"Uniaxial Cyclic Stretch-Stimulated Glucose Transport Is Mediated by a Ca2+-Dependent Mechanism in Cultured Skeletal Muscle Cells" Pathobiology, v.74, n.3, pp.159-168を、博士論文として提出したもの。 / 名古屋大学博士学位論文 学位の種類:博士（リハビリテーション療法学）（課程）学位授与年月日:平成19年3月23日

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21372号 / 工博第4531号 / 新制||工||1706(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科合成・生物化学専攻 / (主査)教授 梅田 眞郷, 教授 浜地 格, 教授 秋吉 一成 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

Skeletal muscle fibers develop from mono-nucleated myoblasts that fuse to form multinucleated myotubes. In embryonic growth, this process occurs concurrently with the formation of the early cartilaginous skeleton and innervation by migrating nerve cells. The goal of my research was to explore co-culture conditions that encourage proliferation, differentiation and maturation of myoblasts to myotubes. A variety of co-culture experiments tested the influence of three basic tissues types (murine neural, cartilage and kidney primary cells) on the formation of myotubes in the C2C12 myoblast cell line. Three plating strategies were used: 1) C2C12 myoblasts were plated first, grown for two days before the addition of a second cell type; 2) both cell types were mixed and plated simultaneously; and 3) C2C12 myoblasts were added to a pre-established, 10 day old neural, cartilage or kidney cell culture. In addition, a parallel set of experiments were treated with all-trans retinoic acid, a potent myogenic activator and embryonic patterning signaling molecule. Myotube formation was consistently highest in C2C12 and cartilage co-cultures across all three plating strategies with a 277% increase in myotube area compared to controls. These effects were further enhanced when grown in 1 µg/mL all-trans retinoic acid. Co-cultures with neural or kidney cells consistently exhibited fewer myotubes when compared to C2C12 controls. It is postulated that the enhanced muscle growth in cartilage co-cultures was due to a chondrocyte-secreted extracellular matrix that facilitated myotube attachment to the substratum. / Graduate

Au cours de la myogenèse post-natale, la voie de signalisation de Notch participe au développement et à la régénération du muscle squelettique chez les mammifères. Elle permet le maintien de l'état prolifératif des myoblastes, contrôle la quiescence des cellules satellites in vivo et préserve une sous-population de cellules de réserve indifférenciées in vitro. L' activation de la voie et l'interaction du récepteur Notch avec ses ligands est dépendante de leur entité glucidique, notamment de leurs O-fucosylglycannes. La synthèse de ces derniers est initiée par la protéine O-fucosyltransférase 1 (Pofut1) qui greffe un O-fucose sur des domaines peptidiques particuliers appelés EGF-like. Bien que les acteurs moléculaires de la différenciation myogénique aient été largement étudiés par la communauté scientifique, la contribution de la glycosylation des protéines dans ce processus reste peu documentée. Une approche expérimentale in vitro basée sur l'utilisation de la lignée myoblastique murine C2C12 nous a permis d'identifier une expression importante de Pofut1 dans les cellules de réserve tandis qu' elle est restreinte dans les myotubes durant la différenciation myogénique. Plusieurs lignées de cellules C2C12 ont été générées pour qu' elles expriment de manière stable et différentielle Pofut1. Elles permettent ainsi d' évaluer l' importance du niveau d' expression de Pofut1 sur la différenciation myogénique.La sous-expression de Pofut1 réduit l' activation de la voie de signalisation de Notch conduisant à une entrée précoce des myoblastes dans le programme myogénique. Ceci a pour conséquence la dépletion des cellules de réserve Pax7+/MyoD- au profit d' une augmentation du nombre de myotubes. Des études morphométriques ont révélé un défaut d' accrétion nucléaire dans les myotubes sous-exprimant Pofut1, caractéristique d' une altération de la fusion secondaire. Ces observations sont accompagnées d' une diminution significative de l' expression du récepteur à l' interleukine 4 dans les cellules de reserve sous-exprimant Pofut1. Les lignées cellulaires ré-exprimant Pofut1 présentent une activation de la voie de signalisation de Notch et un processus de fusion myoblastique correctement restaurés.Ces travaux de thèse ont mis en exergue pour la première fois le rôle essentiel de Pofut1 dans le devenir cellulaire et la fusion des myoblastes au cours de la différenciation myogénique. / During post-natal myogenesis, Notch signaling pathway is involved in the development and regeneration of skeletal muscle in mammals. It maintains progenitor cell properties during the development of the myogenic lineage and controls the transition of satellite cells from a quiescent to an active state and preserves a subpopulation of reserve cells, in cell culture, in an undifferentiated state. The interaction between Notch and its ligands and the activation of this signaling is mainly controlled by the activity of protein O-fucosyltranferase 1 (Pofut1) and thus by the O-fucosylation state of the EGF-like repeats.Although the molecular players in myogenic differentiation have been extensively studied by the scientific community, the contribution of glycosylated proteins in this process remains poorly documented. An experimental in vitro study based on the C2C12 mouse myoblast cell line allowed us to identify a high expression of Pofut1 in reserve cells while a low expression was found in myotubes during myogenic differentiation. Several C2C12 cell lines were generated to express Pofut1 at different levels. They were used to evaluate the contribution of Pofut1 expression to the myogenic differentiation.The knockdown of Pofut1 repressed Notch signaling pathway activation leading to an earlier entrance of myoblasts in myogenic program. This resulted in the depletion of reserve cells Pax7+/MyoD- and an increase in the number of myotubes. Morphometric analysis revealed a nuclear accretion defect in Pofut1 knockdown myotubes. A significant decrease in the expression of the interleukin-4 receptor in Pofut1 knockdown reserve cells was also observed. Cell lines re-expressing correctly Pofut1 restored Notch signaling pathway and subsequently myoblast fusion process.This thesis work highlights, for the first time, the crucial role of Pofut1 in the cell fate decision and the fusion of myoblasts during myogenic differentiation.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a influência da melatonina sobre a atividade de colinoceptores nicotínicos em miotubos de rato em cultura e determinar seu mecanismo de ação. Neste modelo verificamos que a melatonina reduz a densidade de sítios de ligação para ?-bungarotoxina e também a produção de AMP cíclico induzida por forscolina, adenosina e CGRP, mas não por isoprenalina. Estes efeitos foram mimetizados por N-acetilserotonina e 4-P-PDOT, mas não por 2-Iodo-melatonina e 5-MCA-NAT, e foram bloqueados por luzindol. A redução da produção de AMP cíclico não foi inibida por toxina pertussis. O calmidazolium bloqueia tanto a redução da densidade dos colinoceptores nicotínicos quanto a inibição da produção de AMP cíclico. Avaliando a via da guanilil ciclase determinamos que melatonina e calmidazolium inibem a produção de GMP cíclico induzida por KCl. Podemos concluir que a melatonina não está atuando via receptores de membrana, mas provavelmente, está atuando internamente bloqueando a enzima calmodulina. / The objective of this study was characterize the influence of melatonin on the nicotinic-colinoceptors activity in myotube culture from rats and seeks its action mechanism. In this model we demonstrated that melatonin decreases the binding-sites density to ?-bungarotoxin and cyclic AMP synthesis induced by forskolin, adenosine and CGRP, but not by isoprenaline. These effects were mimetized by N-acetylserotonin and 4-P-PDOT, but not by 2-iodomelatonin and 5-MCA-NAT and were blocked by luzindol. Reduction of the cyclic AMP synthesis was not inhibited by pertussis toxin. Calmidazolium blocked both the reduction of nicotinic colinoceptors density and the inhibition of AMP cyclic synthesis. After evaluate the guanylyl cyclase via, we determined that melatonin and calmidazolium inhibit the cyclic GMP synthesis induced by KCl. Then we concluded that melatonin does not act via membrane receptors, but probably, acts blocking the calmodulin enzyme.

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a influência da melatonina sobre a atividade de colinoceptores nicotínicos em miotubos de rato em cultura e determinar seu mecanismo de ação. Neste modelo verificamos que a melatonina reduz a densidade de sítios de ligação para ?-bungarotoxina e também a produção de AMP cíclico induzida por forscolina, adenosina e CGRP, mas não por isoprenalina. Estes efeitos foram mimetizados por N-acetilserotonina e 4-P-PDOT, mas não por 2-Iodo-melatonina e 5-MCA-NAT, e foram bloqueados por luzindol. A redução da produção de AMP cíclico não foi inibida por toxina pertussis. O calmidazolium bloqueia tanto a redução da densidade dos colinoceptores nicotínicos quanto a inibição da produção de AMP cíclico. Avaliando a via da guanilil ciclase determinamos que melatonina e calmidazolium inibem a produção de GMP cíclico induzida por KCl. Podemos concluir que a melatonina não está atuando via receptores de membrana, mas provavelmente, está atuando internamente bloqueando a enzima calmodulina. / The objective of this study was characterize the influence of melatonin on the nicotinic-colinoceptors activity in myotube culture from rats and seeks its action mechanism. In this model we demonstrated that melatonin decreases the binding-sites density to ?-bungarotoxin and cyclic AMP synthesis induced by forskolin, adenosine and CGRP, but not by isoprenaline. These effects were mimetized by N-acetylserotonin and 4-P-PDOT, but not by 2-iodomelatonin and 5-MCA-NAT and were blocked by luzindol. Reduction of the cyclic AMP synthesis was not inhibited by pertussis toxin. Calmidazolium blocked both the reduction of nicotinic colinoceptors density and the inhibition of AMP cyclic synthesis. After evaluate the guanylyl cyclase via, we determined that melatonin and calmidazolium inhibit the cyclic GMP synthesis induced by KCl. Then we concluded that melatonin does not act via membrane receptors, but probably, acts blocking the calmodulin enzyme.