizadas an?lises das caracter?sticas f?sicas (composi??o granulom?trica, teor de material passante na peneira de 75 ?m, absor??o de ?gua, teor de torr?es de argila e materiais fri?veis, massa espec?fica e impureza org?nica) e qu?micas (sais sol?veis e teor de mat?ria org?nica por perda ao fogo) destes materiais. Todos os agregados analisados apresentaram resultados satisfat?rios nos ensaios de composi??o granulom?trica e absor??o de ?gua. J? quanto ao teor de material fino (menor que 75 ?m), teor de torr?es de argila e materiais fri?veis e impurezas org?nicas, foram poucas as amostras que poderiam ser aceitas para o emprego recomendado pela Associa??o Brasileira de Normas T?cnicas (ABNT). A an?lise do teor de sais sol?veis tamb?m inviabilizaria a aceita??o do agregado de alguns fornecedores. Com a substitui??o de agregado natural pelos agregados reciclados foram preparadas argamassas com tra?o de 1:3 (cimento:agregado), e substitui??o de 20 e 40% do agregado natural. Foram determinadas as caracter?sticas das argamassas no estado fresco (reten??o de ?gua, teor de ar incorporado, densidade de massa) e endurecido (absor??o de ?gua por capilaridade, coeficiente de capilaridade, resist?ncia ? compress?o, resist?ncia ? tra??o na flex?o e massa especifica aparente no estado endurecido). A partir dos resultados obtidos verificou-se, por aplica??o do m?todo de avalia??o multicrit?rios, com a metodologia Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), o teor de incorpora??o do agregado reciclado na produ??o de argamassas de uso geral compostas por cimento e areia. Para a aplica??o deste m?todo foram atribu?dos pesos a crit?rios pontuados ligados ao desempenho f?sico e mec?nico das argamassas e crit?rios ambientais ligados ao esgotamento dos recursos naturais e dist?ncia de transporte. O melhor resultado foi encontrado na argamassa com teor de substitui??o de 20% de agregado reciclado misto da unidade municipal de Campinas, mas n?o ? poss?vel observar tend?ncia de obter melhores resultados em argamassas com menor teor de substitui??o, nem t?o pouco exclusivamente por argamassas com agregados reciclados mistos.

The aim of this Master's thesis is to describe the past and future demographic development of selected EU countries. The second aim is to utilize methods for multicriteria evaluation of alternatives in the demography. The last aim is to describe methods used to extrapolate mortality curves. The theoretical part describes demographic indicators, methods used to extrapolate mortality curves and computational processes for methods for multicriteria evaluation of alternatives. The practical part includes the computation of demographic indicators and describes the progress of the indicators in the future. The methods for multicriteria evaluation of alternatives are used for ranking selected EU countries according to the demographic indicators. The last part of the thesis includes the application of methods used for extrapolating mortality curves and compares the achieved results with the actual progress.

Este estudo parte do pressuposto que os atributos qualitativos das vias para pedestres têm um impacto direto sobre os níveis de acessibilidade do local em que estas vias formam uma rede. A partir desta hipótese, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi incorporar medidas qualitativas na configuração da rede de vias de pedestres que compõem um modelo de acessibilidade, a fim de avaliar o impacto das mudanças propostas nos resultados do modelo. Um modelo multicritério para avaliação de acessibilidade, baseado em SIG, foi tomado como referência para as alterações propostas, que foram testadas em um estudo de caso desenvolvido no campus sede da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Brasil. O estudo envolveu os seguintes procedimentos: coleta de dados; cálculo dos valores de acessibilidade com o modelo original; inserção de atributos qualitativos na rede do modelo e cálculo dos valores de acessibilidade após as mudanças; comparação dos resultados obtidos com os dois modelos; e avaliação dos níveis de acessibilidade relativa. Valores de acessibilidade relativa são obtidos a partir de uma comparação entre os resultados encontrados para os usuários com restrições de mobilidade e os resultados encontrados para usuários sem restrições de mobilidade. Os resultados confirmaram que as medidas qualitativas de vias para pedestres afetam os valores de acessibilidade, se comparados com os valores calculados com o modelo que considera apenas as distâncias entre origens e destinos como impedâncias. Além disso, a combinação dos efeitos da velocidade e da distribuição espacial dos destinos-chave fez com que os nós da rede mais distantes da região central apresentassem baixos índices de acessibilidade, apesar de em muitos casos pertencerem a segmentos de rede bem classificados na avaliação de qualidade realizada para o estudo. O grupo de deficientes visuais foi o mais prejudicado no caso estudado, o que de certa forma contraria o senso comum, de que os cadeirantes são os mais prejudicados em se tratando de acessibilidade. Este resultado é, no entanto, uma consequência direta da topografia do campus, que se situa em um terreno praticamente plano. Se não são criadas barreiras artificiais, o local é, em princípio, favorável a deslocamentos de cadeira de rodas. / This study is based on the assumption that qualitative attributes of pedestrians\' pathways have a direct impact on the accessibility levels of the site in which these paths form a network. Starting from this hypothesis, the main aim of this research was to incorporate qualitative measures in the configuration of a network of pedestrians\' pathways that form an accessibility model, in order to evaluate the impact of the proposed changes on the model outcomes. An existing GIS-based multicriteria accessibility model was taken as a reference for the proposed changes, which were tested in a case study developed at the main campus of the Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil. The study involved the following procedures: data collection; calculation of the accessibility values with the original model; insertion of qualitative attributes in the model network and calculation of the accessibility values after the changes; comparison of the results obtained with the two models; and evaluation of relative accessibility levels. Relative accessibility values were obtained from a comparison between the results found for users with mobility constraints and the results found for users without mobility constraints. The results confirmed that the qualitative measures of pedestrians pathways do affect the accessibility values, if compared to the values calculated with the model that considers only the distances between origins and destinations as impedances. Furthermore, the combination of walking speeds and spatial distribution of the key-destinations has produced low accessibility levels in the network nodes that are not close to the campus central area, even though they belong to links well classified in the quality assessment conducted for the case study. Also, the group of visually-impaired users had the worst accessibility conditions of all groups considered. This somehow contradicts the general assumption that wheelchair users constitute the group most affected by low accessibility conditions. This result is, however, a direct consequence of the flat topography of the campus. If no artificial barriers are created, the site is not, at least in principle, unfavorable to wheelchair displacements.

<p>The main objectives of this work were to investigate Geographical Information Systems techniques for modelling a cross-country trafficability. To accomplished stated tasks, reciprocal relationships between the soil deposits, local hydrology, geology and geomorphology were studied in relation to the study area in South-Eastern Sweden.</p><p>Growing awareness of nowadays users of GIS in general is being concentrated on understanding an importance of soil conditions changed after cross-country trafficability. Therefore, in this thesis, constructing of the Soil Knowledge Database introduced to the genuine geological soil textural classes a new, modified geotechnical division with desirable for off-road ground reasoning measurable factors, like soil permeability, capillarity or Atterberg’s consistency limits.</p><p>Digital Elevation Model, the driving force for landscape studies in the thesis, was carefully examined together with the complementary datasets of the investigated area. Testing of the elevation data was done in association to the hydrological modelling, which resulted with the Wetness Index map. The three distinguishable soil wetness conditions: dry, moist and wet, were obtained, and used consequently for creation of the static ground conditions map, a visible medium of soils susceptibility to for example machine compaction.</p><p>The work resulted with a conceptual scheme for cross-country trafficability modelling, which was put into effect while modeling in GIS. As a final outcome, by combining all processed data together, derivatives were incorporated and draped over the rendered 3D animating scene. A visually aided simulation enabled to concretized theoretical, hypothetical and experimental outcomes into one coherent model of apprised under Multicriterial Evaluation techniques standardized factor maps for ground vehicle maneuverability. Also further steps of research were proposed.</p>

The main objectives of this work were to investigate Geographical Information Systems techniques for modelling a cross-country trafficability. To accomplished stated tasks, reciprocal relationships between the soil deposits, local hydrology, geology and geomorphology were studied in relation to the study area in South-Eastern Sweden. Growing awareness of nowadays users of GIS in general is being concentrated on understanding an importance of soil conditions changed after cross-country trafficability. Therefore, in this thesis, constructing of the Soil Knowledge Database introduced to the genuine geological soil textural classes a new, modified geotechnical division with desirable for off-road ground reasoning measurable factors, like soil permeability, capillarity or Atterberg’s consistency limits. Digital Elevation Model, the driving force for landscape studies in the thesis, was carefully examined together with the complementary datasets of the investigated area. Testing of the elevation data was done in association to the hydrological modelling, which resulted with the Wetness Index map. The three distinguishable soil wetness conditions: dry, moist and wet, were obtained, and used consequently for creation of the static ground conditions map, a visible medium of soils susceptibility to for example machine compaction. The work resulted with a conceptual scheme for cross-country trafficability modelling, which was put into effect while modeling in GIS. As a final outcome, by combining all processed data together, derivatives were incorporated and draped over the rendered 3D animating scene. A visually aided simulation enabled to concretized theoretical, hypothetical and experimental outcomes into one coherent model of apprised under Multicriterial Evaluation techniques standardized factor maps for ground vehicle maneuverability. Also further steps of research were proposed.

Aujourd'hui, les technologies de captation et de restitution sonore se développent dans le but de diffuser des scènes avec un rendu spatialisé. Avant leur diffusion, les extraits sonores peuvent être évalués en terme de qualité par des méthodes recommandées par I'Union lnternationale des Télécommunications (évaluation des codecs de compression, procédés de prise ou restitution sonore...). Cependant, ces standards d'évaluation montrent certaines faiblesses notamment en ce qui concerne les attributs de qualité à évaluer. La dimension spatiale n'est pas prise en compte spécifiquement. Dans ce travail, une méthodologie dédiée à l'évaluation de la qualité de I'audio spatialisé est mise en place notamment pour répondre aux biais identifiés. De par l'utilisation d'une catégorisation libre et d'une analyse multidimensionnelle, vingt-huit attributs ont été catégorisés en trois familles d'attributs : le Timbre, l'Espace et les Défauts. Ces trois attributs généraux ont été inclus dans un test d'écoute. Celui-ci se déroule en deux phases : l'évaluation de la qualité globale suivie de l'évaluation des trois attributs simultanément sur une même interface. Les tests sont réalisés sans référence explicite, le fichier original constitue une référence cachée. De plus, trois signaux audio, dit ancrages, spécifiques à chacun des trois attributs ont été définis puis superposés pour définir un ancrage unique triplement dégradé. La méthode a été testée à la fois sur un système de restitution au casque avec des contenus binauraux mais également sur un système multicanal 5.1. L'évaluation de stimuli de qualité intermédiaire est préconisée ainsi que des contenus présentant un effet spatial prononcé. L'évaluation multicritère a montré son intérêt dans certaines conditions et permet ainsi d'identifier les caractéristiques qui sont dégradées. Les attributs Défauts et Timbre ont montré un poids influant sur la qualité globale tandis que le poids de I'attribut Espace est plus discutable. / Nowadays, recording and restitution technologies focus on a spatial rendering of sound. Before their broadcast, the quality evaluation of sound excerpts is often necessary. Methods recommended by the international telecommunication union denote some weaknesses about sound attributes to be evaluated.For example, spatial dimension is barely taken into account. A methodology dedicated to the assessment of spatial audio quality is proposed in order to avoid some biases. With a free categorization and a multidimensional scaling, 28 attributes were clustered in three families '. Timbre, Space and Defecfs. These three categories were included in a listening test split into two sessions : first, the assessment of overall quality and then, the evaluation of the three categories presented simultaneously on a same interface.Tests were conducted without explicit reference, but, the original version was considered as a hidden reference. Moreover, three specific anchors, each one associated to dedicated categories, were defined and then were mixed to define a unique anchor impaired in three ways. The method was tested on a 5.1 system and on binaural contents with headphone restitution. lntermediate quality of contents is recommended as well as contents with relevant spatial effects. The interest of a multicriteria assessment is to identify which properties of sound are impaired. Linear regression shows that Defecfs and Timbre attributes have influential weight on overall quality while the weight of Space attribute is more dubious.

Este estudo parte do pressuposto que os atributos qualitativos das vias para pedestres têm um impacto direto sobre os níveis de acessibilidade do local em que estas vias formam uma rede. A partir desta hipótese, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi incorporar medidas qualitativas na configuração da rede de vias de pedestres que compõem um modelo de acessibilidade, a fim de avaliar o impacto das mudanças propostas nos resultados do modelo. Um modelo multicritério para avaliação de acessibilidade, baseado em SIG, foi tomado como referência para as alterações propostas, que foram testadas em um estudo de caso desenvolvido no campus sede da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Brasil. O estudo envolveu os seguintes procedimentos: coleta de dados; cálculo dos valores de acessibilidade com o modelo original; inserção de atributos qualitativos na rede do modelo e cálculo dos valores de acessibilidade após as mudanças; comparação dos resultados obtidos com os dois modelos; e avaliação dos níveis de acessibilidade relativa. Valores de acessibilidade relativa são obtidos a partir de uma comparação entre os resultados encontrados para os usuários com restrições de mobilidade e os resultados encontrados para usuários sem restrições de mobilidade. Os resultados confirmaram que as medidas qualitativas de vias para pedestres afetam os valores de acessibilidade, se comparados com os valores calculados com o modelo que considera apenas as distâncias entre origens e destinos como impedâncias. Além disso, a combinação dos efeitos da velocidade e da distribuição espacial dos destinos-chave fez com que os nós da rede mais distantes da região central apresentassem baixos índices de acessibilidade, apesar de em muitos casos pertencerem a segmentos de rede bem classificados na avaliação de qualidade realizada para o estudo. O grupo de deficientes visuais foi o mais prejudicado no caso estudado, o que de certa forma contraria o senso comum, de que os cadeirantes são os mais prejudicados em se tratando de acessibilidade. Este resultado é, no entanto, uma consequência direta da topografia do campus, que se situa em um terreno praticamente plano. Se não são criadas barreiras artificiais, o local é, em princípio, favorável a deslocamentos de cadeira de rodas. / This study is based on the assumption that qualitative attributes of pedestrians\' pathways have a direct impact on the accessibility levels of the site in which these paths form a network. Starting from this hypothesis, the main aim of this research was to incorporate qualitative measures in the configuration of a network of pedestrians\' pathways that form an accessibility model, in order to evaluate the impact of the proposed changes on the model outcomes. An existing GIS-based multicriteria accessibility model was taken as a reference for the proposed changes, which were tested in a case study developed at the main campus of the Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil. The study involved the following procedures: data collection; calculation of the accessibility values with the original model; insertion of qualitative attributes in the model network and calculation of the accessibility values after the changes; comparison of the results obtained with the two models; and evaluation of relative accessibility levels. Relative accessibility values were obtained from a comparison between the results found for users with mobility constraints and the results found for users without mobility constraints. The results confirmed that the qualitative measures of pedestrians pathways do affect the accessibility values, if compared to the values calculated with the model that considers only the distances between origins and destinations as impedances. Furthermore, the combination of walking speeds and spatial distribution of the key-destinations has produced low accessibility levels in the network nodes that are not close to the campus central area, even though they belong to links well classified in the quality assessment conducted for the case study. Also, the group of visually-impaired users had the worst accessibility conditions of all groups considered. This somehow contradicts the general assumption that wheelchair users constitute the group most affected by low accessibility conditions. This result is, however, a direct consequence of the flat topography of the campus. If no artificial barriers are created, the site is not, at least in principle, unfavorable to wheelchair displacements.

The target of this thesis is to derermine the quality of the aluminium base alloy and size of aluminium plates used for mountain bike equipment. Furthermore the thesis assigns one provider of this material for Shaman Racing company. There were chosen methods of multicriteria evaluation of alternatives to fulfill the target. These methods are ORESTE, TOPSIS and ELECTRE I. The thesis also proves the possibilities of practical application of determined methods and analyzes possible problems that could occur during handling the input data and process of selecting the "best" alternative.

The main goal of this thesis is elaboration of a project documentation for the building permission of nearly zero energy office building with BIM, and assessment of the designed building by methodology for multicriteria evaluation of buildings. The building is located on a slightly sloped site of former military barracks in Valašské Meziříčí. The building is intended as offices for ENERGIS company. The building has rectangular floor plan (approx. 32 x 22 m). The building has three floors. There is café, reception, technical and storage facilities on the first floor. The second and third foor contain offices, meeting rooms and staff facilities. All floors are wheelchair accessible. The building has a cast-in-place reinforced concrete frame and warm flat roof. Infill walls are made of ceramics blocks. The facade wall is covered with ventilated facade with timber cladding.