The growing importance of non-market considerations has led multinational corporations to globalize not just production and commercialization but also their corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives as nonmarket strategies. Scholars have shown that CSR can create intangible assets that help companies reduce their foreignness and gain competitive advantages over local rivals. To what extent multinational enterprises (MNEs) can transfer CSR initiatives to other locations is an important question. Prior research, focusing on the transfer of operational initiative, is silent on the transfer of practices that extend beyond the boundaries of the firm to influence the welfare of external stakeholders. This study builds a theory about the conditions that influence success and failure in the transfer of CSR initiatives from headquarters to overseas subsidiaries. Through a case study of an Indian multinational, qualitative data is combined with the formal logic of fuzzy set analysis. The findings reveal that it is the combination of practice characteristics and local contexts that influence the success of practice transfer. Specifically, I explore two characteristics of CSR initiatives that facilitate practice transfer: stakeholder multiplicity and ambiguity. The former denotes the degree to which a CSR initiative can serve more than one stakeholder and the latter denotes the degree to which a CSR initiative can be applied to multiple contexts in different ways. The analysis suggests that stakeholder multiplicity is a predictor of transfer success to countries where coordination among diverse social actors is easy to achieve. In contrast, in high-context culture locations where rapid coordination is less easy to achieve, the ambiguity of CSR initiatives is a more important predictor of transfer success.

Ce travail doctoral propose une théorisation enracinée du phénomène de survie locale au sein de la firme multinationale. L'objectif est d'apporter des éléments de réponse à la problématique suivante : quelles sont les stratégies locales élaborées par les sites industriels de multinationales afin de survivre et de se maintenir au sein de la chaîne de valeur de l'entreprise malgré un contexte de globalisation et de rationalisation des coûts de production ? L'étude historique du cas d'IBM Montpellier nous permet d'interpréter le phénomène de survie locale comme résultant d'un processus managérial de maturation de la survie par la transformation. Ce processus se décompose en trois étapes successives : une phase de conformité pendant laquelle les acteurs locaux ressentent peu de pressions exogènes et se contentent d'adopter et d'exécuter les pratiques et les directives globales ; une phase d'opposition qui émerge en réaction à des menaces soudaines et qui consiste à contester certaines logiques globales afin de protéger les acquis locaux ; et une phase de transformation pendant laquelle les acteurs locaux cherchent à anticiper les futures évolutions de la compagnie et à redéfinir les pratiques et les logiques locales afin d'être en mesure d'influencer ou de contourner des décisions jugées menaçantes. La thèse met en exergue le caractère paradoxal du processus stratégique de survie en le situant à l'interface entre résistance et conformité. La démarche étudiée consiste à traduire les transformations organisationnelles insufflées par le siège, à les négocier, à les dévier et à se les approprier. Au final, nos observations montrent qu'une stratégie de survie pour la filiale revient non pas à combattre le changement mais à l'accompagner de manière à trouver ou à créer sa nouvelle place dans la chaîne de valeur globale. / This thesis proposes a grounded theory of the phenomenon of local survival within multinational corporations. The aim is to study the following question: what kind of strategies might be developed by manufacturing plants in order to survive and remain in the value chain of a multinational despite a context of globalization and costs rationalization? The historical analysis of the case of IBM Montpellier allows us to interpret the phenomenon of local survival as resulting from the maturation of a managerial process of survival by transformation. This process is composed of three stages: a compliance phase during which local actors feel little exogenous pressures and simply adopt and implement practices and directives coming from headquarter; an opposition phase that emerges in response to sudden threats and consists in contesting the diffusion of some logics in order to protect and maintain the established local order; and a transformation phase during which local actors seek to anticipate future evolutions of the company and redefine local practices and logics in order to influence or bypass certain decisions deemed to threaten the future of the site. The thesis highlights the paradoxical nature of this survival strategic process since it lies at the interface between resistance and compliance. The approach studied consists in translating, negotiating, or deviating organizational changes instilled by headquarter. Finally, our observations show that for subsidiaries, a survival strategy entails not to fight change but to support it in order to find or to create their new place in the global value chain.

This final thesis is dealing with transmission of CSR strategy in transnational corporations. The first theoretical part offers an introduction and explanation of CSR and several models are discussed. The transmission of the concept is analyzed in companies Tesco and Vodafone in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and in the Czech Republic. At the end the primary hypothesis is confirmed, i.e. main goals and strategies are developed in a parent company and transformed to other countries with respect to the situation on the market.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, School of Law, 2015. / At present, international law has not succeeded in establishing a way through which multinational corporations (MNCs) can be regulated effectively and compelled to adhere to international human rights standards. This poses a problem for states that rely heavily on the investment of MNCs for economic development. African states in particular compete for investment by reducing their regulatory mechanisms in order to attract MNCs. This allows MNCs to engage in practices that violate human rights and contribute to the commission of international crimes. This thesis seeks to address this problem by exploring how MNCs can be held criminally liable in international law if they are involved in serious human rights abuses and international crimes. In the twentieth century, two seminal events in international criminal justice illustrate that there was evidence that the notion of holding multinational corporations criminally liable was possible. These include i) the jurisprudence of the Allied Tribunals at Nuremberg after World War II which contemplated the possibility of corporate criminal liability and ii) the negotiations during the establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in the 1990s which considered proposals for the extension of criminal liability to corporations. At the national level, many states provide for corporate criminal liability. This is often derived from the establishment of criminal liability of an official of the corporation. The United Kingdom and Australia, however, have successfully set out how a corporation may itself be found criminally liable without the need to derive its criminal liability from an official. These developments show that the idea of holding MNCs criminally liable, either through a derivative or non-derivative process, is possible and achievable. In particular, this thesis proposes that MNCs can be found criminally liable for aiding and abetting international crimes under Article 25(3)(c) of the Statute of the ICC. In proposing a way through which this can be achieved, this thesis does two things: i) it extracts principles of non-derivative criminal liability established in the United Kingdom and Australia and ii) it develops a theory of corporate criminal liability for aiding and abetting international crimes that incorporates these principles. This theory underpins the proposed new approach to the establishment of corporate criminal liability for aiding and abetting in the ICC.

Thesis advisor: Susanto Basu / This dissertation examines the fluctuations of the aggregate economy when frictions in financial markets are present. I focus on the the asymmetric information problems between creditors and debtors on the quality of debtor's projects and I analyze how these frictions cause the fluctuations in aggregate economy which is potentially inefficient. The first chapter examines the interaction between the perverse incentives and the general equilibrium effects of misallocated bank credit. This essay is intended to elucidate the mechanism of zombie lending in Japan. By incorporating a soft budget problem into a neo-classical dynamic general equilibrium model, the model shows that an inefficient zombie lending regime can be selected as an equilibrium. In this equilibrium, the incentives and the general equilibrium effects are interdependent. The inefficient use of resources crowds out investment when banks have incentives to bail out insolvent firms. On the other hand, the general equilibrium effects give rise to the perverse incentives endogenously through the formation of the liquidation value and the continuation value of insolvent firms. In the worst case, agents fail to resolve non-performing loan problems, and the model economy permanently falls into an inefficient regime. The second chapter proposes a model that generate boom-and-bust cycles by securitization of subprime mortgages. I construct a dynamic housing choice model in which mortgages are financed by securitization and I assume that creditors have errors in measuring the default risks of subprime mortgages. With this setup, the resource availability for housing fluctuates endogenously and it causes the boom-and-bust cycles. Particularly, there are two channels that change the resource availability: the security design of the securitized assets and the evolution of house price inflation. I illustrate that subprime mortgages can be cheaply financed by securitization when creditors mismeasure the quality of the subprime mortgages. This ignites a boom in the model. However, the boom can be terminated as the profitability of securitization declines along with the decline in the expectation of house price inflation. This is because the house price inflation is tied with the liquidation value of the defaulted mortgages. As the expectation of the house price inflation slows down, the subprime mortgages become more risky and the securitization becomes less profitable. Eventually, issuers of securitized assets withdraw from the securitization market and the boom collapses. The last chapter explores the transmission mechanisms of international business cycles when the borrowing capacity of multinational enterprises (MNEs) is limited. I embed MNEs that face borrowing constraints in a two-country international business cycle model. I show that the net worth of MNEs plays a significant role in generating the international business cycle co-movement: the wealth effect in response to the change in MNEs' net worth has a strong multiplier effect on domestic and foreign investment of MNEs. Output moves in the same direction between the two countries due to the synchronized investment. The model is also able to generate reasonable cross-country correlations in real estate price and consumption. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics.

The liberalization of FDI is deepening, so have the incentive schemes put in place by a number of countries. Investment promotion agencies in these countries are seen to be actively promoting their countries as the best locations for foreign direct investment (FDI). With FDI emerging as a fovourite source of capital for most countries, profound questions about the true value of FDI to host countries are addressed in this study. While incentive packages may be justified on the basis of incomplete internalization of FDI benefits by foreign firms, it still remains critical to establish whether these benefits (spillovers) are substantive. As an attempt to answer these questions, this dissertation uses both firm level and country level data to investigate the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on productivity and economic growth. The first part of the study uses cross sectional firm level data to investigate whether foreign firms are more productive than domestic firms. We further examine whether there are any significant productivity spillovers from foreign to domestic firms or not. SIn the second part, focus is on country level analysis which uses both time series and panel data techniques. In the time series analysis we use the recent Toda-Yamamoto causality testing framework to determine the direction of causality between FDI and growth for three groups of countries: developing, emerging and developed countries. This is followed by fixed effects and dynamic panel data analyses for the 37 countries (9 developing, 12 emerging and 16 developed) where we test for absorptive capacity effects. Our findings show that results are determined to a great extent by the method of analysis. Interesting findings emerge from this study. The firm level data revealed the importance of multinational corporations in improving domestic firm productivity. With this finding, we anticipate these results to filter through the macro system and show up in the time series and panel data analyses. In the case of developing economies, productivity differences between domestic and foreign firms are confirmed only where the definition of FDI is below the full ownership level. Positive but statistically insignificant spillovers are found in the developing country sample. From the emerging economy sample, we iii find neither significant productivity differences nor related spillovers from foreign to domestic firms. With regards to developed economies, as in the case of emerging economies, there are no statistically significant productivity differences between domestic and foreign firms. Interestingly, for this sample, positive and highly significant spillovers from foreign to domestic firms are documented. The Toda Yamamoto Granger causality framework shows unidirectional causality from FDI to GDP in Colombia, Egypt and Zambia. These results suggest that in these three countries, we have a case of growth enhancing FDI. There is also evidence of causality which runs from GDP to FDI in China, Indonesia, France, Japan, Spain and the United Kingdom. This is a case where higher levels of economic activity attract foreign direct investment. We also find evidence of bi-directional causality for Argentina, Kenya and Thailand. No clear cut relationship between FDI and growth is established in the rest of the countries: Brazil, Chile, Ghana, India, Jordan, Madagascar, Malawi, Morocco, South Africa and all but four of the developed economies. The dynamic panel data analysis for the developing economy sample reveals positive effects between FDI and economic growth. A key finding from this is the negative impact of financial development, an absorptive capacity measure. This unexpected result raises the possibility of international capital flows becoming more harmful to developing economies when extensive development of the domestic financial sector makes it difficult to regulate financial transactions of relatively esoteric financial contracts. This evidence there should be a nuanced embrace of financial globalization by developing economies. In the emerging economy analysis, the roles of openness of the economy and financial development as absorptive capacity indicators are elevated. Overall, the dynamic analysis shows a largely negative and statistically insignificant effect of FDI on economic growth. For developed economies, we find that negative effects of FDI on economic growth are encountered at both the minimum and mean levels of openness. This suggests that for developed economies, a level of openness above the mean value would be ideal for economic growth to be realized through FDI. iv Corroborating our findings with the work of other scholars, we conclude that our results are complementary. It appears that the contradictions inherent in the FDI-Growth literature could be partly due to methodological differences.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a relação entre o ambiente institucional brasileiro e a conquista de mandatos mundiais pelas subsidiárias estrangeiras. Como parte de um novo modelo de empresa multinacional que precisa combinar a organização de uma rede integrada que proporcione flexibilidade, facilite o aprendizado, a transferência de conhecimento com a inovação entre as diversas unidades (BARTLETT, GHOSHAL, 1998), a subsidiária se destaca como unidade de análise na literatura em estudos que investigam os seus papéis, seu processo de evolução e a maneira como concorrem entre si em diferentes países (BARTLETT, GHOSHAL, 1986; BIRKINSHAW, MORRISON, 1995). Dependendo do mercado em que atuam, da receptividade da matriz, da sua capacidade de inovação e capacidade de criar competências podem passar por um processo de aumento gradual de suas responsabilidades e relevância estratégica, podendo conquistar o mandato mundial,ou seja, o ganho do controle estratégico pela subsidiária sobre determinadas atividades e região. Concorrendo em diferentes ambientes institucionais, as subsidiárias representam a busca das multinacionais por vantagens de localização, por fatores institucionais que estimulem a inovação e desenvolvimento tecnológico e de um aparato que o sustente como por exemplo um sistema de proteção à propriedade intelectual eficiente e incentivos fiscais. Assim, a visão deste trabalho sobre as instituições abrange os pilares regulatório, normativo e cultural-cognitivo, segundo o arcabouço teórico desenvolvido por Scott (2008). A fim de analisar o mandato mundial nas subsidiárias foi realizado um survey com 172 subsidiárias estrangeiras no Brasil. Para investigar a influência institucional no \"mandato mundial\" foi utilizada a técnica de estudo de caso com a subsidiária brasileira da Siemens AG, de origem alemã. Os resultados do survey mostraram que 25,6% das subsidiárias respondentes podem ser classificadas como de mandato mundial. O estudo de caso, por sua vez, apresentou algumas evidências de que há uma relação positiva entre ambiente institucional favorável e a conquista do mandato mundial pelas subsidiárias revelada principalmente nas leis de incentivo fiscal para a atração de centros de P&D para o Brasil, principalmente por meio da redução de custos. As certificações tri-norma também são relevantes na inserção e integração da subsidiária à a cadeia de valor global. Aspectos culturais como características da mão-de-obra brasileira também são vistos como fator de destaque da subsidiária brasileira. / The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate how the achievement of world mandates by foreign subsidiaries located in Brazil is related to country\'s institutional environment. As part of a new model of multinationals companies\' organization, that need to combine the organization of an integrated network that provides flexibility, learning and knowledge transfer with innovation among the various units (Bartlett, Ghoshal, 1998), the affiliated company stands out as a distinct unit of analysis. In the literature about subsidiaries there are studies investigating their roles, the process of evolution and how they compete in different countries (Bartlett, Ghoshal, 1986; Birkinshaw, Morrison, 1995). Depending on the market in which they operate, the receptivity of their parent company, their capacity for innovation and building skills, they pass through a process of gradual increase of their strategic autonomy and relevance, gaining responsibilities and finally achieving the world mandate, the strategic control by the subsidiary on certain activities and region. Competing in different institutional environments, the subsidiaries represent the search by multinational enterprises for locational advantages and institutional factors that push innovation and technological development and a famework that supports this through, for example, an efficient intellectual property protection system and tax incentives (OLIVEIRA JR et al, 2009). Thus, the view on institutions of this study covers the regulatory, normative and cultural-cognitive pillars, according to the theoretical framework developed by Scott (2008). In order to analyze the word mandate of the subsidiaries a survey was conducted with 172 foreign subsidiaries stablished in Brazil. To investigate the institutions\' influence on \"world mandate\" a case study was conducted with Siemens AG\'s Brazilian subsidiary. The results of the survey showed that 25.6% of the participant subsidiaries can be classified as world mandate. The case study presented some evidences of a positive relationship between institutional environment and the achievement of world mandate by subsidiaries. This influence was perceived mainly through incentive laws in the attraction of R&D centers to Brazil, especially through cost reduction. The tri-standard certifications are helpful for the subsidiary\'s insertion and integration in the global value chain, an this fact makes the standard a requirement for all the providers of the company. The case showed that cultural features such as flexibility of Brazilian labor are a factor for subsidiary\'s success as well.

O crescimento mundial e na taxa de investimento direto no exterior no ano de 2004 foram impulsionados pelas economias emergentes. Até 2050, o grupo de países BRIC (Brasil, Rússia, Índia e China) poderá superar o atual G6. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir para o avanço do conhecimento sobre internacionalização de empresas do Brasil com foco na criação de subsidiárias de produção no exterior. A partir de um estudo de caso, procura-se descrever o processo de internacionalização de uma multinacional brasileira, identificar o valor explicativo do modelo clássico de internacionalização, bem como promover a discussão sobre competências da organização e cultura relacionadas com esse processo. Ainda há poucas pesquisas sobre criação de subsidiárias de produção por empresas brasileiras e suas competências, por isso, este trabalho é exploratório e se destina a gerar subsídios para estudos subseqüentes. / The growth in the world economy and foreign direct investment in 2004 resulted from the growth in emerging economies. By 2050 the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) may surpass the current G6. In this context, this study has been developed to support the progress of the knowledge available on internationalization of Brazilian enterprises with focus on the establishment of production subsidiaries abroad. By developing a case study, the process of internationalization of a Brazilian multinational firm with subsidiary in a foreign country has been described, as well as driven a debate on organizational competencies and culture in this process. Research on the process of creating plants abroad by Brazilian enterprises and their competencies are still very limited so this is a exploratory study that provides materials for future studies.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar os determinantes do processo de internacionalização das empresas brasileiras do setor de carne bovina, tendo como fundamentação teórica os modelos de internacionalização disponíveis na literatura econômica. O trabalho baseia-se na hipótese de que as empresas brasileiras do setor de carne bovina adotaram estratégias bem sucedidas de internacionalização, evidenciadas pela posição de destaque que atingiram nos rankings de internacionalização em menos de uma década. A estrutura do estudo consiste no desenvolvimento de um modelo analítico de Estudo de Caso, aplicado às três maiores empresas multinacionais de carne bovina do Brasil, conforme identificado em rankings de internacionalização de multinacionais brasileiras: JBS, Marfrig e Minerva. A partir de informações coletadas via entrevistas aplicadas às empresas e dados levantados em relatórios disponíveis nos respectivos websites, artigos acadêmicos, revistas e periódicos, conclui-se que essas empresas possuíam diversas vantagens específicas em um setor que o Brasil apresenta vantagem comparativa de produção. Tais vantagens, alinhadas à busca por matéria-prima, acesso a novos mercados e fortalecimento das vendas em mercados considerados estratégicos, foram os principais determinantes para o seu processo de internacionalização. Apesar de a JBS e Marfrig se beneficiarem, por meio de aporte de capital do BNDES, de uma política ativa do governo para promover a consolidação e expansão da liderança brasileira no mercado internacional de proteína animal, não se pode dizer que este foi o único determinante da internacionalização, uma vez que a Minerva não se utilizou desse instrumento e, mesmo assim, conquistou posição de destaque no ranking de multinacionais brasileiras. O trabalho busca, também, identificar prováveis impactos da internacionalização sobre alguns indicadores das empresas. Conclui-se, ainda, que as estratégias de internacionalização adotadas pelas três empresas estão em linha com os principais modelos de internacionalização da literatura econômica, com destaque para os de Dunning (1977) e de Cuervo-Cazurra (2007), que combina o modelo de Uppsala e Dunning. / The current paper aims at analyzing the main drivers for the internationalization process of the Brazilian beef muntinationals enterprises, based on the internationalization teoretichal models available in the economic literature. The paper relies on the hypothesis that these enterprises have adopted successful internationalization strategies, whice are evidenced by the leading position that the companies have reached in the internationalization rankings in less than one decade. The structure of the paper is comprised of the development of a Case Study analytical model, which is applied to the three largest muntinational beef companies from Brazil, as identified in internationalizion rankings of Brazilian multinationals: JBS, Marfrig and Minerva. Based on information collected via enterview with the companies, data rose in reports available in ther respective websites, papers, journals, academic magazines and articles, it was possible to conclude that these companies had several specific advantages in a sector that Brazil already presents comparative advangate regarding production. Such advantages, in line with the search for raw-material supply, access to new markets and for strengthening the sales in strategic markets, were the main drivers for the internationalization process of the companies aforementioned. Although JBS and Marfrig benefited, via capital injection from BNDES, of an active policy of the Brazilian government to promote the consolidation and expansion of Brazil\'s leadership in the international animal protein market, it\'s not possible to infer that this was the only driver for the internationalization, given that Minerva didn\'t rely on these resources and still managed to acquire a leading position in the Brazilian internationalizion ranking. The paper also analyzes likely impacts of the internationalization on some indicators of the companies studied. On top of that, the current paper concludes that the internationalization strategies adopted by the three companies are in line with the main internationalation models available in the literature, highlighting the one from Dunning (1977) and Cuervo-Cazurra (2007), which combines both the Uppsala and Dunning model.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:19:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Paranhos Bastos1.pdf: 370155 bytes, checksum: 00073af12e1da45caab58ee46facc215 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-21 / With the new world-wide configuration after the definitive fall of the socialism, a new international division of the work if showed necessary. In this new scene, it fits to the developing countries to supply hand of cheap workmanship to the international capital. East European and countries as China, India, amongst others, had passed to represent one competition, almost disloyal, in offer of hand of workmanship, since rules basic of market inform that how much bigger offers, minor the price. Thus, countries of the European west, the North America and even though of the South America if see in a position where the improvement of the productivity of the workmanship hand represents a strong factor of the proper subsistence of the company in its markets. For this, one of the methods used for many managers of the multinationals is the comparison of productivity pointers enters its units for the world. A time detected the marcantes points, the productivity searchs to improve each time more, using itself benchmarck that they aim at one total standardization of the production, as, for example, same equipment, products, raw material, techniques and, even though, formation of staff in the other units of the world. Everything this with one only purpose: to arrive at the excellent point of productivity in all its units, not importing on which labor law, where local, economy, society and environment are its units. But, all this effort, in the great majority of the times the multinationals does not obtain to arrive at the call for us of excellent point in all its units. Hardly, if it obtains two or three units with the same productivity. But reason? To this inquiry we consider in them and we could perceive that external factors to the organization intervene decisively with organizacional behavior e, for consequence, in the productivity. In such a way, what we consider in them in this research is to demonstrate some external factors to the organization that act in the productivity, thus causing a different excellent point in each unit, having as base the study of case of the Multinational of Michelin Tires. / Com a nova configura??o mundial ap?s a queda definitiva do socialismo, uma nova divis?o internacional do trabalho se mostrou necess?ria. Neste novo cen?rio, cabe aos pa?ses em desenvolvimento fornecer m?o de obra barata ao capital internacional. O Leste Europeu e pa?ses como China, ?ndia, dentre outros, passaram a representar um uma concorr?ncia, quase desleal, na oferta de m?o de obra, visto que as regras b?sicas do mercado informam que quanto maior a oferta, menor o pre?o. Assim, pa?ses do oeste europeu, da Am?rica do Norte e at? mesmo da Am?rica do Sul se v?em em uma posi??o em que a melhoria da produtividade da m?o de obra representa um forte fator da pr?pria subsist?ncia da empresa em seus mercados. Para isso, um dos m?todos utilizados por muitos gestores das multinacionais ? a compara??o de indicadores de produtividade entre as suas unidades pelo mundo. Uma vez detectados os pontos marcantes, busca-se melhorar cada vez mais a produtividade, utilizando-se benchmarck que visam uma total padroniza??o da produ??o, como, por exemplo, mesmos equipamentos, produtos, mat?ria-prima, t?cnicas e, at? mesmo, forma??o de pessoal nas outras unidades do mundo. Tudo isso com uma s? finalidade: chegar ao ponto ?timo de produtividade em todas as suas unidades, n?o importando sobre qual legisla??o trabalhista, em que local, economia, sociedade e meio ambiente estejam suas unidades. Malgrado todo este esfor?o, na grande maioria das vezes as multinacionais n?o conseguem chegar ao chamado por n?s de ponto ?timo em todas as suas unidades. Dificilmente, se consegue duas ou tr?s unidades com a mesma produtividade. Mas porqu?? A essa investiga??o prop?s-se e p?de-se perceber que fatores externos ? organiza??o interferem decisivamente na produtividade. Desta forma, prop?e-se nesta pesquisa, demonstrar alguns fatores externos ? organiza??o que atuam na produtividade, ocasionando assim um ponto ?timo diferente em cada unidade, tendo como base o estudo de caso da Multinacional de Pneum?ticos Michelin.