This research seeks to understand how emotion and pleasure connect with Elton John's music. First, I argue that enjoyment of this music arises in part when on how listener's expectations for harmonic and melodic musical parameters are subverted. This research draws primarily on David Huron's theory of expectation to show how music that deviates from expected norms can be re-evaluated positively. In addition to Huron, I draw on empirical psychology studies that have determined a number of musical correspondences to emotional evocations. Throughout my analyses, I examine how specific chord placement may incite emotion for the typical listener of pop/rock music, and I contend that those specific chords and their placement reliably create emotions that are linked to enjoyment. I also find that elements like melodic contour, repetition, and perceptual salience play a significant role in shaping the listener's reactions to musical stimuli. In the second half of the dissertation, I use empirical research studies to help me address the physiological element of musical listening and enjoyment. I find that listeners use their bodies to entrain to rhythm and react to musical stimuli through laughter, tears, and frisson. Additionally, I investigate the embodiment of music and emotion through the bodily experience of Elton John as a pianist and singer. My analyses explore embodied emotional gestures on the keyboard and how those gestures bear on the listener's emotional connection to the music. Lastly, I speculate about how Elton's vocal gestures influence song expression and emotional evocation. This investigation of bodily reactions to music explores how the body might enjoy certain aspects of music and how bodily enjoyment factors into emotion. Ultimately, I argue that Elton John's music is enjoyable and incites emotion because of violation or validation of harmonic and melodic expectations, and because of emotionally laden bodily and vocal gestures perceived by the listener.

This thesis is a critical comparative study of the ways in which music is being used as an educational tool for HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa, Brazil, India, China, the U.S., and Canada. Music for education is an aspect of a number of academic disciplines. I introduce the principles of Entertainment-Education and Participatory Communication, which are two methods of conveying education through entertainment. Music cognition, music philosophy, ethnomusicology, sociomusicology, and communication theory offer perspectives on why music is persuasive, emotive, and mnemonic. I present analyses of music HIV/AIDS education efforts from many different regions that employ different methods of music transmission and different musical genres. Some are grassroots interventions, whereas others are large-scale, mass media efforts. I identify a number of high-level themes that emerge from the case studies: music involves the audience, music engages the emotions, music is culturally relevant, music is therapeutic and empowering, and music enhances memory. The case studies highlight a number of specific elements that significantly enhance HIV/AIDS education efforts, elements that should be applied to Canadian efforts. The initiatives that are currently taking place are remarkable, but more efforts are needed to effectively combat the AIDS pandemic.

This thesis is a critical comparative study of the ways in which music is being used as an educational tool for HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa, Brazil, India, China, the U.S., and Canada. Music for education is an aspect of a number of academic disciplines. I introduce the principles of Entertainment-Education and Participatory Communication, which are two methods of conveying education through entertainment. Music cognition, music philosophy, ethnomusicology, sociomusicology, and communication theory offer perspectives on why music is persuasive, emotive, and mnemonic. I present analyses of music HIV/AIDS education efforts from many different regions that employ different methods of music transmission and different musical genres. Some are grassroots interventions, whereas others are large-scale, mass media efforts. I identify a number of high-level themes that emerge from the case studies: music involves the audience, music engages the emotions, music is culturally relevant, music is therapeutic and empowering, and music enhances memory. The case studies highlight a number of specific elements that significantly enhance HIV/AIDS education efforts, elements that should be applied to Canadian efforts. The initiatives that are currently taking place are remarkable, but more efforts are needed to effectively combat the AIDS pandemic.

This thesis is a critical comparative study of the ways in which music is being used as an educational tool for HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa, Brazil, India, China, the U.S., and Canada. Music for education is an aspect of a number of academic disciplines. I introduce the principles of Entertainment-Education and Participatory Communication, which are two methods of conveying education through entertainment. Music cognition, music philosophy, ethnomusicology, sociomusicology, and communication theory offer perspectives on why music is persuasive, emotive, and mnemonic. I present analyses of music HIV/AIDS education efforts from many different regions that employ different methods of music transmission and different musical genres. Some are grassroots interventions, whereas others are large-scale, mass media efforts. I identify a number of high-level themes that emerge from the case studies: music involves the audience, music engages the emotions, music is culturally relevant, music is therapeutic and empowering, and music enhances memory. The case studies highlight a number of specific elements that significantly enhance HIV/AIDS education efforts, elements that should be applied to Canadian efforts. The initiatives that are currently taking place are remarkable, but more efforts are needed to effectively combat the AIDS pandemic. / Arts, Faculty of / Music, School of / Graduate

The thesis presents the concept of emotion regulation in connection with music and its listening. It deals with the theoretical definition of emotions and in the context of emotion regulation supports the process model following the theory of appraisal. For further description we choose reappraisal strategy, with which is also worked in this research study in the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), which analyses 215 responses from 215 respondents by collecting online study data and finding that three variables predict this strategy, namely discharge (VE), entertainment (Z) and revival (R) of the used questionnaire Music in Mood Regulation (MMR). Furthermore, a negative correlation was found in the strategy of suppression with life satisfaction and a positive correlation of reappraisal with life satisfaction. The thesis by its research outcomes supports connection of ER concept together with mood regulation by music.

A presente investigação teve como objetivo geral investigar a comunicação das nuanças da emoção triste em ponteios de Camargo Guarnieri através das relações entre a estrutura musical e recursos expressivos. O delineamento metodológico foi de natureza qualitativa e quantitativa. Para cada Ponteio, foram escolhidos dois termos que traduzissem nuanças dessa emoção. A amostra foi constituída de estudantes de música em nível de extensão (N = 66), graduação e pós-graduação (N = 63) pertencentes aos cursos da UFRGS. A coleta de dados empregou um questionário por escolha forçada, onde os participantes indicaram a emoção percebida. O estímulo foi a performance integral, ao vivo, de cada Ponteio. A abordagem qualitativa envolveu uma entrevista semiestruturada por estimulação de recordação com sete pianistas universitários, visando a reflexão tanto sobre as terminologias escolhidas para cada Ponteio, como sobre as decisões interpretativas. Os resultados demonstraram que o grau de comunicação emocional com base nos termos escolhidos apresentou dispersão em ambas as populações investigadas. O modelo bidimensional de Russell permitiu analisar o registro da performance com polarizações entre valência (timbre, dinâmica) e atividade (andamento, timing, articulação). Levando em conta os recursos estruturais e expressivos concebidos pela intérprete, a incidência dos termos percebidos pelos estudantes universitários e os níveis relativos de atividade e valência, os Ponteios puderam ser classificados em termos relativos de grau de tristeza. / The present research aimed at investigating the relationships between musical structure and expressive resources manipulated in the planning of the interpretation of four Ponteios from Camargo Guarnieri bearing explicit indications of the emotion Sadness, for the communication of this emotion in the performance. The methodological design was quali- and quantitative. The interpretation of the Ponteios 11, 31, 36 and 41 was constructed aiming at communicating the emotion Sadness, based on musical interpretative analysis and the structural and expressive aspects associated to the communication of this emotion, according to the literature. For each Ponteio, two terms that might translate the nuances of this emotion were chosen. Sample was constituted of music students at university extension level (N = 66), as well as music undergraduate and graduate students from UFRGS. Data sampling employed a questionnaire by forced choice. The stimulus was the whole piece live performance. The qualitative approach involved a semi structured stimulated recall interview with seven universitary students, aiming at thinking both on the chosen terms as well as on the interpretative choices. The results have demonstrated that the degree of emotional communication, based on the chosen terms, presented dispersion in both investigated populations. Russell´s bidimensional model allowed us to analyze the performance records with polarization between valence (timbre, dynamics) and activity (tempo, timing, articulation). Taking into account the structural and expressive resources conceived by the performer, the incidence of the terms perceived by the university level students and the relative levels of activity and valence, the Ponteios could be classified in terms of relative degree of Sadness.

A presente investigação teve como objetivo geral investigar a comunicação das nuanças da emoção triste em ponteios de Camargo Guarnieri através das relações entre a estrutura musical e recursos expressivos. O delineamento metodológico foi de natureza qualitativa e quantitativa. Para cada Ponteio, foram escolhidos dois termos que traduzissem nuanças dessa emoção. A amostra foi constituída de estudantes de música em nível de extensão (N = 66), graduação e pós-graduação (N = 63) pertencentes aos cursos da UFRGS. A coleta de dados empregou um questionário por escolha forçada, onde os participantes indicaram a emoção percebida. O estímulo foi a performance integral, ao vivo, de cada Ponteio. A abordagem qualitativa envolveu uma entrevista semiestruturada por estimulação de recordação com sete pianistas universitários, visando a reflexão tanto sobre as terminologias escolhidas para cada Ponteio, como sobre as decisões interpretativas. Os resultados demonstraram que o grau de comunicação emocional com base nos termos escolhidos apresentou dispersão em ambas as populações investigadas. O modelo bidimensional de Russell permitiu analisar o registro da performance com polarizações entre valência (timbre, dinâmica) e atividade (andamento, timing, articulação). Levando em conta os recursos estruturais e expressivos concebidos pela intérprete, a incidência dos termos percebidos pelos estudantes universitários e os níveis relativos de atividade e valência, os Ponteios puderam ser classificados em termos relativos de grau de tristeza. / The present research aimed at investigating the relationships between musical structure and expressive resources manipulated in the planning of the interpretation of four Ponteios from Camargo Guarnieri bearing explicit indications of the emotion Sadness, for the communication of this emotion in the performance. The methodological design was quali- and quantitative. The interpretation of the Ponteios 11, 31, 36 and 41 was constructed aiming at communicating the emotion Sadness, based on musical interpretative analysis and the structural and expressive aspects associated to the communication of this emotion, according to the literature. For each Ponteio, two terms that might translate the nuances of this emotion were chosen. Sample was constituted of music students at university extension level (N = 66), as well as music undergraduate and graduate students from UFRGS. Data sampling employed a questionnaire by forced choice. The stimulus was the whole piece live performance. The qualitative approach involved a semi structured stimulated recall interview with seven universitary students, aiming at thinking both on the chosen terms as well as on the interpretative choices. The results have demonstrated that the degree of emotional communication, based on the chosen terms, presented dispersion in both investigated populations. Russell´s bidimensional model allowed us to analyze the performance records with polarization between valence (timbre, dynamics) and activity (tempo, timing, articulation). Taking into account the structural and expressive resources conceived by the performer, the incidence of the terms perceived by the university level students and the relative levels of activity and valence, the Ponteios could be classified in terms of relative degree of Sadness.

A presente investigação teve como objetivo geral investigar a comunicação das nuanças da emoção triste em ponteios de Camargo Guarnieri através das relações entre a estrutura musical e recursos expressivos. O delineamento metodológico foi de natureza qualitativa e quantitativa. Para cada Ponteio, foram escolhidos dois termos que traduzissem nuanças dessa emoção. A amostra foi constituída de estudantes de música em nível de extensão (N = 66), graduação e pós-graduação (N = 63) pertencentes aos cursos da UFRGS. A coleta de dados empregou um questionário por escolha forçada, onde os participantes indicaram a emoção percebida. O estímulo foi a performance integral, ao vivo, de cada Ponteio. A abordagem qualitativa envolveu uma entrevista semiestruturada por estimulação de recordação com sete pianistas universitários, visando a reflexão tanto sobre as terminologias escolhidas para cada Ponteio, como sobre as decisões interpretativas. Os resultados demonstraram que o grau de comunicação emocional com base nos termos escolhidos apresentou dispersão em ambas as populações investigadas. O modelo bidimensional de Russell permitiu analisar o registro da performance com polarizações entre valência (timbre, dinâmica) e atividade (andamento, timing, articulação). Levando em conta os recursos estruturais e expressivos concebidos pela intérprete, a incidência dos termos percebidos pelos estudantes universitários e os níveis relativos de atividade e valência, os Ponteios puderam ser classificados em termos relativos de grau de tristeza. / The present research aimed at investigating the relationships between musical structure and expressive resources manipulated in the planning of the interpretation of four Ponteios from Camargo Guarnieri bearing explicit indications of the emotion Sadness, for the communication of this emotion in the performance. The methodological design was quali- and quantitative. The interpretation of the Ponteios 11, 31, 36 and 41 was constructed aiming at communicating the emotion Sadness, based on musical interpretative analysis and the structural and expressive aspects associated to the communication of this emotion, according to the literature. For each Ponteio, two terms that might translate the nuances of this emotion were chosen. Sample was constituted of music students at university extension level (N = 66), as well as music undergraduate and graduate students from UFRGS. Data sampling employed a questionnaire by forced choice. The stimulus was the whole piece live performance. The qualitative approach involved a semi structured stimulated recall interview with seven universitary students, aiming at thinking both on the chosen terms as well as on the interpretative choices. The results have demonstrated that the degree of emotional communication, based on the chosen terms, presented dispersion in both investigated populations. Russell´s bidimensional model allowed us to analyze the performance records with polarization between valence (timbre, dynamics) and activity (tempo, timing, articulation). Taking into account the structural and expressive resources conceived by the performer, the incidence of the terms perceived by the university level students and the relative levels of activity and valence, the Ponteios could be classified in terms of relative degree of Sadness.

This is a study where I examine and compare the perceived emotional expression of brass instruments and reed instruments to investigate whether one group have an inherent tendency to better express a certain emotion than the other group. Based on scientifically proven methods, I have composed two musical pieces, where one of them represents the emotion of happiness and the other one represents the emotion of sadness. I have then written 5 arrangements per musical piece, where one of them consists of piano, two consists of solo instruments from each instrument group accompanied by piano, and two consists of a trio from each instrument group. This makes a total of 10 arrangements. These arrangements serve as audio examples in a web survey where I compare the two instrument groups based on how the audience perceive their emotional expression. A total of 36 people participated in the survey. Regarding the emotion of happiness, 71 % of the participants felt that trumpet and piano was the solo instrument version that best expressed happiness while 18 % chose oboe and piano. 44 % chose the brass trio as the happiest version while 36 % felt that the reed trio best expressed happiness. When it came to the emotion of sadness, 19 % of the participants chose trumpet and piano as the saddest solo instrument version, while 72 % felt that oboe and piano sounded the saddest. 25 % chose the brass trio as the saddest version while 67 % chose the reed trio.

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