Thesis--Wisconsin. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 164-169).

Ce mémoire est consacré à la vitrification à l’état solide du glucose par broyage mécanique et à la maîtrise de sa mutarotation. L’ensemble de ces résultats a été obtenu par DRX, DSC, ATG et Raman. Nos résultats montrent que les anomères a et ß du glucose cristallin s’amorphisent sous broyage à haute énergie. Cette voie d’amorphisation conduit à des états amorphes anomériquement purs extrêmement originaux qui ne peuvent être obtenus par les procédés classiques d’amorphisation (trempe du liquide…). Nous avons exploité cette opportunité unique pour : 1. Montrer que l’amorphisation par broyage mécanique s’opère directement à l’état solide au travers de mécanismes qui diffèrent fondamentalement de ceux impliqués lors de la trempe thermique classique du liquide. 2. Former de véritables alliages moléculaires amorphes homogènes a-glucose / ß-glucose en toute proportion par co-broyage. La possibilité de contrôler la concentration anomérique a permis d’étudier, pour la première fois, le diagramme de phases d’un mélange binaire anomérique. 3. Etudier de manière originale les cinétiques de mutarotation directement à l’état solide. Cette étude a révélé l’existence d’un couplage inattendu entre le mécanisme de mutarotation (processus local) et les relaxations structurales lentes au voisinage de Tg (processus coopératif). De plus, l’évolution microstructurale du glucose sous broyage montre que l’amorphisation résulte de deux mécanismes : une amorphisation en surface des cristallites induite par les chocs violents lors du broyage et une amorphisation spontanée des cristallites lorsque leur taille devient inférieure à une taille critique / This thesis deals with the solid state vitrification of glucose by mechanical milling and the control of its mutarotation. All the results have been obtained by XRD, DSC, TGA and Raman experiments. Our results show that crystalline a and ß glucose can be amorphized upon high energy ball milling. This route to the glassy state leads to remarkable anomerically pure amorphous states which cannot be obtained by the usual amorphisation processes (thermal quench…). We use this unique opportunity: 1. To show that the amorphisation upon milling occurs directly in the solid state through mechanisms which are fundamentally different from those implied in the quench of the liquid. 2. To form amorphous molecular alloys a-glucose / ß-glucose by co-milling on the whole concentration range. Furthermore, the control of the anomeric concentration gives the possibility to study, for the first time, the phase diagram of an anomeric binary mixture. 3. To study, from original way, the kinetics of mutarotation directly in the solid state. This study revealed the existence of an unexpected coupling between the mechanism of mutarotation (local process), and, the slow structural relaxation around Tg (cooperative process). Moreover, the microstructural evolution of glucose upon milling shows that amorphisation results from two mechanisms: an amorphisation on the crystallite surface area induced by violent shocks during milling and a spontaneous amorphisation of crystallites when their size becomes smaller than a critical size.

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy are combined to trace kinetics of mutarotation in L-fucose. After quenching molten samples down to temperatures between T=313 K and 328 K, the concentrations of two anomeric species change according to a simple exponential time dependence, as seen by an increase in absorbance of specific IR-vibrations. In contrast, the dielectric spectra reveal a slowing down of the structural (α-) relaxation process according to a stretched exponential time dependence (stretching exponent of 1.5 ± 0.2). The rates of change in the IR absorption for α- and β-fucopyranose are (at T = 313 K) nearly one decade faster than that of the intermolecular interactions as measured by the shift of the α-relaxation. This reflects the fact that the α-relaxation monitors the equilibration at a mesoscopic length scale, resulting from fluctuations in the anomeric composition.

Our investigation was focused on a secondary protein structure called polyproline I. This helical structure has been known for a long time, but its occurrence and significance in nature is not yet fully known. In this thesis, we use Raman spectroscopy and chiral sensitive Raman optical activity. These methods are sensitive to the structure of proteins but are more informative and sensitive to the local arrangement than the commonly used ECD and UV absorption. We were able to obtain polyproline I Raman and ROA spectra that have not yet been published. We have described important differences between the spectra of polyproline I and II and observed the process of mutarotation. The experimental part of the work is supplemented by quantum chemistry calculations of spectra using the transfer of molecular property tensor. The calculated spectra corresponded very well with the experimental spectra.

This thesis deals with the design, formation and evaluation of dynamic systems constructed by means of sulfur-containing reversible reactions, in organic and aqueous media and under mild conditions. In a first part, the synthesis of thioglycoside derivatives, constituting the biologically relevant starting components of the dynamic systems, is described. In addition, the pD-profile of the mutarotation process in aqueous media for a series of 1-thioaldoses is reported and revealed an astonishing beta-anomeric preference for all the carbohydrate analogs under acidic or neutral conditions. In a second part, the phosphine-catalyzed or -mediated disulfide metathesis for dynamic system generation in organic or aqueous media is presented, respectively. The direct in situ 1H STD-NMR resolution of a dynamic carbohydrate system in the presence of a target protein (Concanavalin A) proved the suitability and compatibility of such disulfide metathesis protocols for the discovery of biologically relevant ligands. In a third part, hemithioacetal formation is demonstrated as a new and efficient reversible reaction for the spontaneous generation of a dynamic system, despite a virtual character of the component associations in basic aqueous media. The direct in situ 1H STD-NMR identification of the best dynamic beta-galactosidase inhibitors from the dynamic HTA system was performed and the results were confirmed by inhibition studies. Thus, the HTA product formed from the reaction between 1-thiogalactopyranose and a pyridine carboxaldehyde derivative provided the best dynamic inhibitor. In a fourth and final part, a dynamic drug design strategy, where the best inhibitors from the aforementioned dynamic HTA system were used as model for the design of non-dynamic (or “static”) beta-galactosidase inhibitors, is depicted. Inhibition studies disclosed potent leads among the set of ligands. / QC 20100621

This thesis mainly deals with the development of photochemical approaches to immobilize carbohydrates on surfaces for glycobiological studies. These approaches have been incorporated into a number of state-of-the-art nanobio-platforms, including carbohydrate microarrays, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and glyconanomaterials. All the surfaces have displayed good binding capabilities and selectivities after functionalization with carbohydrates, and a range of important data have been obtained concerning surface characteristics and carbohydrate-protein interactions, based on the platforms established. Besides, a variety of non-carbohydrate and carbohydrate-based molecules have been synthesized, during which process the mutarotation of 1-glycosyl thiols and the stereocontrol in 1-S-glycosylation reactions have been thoroughly studied. / QC 20111004

Ce mémoire est consacré à la mécanosynthèse d'alliages moléculaires par cobroyage. Les composés étudiés sont des composés utilisés comme excipients dans l'industrie pharmaceutique. Il s'agit plus particulièrement du lactose, du tréhalose et du mannitol. Nos investigations ont montré la possibilité d'obtenir, sur une certaine gamme de concentrations, des solutions solides vitreuses homogènes tréhalose/mannitol et lactose/mannitol par cobroyage des poudres cristallines correspondantes. Elles ont aussi permis de montrer de manière originale l'influence de la position relative de la température de broyage par rapport à la température de transition vitreuse (Tg) sur la nature des états obtenus par broyage en faisant varier la zone de Tg des alliages par changement de composition chimique. Les transformations sous broyage des composés purs ont également été étudiées en détail. Le broyage du lactose et du tréhalose en dessous de Tg est à l'origine d'une transformation directe cristal -> verre à l'état solide. Par contre, le broyage des formes cristallines d et ß? du mannitol au dessus de Tg engendre une transformation polymorphique vers la forme cristalline a de stabilité intermédiaire montrant, de ce fait, le caractère stationnaire des états atteints au cours de ce type de transformations. De plus, nos investigations ont permis de déterminer un certain nombre de propriétés spécifiques de ces systèmes inaccessibles à partir des liquides purs et des mélanges liquides. La mutarotation du lactose a pu être caractérisée en détail. Les diagrammes de phases des mélanges lactose/mannitol et tréhalose/mannitol ont pu être établis. L'ensemble de ces résultats a été obtenu par DRX, RMN, DSC et ATG.