Botswana, formerly known as the Bechuanaland Protectorate, is a country with diverse tribal and religious cultures. Bakalanga are one of the tribes found in Botswana and also in Westrn Zimbabwe. The Western part of the Zimbabwean Bukalanga region was included in the then Bechuanaland Protectorate when its border with Zimbabwe was fixed. To date, Botswana's traditional music has been passed from generation to generation, entirely orally. The main contribution of this study is collecting, documenting and preserving Bakalanga traditional music-making. After abolishing official usage of the Ikalanga language, at independence in 1966, in the early 1990's the Botswana government re-discovered that a nation without culture is a lost nation. Funds were then set aside to be used annually for the development of culture. In using these funds to revive their culture and traditional music, Bakalanga of North Eastern Botswana declared 21 May to be their annual cultural day. Photographs and video footage of these annual cultural festivals were taken by the researcher to help illustrate certain aspects of Ikalanga music and dance in this thesis. Several factors influencing Ikalanga traditional music were taken into consideration: the historical background of Bakalanga, their relationship with other tribes such as the Amandebele, their education, their language in relation to other languages and the missionary influence. Ikalanga traditional music instruments are described. The Mwali religion, which forms the basis of wosana music, linking Bakalanga of Botswana and those of Zimbabwe through the Njelele sacred place joint annual ceremonies, is discussed at length. Different Ikalanga traditional music types are addressed as follows: • Rain Making/Praying music; Wosana and Mayile • Traditional Music for Happy Occasions and Entertainment; Ndazula, Mukomoto, Woso, Iperu, Tshikitsha, Bhoro and Ncuzu./ Maskhukhu • Traditional Music for Healing Purposes; Mazenge (Shumba), Sangoma and Mantshomane. All the above music types are practised within Bukalanga communities publicly, with the exception of mazenge, which is regarded as sacred and private. Bhoro is also extinct in Zimbabwe. The notation of Ikalanga traditional basic musical themes is provided, except for mazenge and ncuzu. which were not found anywhere during this research. / Thesis (DMus)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Music / unrestricted

Les instruments et objets sonores du monde préhispanique mexicain ne sont pas couramment utilisés dans la création de la musique classique de notre époque. Cette utilisation sonore peut causer certains problèmes qui restent à être résolus pour pouvoir les utiliser de façon intégrale et universelle dans la réalité de la création musicale contemporaine. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de l’introduction des sonorités du Mexique préhispanique dans l'orchestration moderne. Elle consiste en une recherche musicale de création et d’intégration des nouvelles propositions orchestrales dans une perspective contemporaine. Je me suis donc attachée dans ce travail, à analyser les propriétés sonores des dits instruments, ainsi qu’à confronter deux mondes différents dont les sonorités de base sont simples et d’aspect archaïque. Ce travail comporte sept chapitres, incluant l’analyse compositionnelle de quatre de mes œuvres. Il vise à proposer une démarche de création musicale en s’inspirant des éléments simples d’itération (entre autres) qui sont très caractéristiques des sifflets et des autres objets sonores mexicains. En introduisant certains instruments anciens dans un contexte tout à fait différent de leur origine, ces découvertes sonores m’auront permis de transformer mon écriture musicale. Œuvres soumises:  Nahui Ocelotl, pour percussion solo et instruments préhispaniques  El Evangelio de Judas, pour ensemble  Ikal pour trompette maya et percussion  Stáku pour ensemble Mots-clés : orchestration, composition, percussion, instruments préhispaniques, analyse musicale, itération, ingénieur Roberto Velázquez. / The musical instruments and objects of the Mexican pre-Hispanic world are not commonly used in the creation of modern classical music. The use of these sounds may cause some problems, which remain to be solved in order to use them fully and universally in contemporary musical creation. This thesis fits into the introduction of pre-Hispanic Mexican sounds in modern orchestration. It consists of a musical research of creation and integration of new orchestral proposals in a contemporary perspective. So far, my concern has been to analyse the sound properties of these instruments to confront them with two different worlds, whose basic nature is simple and take us to an archaic reality. This work is based on seven chapters, including the compositional analysis of four of my musical creations. It aims to propose an approach to musical creation by drawing simple iteration elements (among others), which are very characteristic of Mexican whistles and other sound objects. This sound discovery allowed me to create, compare and make several corrections in my musical language for assessing the sound phenomena of some ancient instruments by introducing them into a different context to their own origin. List of works submitted:  Nahui Ocelotl, pour percussion solo et instruments préhispaniques  El Evangelio de Judas, pour ensemble  Ikal pour trompette maya et percussion  Stáku pour ensemble Keywords: orchestration, composition, percussion, pre-Hispanic musical instruments, musical analyses, iteration, engineer Roberto Velázquez.

[IT] L’obiettivo principale di questo studio consiste nel verificare se l’insegnamento musicale, e in particolar modo la pratica musicale d’insieme (dalle piccole formazioni a quelle orchestrali), sia in grado di facilitare i processi di inclusione in alcuni contesti sociali e didattici compromessi per differenti cause. Per dare risposta a questa domanda, la ricerca ha rivolto la sua attenzione sull’insegnamento musicale nelle Scuole Secondarie di Primo Grado italiane con studenti di età compresa tra 11 e 14 anni e, in concreto, in una scuola calabrese che, nell’ambito della sua offerta formativa, propone il corso di Strumento Musicale; tale materia offre ad alunne e alunni la possibilità di frequentare lezioni di strumento sia a livello individuale sia d’insieme. Partendo da questo obiettivo di carattere generale, si è ritenuto utile anche verificare se le Scuole Secondarie di Primo Grado ad indirizzo musicale italiane (e in particolar modo la pratica musicale d’insieme ad esse correlata) stiano svolgendo una funzione didattico-sociale che varca non solo i confini di una semplice materia scolastica, ma anche quelli dello stesso istituto, con ricadute positive per tutta la società e il territorio circostante. Nonostante l’indirizzo musicale sia ormai una materia presente in molte delle Scuole Secondarie di Primo Grado italiane, la scelta dello studio in questione è ricaduta su una realtà musicale che negli ultimi dieci anni si è fatta conoscere su tutto il territorio nazionale per il forte impatto sociale che la pratica musicale d’insieme ha avuto per l’intera comunità circostante. La ricerca, infatti, si è svolta nella scuola “G. B. Marzano” di Laureana di Borrello (Calabria-Italia) dove il corso di Strumento Musicale è riuscito, grazie anche a una sinergia di intenzioni e lungimiranza di impegni con l’altra realtà musicale del paese (orchestra “Ragone”), a esercitare una forte influenza di coesione sociale che ha oltrepassato gli stessi limiti dell’istituto scolastico. L’attenzione dello studio si è focalizzata nel seguimento di sei alunni vincolati con il corso di Strumento Musicale per i quali, in fase di selezione del campione, sono emersi elementi o problemi concreti che hanno fatto sospettare rischi di esclusione o possibili vantaggi derivanti dalla partecipazione all’attività musicale. Allo stesso tempo, si è cercato di verificare l’efficacia dell’insegnamento dello Strumento Musicale dal punto di vista prettamente tecnico e il ruolo che lo stesso iii ricopre all’interno del ciclo di studi musicali nei suoi rapporti di propedeuticità con gli altri ordini di scuola. La raccolta dei dati utili per il seguimento dei casi in questione si è basata sulla combinazione della metodologia quantitativa e qualitativa in modo che la duplice prospettiva potesse fornire basi più solide per la conferma delle ipotesi strutturate in partenza. L’analisi dei risultati osservati ha evidenziato il forte impatto che lo Strumento Musicale ha esercitato (e sta esercitando) per l’intera comunità di Laureana, anche grazie al forte legame tra lo stesso e l’orchestra “Ragone” che offre un percorso di continuità e di crescita sia dal punto di vista musicale, che umano e sociale. Le conclusioni lasciano pensare, senza cadere in facili e fallaci generalizzazioni, che lo Strumento Musicale stia esercitando un ruolo sociale che va oltre a quello degli obblighi di una semplice materia scolastica, sia per la capillarità della sua diffusione su tutto il territorio italiano, sia per le possibilità di aggregazione sociale e crescita integrale proprie della stessa disciplina, soprattutto negli aspetti connessi alla pratica musicale d’insieme. / [ES] El objetivo principal de este estudio radica en verificar si la enseñanza musical y en particular medida la práctica musical de conjunto (desde las formaciones más pequeñas hasta las formaciones orquestales), puede facilitar los procesos de inclusión en contextos sociales y didácticos comprometidos por diferentes razones. Con el fin de contestar a esta pregunta, se ha focalizado la atención en la enseñanza de la práctica musical en el nivel de secundaria con estudiantes de edades comprendidas entre 11 y 14 años y, más concretamente, en una escuela secundaria de primer grado de la región de Calabria (Italia) que cuenta, en su oferta formativa, con la asignatura de instrumento musical; dicha asignatura permite al alumnado del centro recibir clases de instrumento musical tanto de forma individual como de conjunto. A partir de este objetivo general, también ha resultado útil verificar si las escuelas italianas con la enseñanza de instrumento musical (y en particular medida la actividad de música de conjunto del mismo curso) están desarrollando un rol didáctico y social que va más allá no sólo de los límites de una simple asignatura sino también de los límites de la misma escuela, con efectos positivos para la sociedad y el territorio que rodea la escuela. Aunque la asignatura de instrumento musical esté ya radicada en muchas escuelas italianas, se ha elegido para este estudio una realidad musical que desde hace diez años se ha dado a conocer a nivel nacional por las evidentes influencias sociales que la práctica musical de conjunto ha habido para toda la comunidad. La investigación se ha llevado a cabo en el instituto "G. B. Marzano" de Laureana de Borrello (Calabria-Italia) en el cual el curso de instrumento musical ha logrado, también gracias a una estrecha colaboración con otra realidad musical del pueblo (orquesta "Ragone"), ejercer fuertes influencias de cohesión social que ha ido más allá de los espacios escolares. El estudio se ha centrado en el seguimiento de seis alumnos del curso de instrumento musical de los cuales, en la fase de selección del muestreo, habían salido a la luz algunos elementos que dejaban sospechar tantos probables riesgos de exclusión como ventajas conectadas con la participación a las actividades musicales. Al mismo tiempo se ha intentado averiguar la eficacia de la enseñanza de instrumento desde el punto de vista estrictamente técnico y el rol que dicha asignatura desarrolla en el ciclo de estudios musicales en sus relaciones propedéuticas con los otros grados. La recogida de datos relativos a los casos objeto de estudio se ha llevado a cabo a través de la combinación de la metodología cuantitativa y cualitativa para que la doble perspectiva pudiera otorgar bases más sólidas a la hora de confirmar las hipótesis iniciales. El análisis de los datos observados ha evidenciado la fuerte influencia que la asignatura de instrumento musical supuso (y está suponiendo) para toda la comunidad del pueblo de Laureana, también gracias a la conexión entre el mismo curso de instrumento y la orquesta "Ragone" que ofrece una posibilidad de continuación y de crecimiento tanto desde el punto de vista musical como humano y social. Las conclusiones dejan suponer, sin caer en simples y falsas generalizaciones, que el instrumento musical esté desarrollando una labor social que va más allá de sus obligaciones de asignatura escolar, debido a su difusión capilar en todo el territorio nacional y a las posibilidades de cohesión social y desarrollo integral propias de la misma asignatura, en particular medida por los aspectos relacionados a la práctica musical de conjunto. / [CA] L'objectiu principal d'aquest estudi radica en verificar si l'ensenyament musical i en particular mesura la pràctica musical de conjunt (des de les formacions més xicotetes fins a les formacions orquestrals), pot facilitar els processos d'inclusió en contextos socials i didàctics compromesos per diferents raons. Amb la finalitat de contestar a aquesta pregunta, s'ha focalitzat l'atenció en l'ensenyament de la pràctica musical en el nivell de secundària amb alumnes d'edats compreses entre 11 i 14 anys i, més concretament, en una escola secundària de primer grau de la regió de Calàbria (Itàlia) que compta, en la seva oferta formativa, amb l'assignatura d'instrument musical; aquesta assignatura permet al alumnat del centre rebre classes d'instrument musical tant de manera individual com de conjunt. A partir d'aquest objectiu general, també ha resultat útil verificar si les escoles italianes amb l'ensenyança d'instrument musical (i en particular mesura l'activitat de música de conjunt del mateix curs) estiguen desenrotllant un rol didàctic i social que va més enllà no sols dels límits d'una simple assignatura sinó també dels límits de la mateixa escola, amb efectes positius per a la societat i el territori que rodeja l'escola. Encara que l'assignatura d'instrument musical estiga ja radicada en moltes escoles italianes, s'ha triat per a este estudi una realitat musical que des de fa deu anys s'ha donat a conéixer a nivell nacional per les evidents influències socials que la pràctica musical de conjunt hi ha hagut per a tota la comunitat. La investigació s'ha dut a terme en l'institut "G. B. Marzano" de Laureana de Borrello (Calabria-Italia) en el qual el curs d'instrument musical ha aconseguit, també gràcies a una estreta col·laboració amb una altra realitat musical del poble (orquestra "Ragone"), a exercir fortes influències de cohesió social que ha anat més enllà dels espais escolars. L'estudi s'ha centrat en el seguiment de sis alumnes del curs d'instrument musical dels quals, en la fase de selecció del mostratge, havien eixit a la llum alguns elements que deixaven sospitar tants probable riscos d'exclusió com a avantatges connectades amb la participació a les activitats musicals. Al mateix temps s'ha intentat esbrinar l'eficàcia de l'ensenyança d'instrument des del punt de vista estrictament tècnic i el rol que la dita assignatura desenrotlla en el cicle d'estudis musicals en les seues relacions propedèutiques amb els altres graus. La recollida de dades relatives als casos objecte d'estudi s'ha dut a terme a través de la combinació de la metodologia quantitativa i qualitativa perquè la doble perspectiva poguera atorgar bases més sòlides a l'hora de confirmar les hipòtesis inicials. L'anàlisi de les dades observats han evidenciat la forta influència que l'assignatura d'instrument musical va suposar (i està suposant) per a tota la comunitat del poble de Laureana, també gràcies a la connexió entre el mateix curs d'instrument i l'orquestra "Ragone" que oferix una possibilitat de continuació i de creixement tant des del punt de vista musical com a humà i social. Les conclusions deixen suposar, sense caure en simples i falses generalitzacions, que l'instrument musical estiga desenrotllant un rol social que va més enllà de les seues obligacions d'assignatura escolar, a causa de la seua difusió capil·lar en tot el territori nacional i a les possibilitats de cohesió social i desenrotllament integral pròpies de la mateixa assignatura, en particular mesura pels aspectes relacionats a la pràctica musical de conjunt. / [EN] The main objective of this study is to verify whether musical teaching and in particular ensemble musical practice (from smaller formations to orchestral formations) can facilitate inclusion processes in social and didactic contexts, which are compromised for different reasons. In order to find answers to this question, the main focus lies on musical practice teaching at the secondary level with students between the ages of 11 and 14 and, more specifically, at a middle school in the region of Calabria (Italy), that includes, in its formative offer, the subject of musical instrument; this subject allows students of the center to receive musical instrument classes both individually and in groups. Based on this general objective, it has also been useful to check whether Italian schools offering musical instruments teaching (and in particular the activity of ensemble music in the same academic course) are developing a didactic and social role, that goes beyond not only the limits of a simple subject but also the limits of the same school, with positive effects on society and the communities surrounding the school. Although the subject of musical instrument is already rooted in many Italian schools, for this study a specific musical reality has been chosen, which in these last ten years has come to be known nationwide because of the obvious social influences that the ensemble musical practice has had for the whole community. The research has been carried out at the High School "G.B. Marzano" in Laureana de Borrello (Calabria-Italy) in which the class of musical instrument has achieved, partly due to a close collaboration with another musical reality of the town (the "Orchestra Ragone"), to exert a strong influence of social cohesion that has gone beyond the school areas. The study focused on the follow-up of six students of the musical instrument class. Regarding a number of these students some elements had come to light during the sampling selection phase that hinted to likely risks of exclusion as well as to advantages to be gained from the participation in musical activities. At the same time an attempt has been made to evaluate and measure the effectiveness of instrument teaching from a strictly technical point of view, and also the role that this school subject plays in the cycle of musical studies in its propedeutic relationships with the other degrees. The collection of data relating to the cases under study has been carried out through the combination of quantitative and qualitative methodology so that the dual perspective could provide stronger foundations when confirming the initial hypotheses. The analysis of the studied data has shown the strong influence and meaning that the entire community of the people of Laureana attaches to the subject of musical instrument, also thanks to the connection between the same instrument class and the "Orchestra Ragone", that offers a possibility of continuation and growth both from a musical and a human and social point of view. The conclusions suggest, without falling into simple and false generalizations, that the musical instrument teaching is developing a social role that goes beyond its obligations as a school subject. This is so, because of its capillary dissemination throughout the whole of the country and the possibilities of social cohesion and integral development it offers, typical of the same subject, in particular of the specifics related to ensemble musical practice. / Mannis, F. (2022). La música como herramienta inclusiva: el conjunto musical en la Escuela de Laurena di Borrello [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/186009 / TESIS

Includes bibliographical references / Pages not numbered / Music has formed a part of human life as far back as demonstrable. Music existed long before musical instruments made their appearance. The examination of textual evidence read in conjunction with the available archaeologic evidence from the time and area clearly demonstrates which musical instruments were available and the instances they were used at. It clearly points to the lyre as the primary proponent of the musical culture of the time with regards to melodic music. This is confirmed from what we learn from the ancient tuning tablets. There thus is a direct demonstrable connection between the instrument and the theory of the time. Work done on the musical elements of the cantillation marks of the Hebrew Bible comfortably fits into this framework and appears to be a direct influence on the manner in which the Psalms were sung and composed. A combination of literary, archaeological and musical sources can thus be used within a literary and historical approach to demonstrate the availability of musical instruments in AIP, the manner in which tonality was recorded and its influence on the development of the Psalms. / Old Testament and Ancient Near Eastern Studies / M.A. (Biblical Archaeology)

As pesquisas históricas sobre as violas brasileiras foram delimitadas pelas referências textuais e iconográficas ao instrumento musical e à sua utilização na produção musical, particularmente da segunda metade do século XVIII ao início do XIX, com pequena citação de César das Neves em s eu Cancioneiro de Músicas Populares, cujo primeiro volume é datado de 1893. Usualmente confundida com alaúdes, cistros e violões, a literatura histórica deixa lacunas sobre a descrição do instrumento. Fato é que, não raro, os violeiros brasileiros de hoje ignoram se tratar de uma guitarra barroca. A primeira parte desta pesquisa investiga, através de fontes primárias e secundárias, a utilização da viola no Brasil desde os tempos de Anchieta, consagrando-se como o instrumento de cordas dedilhadas mais antigo ainda em uso na produção cultural do país, bem como sua classificação como instrumento da família das guitarras; trata da construção simbólica de uma viola rural, com forte ênfase no preconceito àqueles que a tocam e da sua ascensão e declínio a partir das investidas de Cornélio Pires na indústria fonográfica. Analisada através dos códigos da escrita em Tablaturas e Alfabeto Musical, a Musicologia Histórica é utilizada como ferramenta para pesquisar a linguagem elitista do instrumento à época colonial e, ao mesmo tempo, popular no Reino de Portugal, visto que não há qualquer documentação musical brasileira que legitime sua utilização no Brasil daquele período. Com base nas publicações portuguesas da produção musical brasileira, é possível reconstituir modinhas e lundus nesse instrumento, como relatado por inúmeros viajantes, a partir de um mapeamento dos recursos idiomáticos utilizados na Europa Ocidental e, particularmente, em Portugal, expondo a riqueza de linguagem, enquanto instrumento das elites, e seu empobrecimento, a partir do vínculo com o universo rural, que marcou até mesmo sua denominação mais popular utilizada atualmente na mídia em geral viola caipira ou sertaneja. / The historical researches on the Brazilian violas were limited by textual and iconographical references to the musical instrument and its musical production, particularly from the second half of the 17th century to the beginnings of the 18th, except from a small reference found in Cancioneiro de Músicas Populares by Cesar das Neves, published first in 1893. Usually confused with lutes, citterns e classical guitars, the historical Brazilian literature shows gaps on the description of the musical instrument. In fact, the violeiros (Brazilian baroque guitarists) often do not acknowledge the instrument as abaroque guitar. The first part of the present work seeks the musical production on the viola in Brazil since Pe. Anchieta arrival, through primary and secondary sources, being considered the earliest plucked string instrument brought to Brazil which remains in use until now, as well as its classification in the plucked stringed instrument families; also, treats its history from the symbolic view of a peasants instrument, emphasizing the prejudice to its performers, as well as its ascension and decline after Cornelio Pires investment son the record industry. The Historical Musicology analyzed from the specific notation in Tablatures and Alfabeto Musical, is here used as a tool to investigate the language from the artistic music written for this kind of guitar during the Portuguese colonization, and in the same time, its popular production in Portugal, since there is no musical manuscripts from Brazil to demonstrate its use here in that period. Based on Portuguese editions of Brazilian music, its possible to recreate modinhas and lundus on the violas, as told by several travelers who described details of our culture, showing the richness of the artistic language, when used as a musical instrument of the dominant classes, and its decline to a poor language, while getting the vinculum to the peasant working classes, marking its most popular denomination on the general medias - viola caipira or sertaneja.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FERNANDA TRESINARI BERTINATO MOSCHELLA.pdf: 13603971 bytes, checksum: d54c7aac006fadb9c759a81ebb52ca0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of this work is to study the characteristics of the Psalm music made by the levites, the ones responsable for the celebration of the cult at the Second Jerusalem Temple; to show which musical instruments they used, their characteristics and origins; and also the musical notation developed in that community and its music function / Este trabalho tem como objetivo mostrar como a música dos salmos era realizada pelos levitas, responsáveis pela celebração do culto no Segundo Templo de Jerusalém; mostrar quais eram os instrumentos musicais utilizados por eles, bem como suas características e origens; a escrita musical desenvolvida e a função que a música exercia naquela comunidade

As pesquisas históricas sobre as violas brasileiras foram delimitadas pelas referências textuais e iconográficas ao instrumento musical e à sua utilização na produção musical, particularmente da segunda metade do século XVIII ao início do XIX, com pequena citação de César das Neves em s eu Cancioneiro de Músicas Populares, cujo primeiro volume é datado de 1893. Usualmente confundida com alaúdes, cistros e violões, a literatura histórica deixa lacunas sobre a descrição do instrumento. Fato é que, não raro, os violeiros brasileiros de hoje ignoram se tratar de uma guitarra barroca. A primeira parte desta pesquisa investiga, através de fontes primárias e secundárias, a utilização da viola no Brasil desde os tempos de Anchieta, consagrando-se como o instrumento de cordas dedilhadas mais antigo ainda em uso na produção cultural do país, bem como sua classificação como instrumento da família das guitarras; trata da construção simbólica de uma viola rural, com forte ênfase no preconceito àqueles que a tocam e da sua ascensão e declínio a partir das investidas de Cornélio Pires na indústria fonográfica. Analisada através dos códigos da escrita em Tablaturas e Alfabeto Musical, a Musicologia Histórica é utilizada como ferramenta para pesquisar a linguagem elitista do instrumento à época colonial e, ao mesmo tempo, popular no Reino de Portugal, visto que não há qualquer documentação musical brasileira que legitime sua utilização no Brasil daquele período. Com base nas publicações portuguesas da produção musical brasileira, é possível reconstituir modinhas e lundus nesse instrumento, como relatado por inúmeros viajantes, a partir de um mapeamento dos recursos idiomáticos utilizados na Europa Ocidental e, particularmente, em Portugal, expondo a riqueza de linguagem, enquanto instrumento das elites, e seu empobrecimento, a partir do vínculo com o universo rural, que marcou até mesmo sua denominação mais popular utilizada atualmente na mídia em geral viola caipira ou sertaneja. / The historical researches on the Brazilian violas were limited by textual and iconographical references to the musical instrument and its musical production, particularly from the second half of the 17th century to the beginnings of the 18th, except from a small reference found in Cancioneiro de Músicas Populares by Cesar das Neves, published first in 1893. Usually confused with lutes, citterns e classical guitars, the historical Brazilian literature shows gaps on the description of the musical instrument. In fact, the violeiros (Brazilian baroque guitarists) often do not acknowledge the instrument as abaroque guitar. The first part of the present work seeks the musical production on the viola in Brazil since Pe. Anchieta arrival, through primary and secondary sources, being considered the earliest plucked string instrument brought to Brazil which remains in use until now, as well as its classification in the plucked stringed instrument families; also, treats its history from the symbolic view of a peasants instrument, emphasizing the prejudice to its performers, as well as its ascension and decline after Cornelio Pires investment son the record industry. The Historical Musicology analyzed from the specific notation in Tablatures and Alfabeto Musical, is here used as a tool to investigate the language from the artistic music written for this kind of guitar during the Portuguese colonization, and in the same time, its popular production in Portugal, since there is no musical manuscripts from Brazil to demonstrate its use here in that period. Based on Portuguese editions of Brazilian music, its possible to recreate modinhas and lundus on the violas, as told by several travelers who described details of our culture, showing the richness of the artistic language, when used as a musical instrument of the dominant classes, and its decline to a poor language, while getting the vinculum to the peasant working classes, marking its most popular denomination on the general medias - viola caipira or sertaneja.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English. / Hierdie studie fokus op ‘n interpretasie van die Beni Hasanmuurskildery en meegaande inskripsie wat in Graf BH3 in Egipte ontdek is. Die skildery dateer uit ongeveer 1892 v.C. en kom voor in die graftombe van die provinsiale goewerneur van die Oryxprovinsie – Khnum-hotep II. Met die muurskildery en inskripsie deur die koninklike hofskrywer Neferhotep as vertrekpunt en teoretiese raamwerk, word daar ‘n kwalitatiewe ondersoek gedoen na die herkoms, identiteit en rol van die handelaars en ander items, veral oogverf, wat in die skildery uitgebeeld word. Benewens die interpretasie van die Beni Hasanmuurskildery, steun die studie ook op beskikbare inligting in eietydse teologiese- en argeologiese publikasies. Deur ‘n multi-dissiplinêre benadering te volg, word daar gepoog om meer inligting te bekom oor die geografiese ligging en argitektuur van Graf BH3, die belangrikheid van graf-outobiografie, die identiteit van die handelaars en die doel van hulle besoek. Dit blyk dat die muurskildery ‘n belangrike gebeurtenis in Egipte en die Semitiese wêreld van die pre-monargale tydperk uitbeeld, en meer spesifiek die tyd en konteks waarin verhale van die sogenaamde ‘aartsvaders’, soos hulle in die Hebreeuse Bybel beskryf word, afgespeel het. Aangesien daar ‘n gebrek aan argeologiese en geskrewe (Bybelse en buite-Bybelse) bronne oor die proto-Israelitiese samelewing bestaan, hoop die studie om ‘n bydrae te lewer tot navorsing oor die tydperk, en veral die verhouding tussen die Semiete en Egiptenare. Spesiale aandag word gegee aan die uiterlike voorkoms van die handelaars en goewerneur, en aan die aard en funksie van elke gebruiksartikel wat in die skildery uitgebeeld word, soos die kleredrag, donkies, wapens en musiek-instrumente. Omdat daar in die inskripsie spesifiek melding gemaak word van oogverf, word die belangrikheid van oogverf ten opsigte van magies-religieuse, kultiese, mediese, begrafnis-, ekonomiese (handels-) en kosmetiese gebruike, asook die vervaardiging en samestelling daarvan, breedvoerig ondersoek / This study focuses on an interpretation of the Beni Hasan mural and accompanying inscription discovered in Tomb BH3 in Egypt. The painting dates back to about 1892 BC and is found in the tomb of the provincial governor of the Oryx province - Khnum-hotep II. With the mural and inscription by the royal court writer Neferhotep as point of departure and theoretical framework, a qualitative inquiry is made into the provenance, identity and role of the merchants and other items, especially eye painting, depicted in the painting. In addition to interpreting the Beni Hasan mural, the study also relies on available information in contemporary theological and archaeological publications. By following a multi-disciplinary approach, an attempt is made to obtain more information about the geographical location and architecture of Tomb BH3, the importance of tomb autobiography, the identity of the merchants and the purpose of their visit. It appears that the mural depicts an important event in Egypt and the Semitic world of the pre-monarchic period, and more specifically the time and context in which stories of the so-called 'patriarchs', as described in the Hebrew Bible, played. As there is a lack of archaeological and written (biblical and extra-biblical) sources on proto-Israelite society, the study hopes to contribute to research on the period, and especially the relationship between the Semites and Egyptians. Special attention is paid to the external appearance of the merchants and the governor, and to the nature and function of each commodity depicted in the painting, such as the dress, donkeys, weapons and musical instruments. Because the inscription specifically mentions eye makeup, the importance of eye makeup with regard to magical-religious, cultural, medical, economic (trade) and cosmetic uses, as well as the manufacture and composition thereof, is extensively investigated. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / D. Th. (Godsdienswetenskap)