In numerous Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as in Archaea SL proteins form the outermost layer of the cell envelope. SL (glyco)monomers self-assemble with oblique (p2), tetragonal (p4), or hexagonal (p3, p6) symmetries [12]. SL subunits interact with each other and with the underlying cell surface by relatively weak non-covalent forces such as hydrogen-bonds, ionic bonds, salt-bridges or hydrophobic interactions. This makes them easy to isolate by applying chaotropic agents like urea and guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl), chelating chemicals, or by changing the pH of the environment [10]. Upon dialysis in an ambient buffer monomers recrystallize into regular arrays that possess the forms of flat sheets, open ended cylinders, or spheres on solid substrates, at air-water intefaces and on lipid films, making them appealing for nanobiotechnological applications [3, 18]. The aim of this study was to investigate the structure, thermal stability, in vivo self-assembly process, recrystallization and metallization of three different recombinant SL proteins (SslA-eGFP, mSbsC-eGFP and S13240-eGFP) expressed in yeast S. cerevisiae BY4741 which could be further used in nanobiotechnological applications. In order to fulfill this aim, I investigated the in vivo expression of SL proteins (SslA, SbsC, S13240) tagged with eGFP (SL-eGFP) in the yeast S. cerevisiae BY4141. First, I characterized the heterologous expression of SL fusion constructs with growth and fluorescence measurements combined with Western blot analyses. Fluorescence microscopy investigations of overnight grown cultures showed that SslA-eGFP fusion protein was expressed as fluorescent patches, mSbsC-eGFP as tubular networks, and S13240-eGFP as hollow-like fibrillar network structures, while eGFP did not show any distinct structure Thermal stability of in vivo expressed SL-eGFP fusion proteins were investigated by fluorescence microscopy and immunodetection. In vivo self-assembly kinetics during mitosis and meiosis was the second main issue. In parallel, association of in vivo mSbsC-eGFP structures with the cellular components was of interest. A network of tubular structures in the cytosol of the transformed yeast cells that did not colocalize with microtubules or the actin cytoskeleton was observed. Time-resolved analysis of the formation of these structures during vegetative growth and sporulation was investigated by live fluorescence microscopy. While in meiosis ascospores seemed to receive assembled structures from the diploid cells, during mitosis surface layer structures were formed de novo in the buds. Surface layer assembly always started with the appearance of a dot-like structure in the cytoplasm, suggesting a single nucleation point. In order to get these in vivo SL assemblies stably outside the cells (in situ), cell distruption experiments were conducted. The tubular structures formed by the protein in vivo were retained upon bursting the cells by osmotic shock; however their average length was decreased. During dialysis, monomers obtained by treatment with chaotropic agents recrystallized again to form tube-like structures. This process was strictly dependent on calcium ions, with an optimal concentration of 10 mM. Further increase of the Ca2+ concentration resulted in multiple non-productive nucleation points. It was further shown that the lengths of the S-layer assemblies increased with time and could be controlled by pH. After 48 hours the average length at pH 9.0 was 4.13 µm compared to 2.69 µm at pH 5.5. Successful chemical deposition of platinum indicates the potential of recrystallized mSbsC-eGFP structures for nanobiotechnological applications. For example, such metalized protein nanotubes could be used in conductive nanocircuit technologies as nanowires.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-26T19:38:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 POLYANA TARCIANA ARAÚJO DOS SANTOS – TESE (UAEMa) 2015.pdf: 2974694 bytes, checksum: 08e52baa2c42ce5e7b0e35cbf00934bd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-26T19:38:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 POLYANA TARCIANA ARAÚJO DOS SANTOS – TESE (UAEMa) 2015.pdf: 2974694 bytes, checksum: 08e52baa2c42ce5e7b0e35cbf00934bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-29 / CNPq / Neste trabalho de pesquisa foi obtido um material híbrido a base de nanoferritas Ni0,5Zn0,5Fe2O4 e CoFe2O4 modificada a superfície com agente silano e funcionalizadas com quitosana visando seu uso como biossensores. Para este fim, as nanoferritas foram sintetizadas por reação de combustão e silanizadas com o 3-aminopropiltrimetoxissilano. A funcionalização foi realizada pelo método de evaporação do solvente usando o biopolímero quitosana. Todas as amostras foram caracterizadas por difração de raios X, espectrometria de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier, espectroscopia por energia dispersiva de raios X, análise termogravimétrica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, teste de sedimentação e separação magnética, medidas magnéticas e análise in vitro por citotoxidade. As amostras como sintetizadas apresentaram a formação da fase única do espinélio em estudo com característica nanométrica e após a formação do híbrido a estrutura do material foi mantida. Nos espectros de infravermelho observaram-se bandas de absorção características das nanoferritas e bandas referentes à presença do agente silano e da quitosana. Por meio das micrografias observou-se a formação de aglomerados de aspecto frágil, e após silanização e funcionalização observou-se uma morfologia com aglomerados de aspecto mais rígido constituídos de nanopartículas fortemente ligadas. A análise termogravimétrica mostrou que as nanoferritas apresentaram baixa perda de massa e que após formação do híbrido houve um aumento da perda de massa comprovando assim, a presença do agente silano e da quitosana. Quanto ao comportamento magnético, ambas as nanoferritas apresentaram elevada magnetização de saturação típica de materiais ferrimagnéticos, este comportamento foi mantido após formação do híbrido sendo adequado para aplicações biotecnológicas. A viabilidade celular das nanoferritas mostrou característica citotóxica para a ferrita Ni0,5Zn0,5Fe2O4 e não citotóxica para a ferrita CoFe2O4, a formação do híbrido favoreceu aumento da viabilidade celular em ambas as nanoferritas. Os materiais híbridos obtidos são promissores para o uso na nanobiotecnologia como biossensores e/ou em tratamento como diagnóstico clinico. / In this research was obtained a hybrid material nanoferrit es base Ni0,5Zn0,5Fe2O4 and CoFe2O4 modified the surface with silane agent and functionalized chitosan aiming their use as biosensors. To this end, nanoferritas were synthesized by combustion and silanized with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane. The functionalization was carried out by the solvent evaporation method using the biopolymer chitosan. All samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy by Fourier transform spectroscopy energy dispersive X-ray, thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, sedimentation test and magnetic separation, magnetic measurements and Analysis by in vitro cytotoxicity. The samples showed synthesized as the formation of spinel single phase with nanometer feature under study and after the formation of the hybrid structure of the material has been maintained. In the infrared spectra there were absorption bands characteristic of nanoferritas and bands related to the presence of the silane agent and chitosan. Through micrographs showed the formation of agglomerates frail and after silanization and functionalization was observed with a morphology more rigid aspect of tightly bound agglomerates of nanoparticles. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the nanoferritas showed low weight loss and that after hybrid formation was increased mass loss thereby proving the presence of the silane agent and chitosan. As for the magnetic behavior, both nanoferritas had high magnetization typical saturation ferrimagnetic materials, this behavior continued after the hybrid formation is suitable for biotechnological applications. Cell viability nanoferritas showed characteristic for cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic ferrite Ni0,5Zn0,5Fe2O4 to CoFe2O4 ferrite, the formation of hybrid favored increased cell viability in both nanoferritas. The obtained hybrid materials are promising for use in nanobiotechnology as biosensors and / or treatment and clinical diagnosis.

In numerous Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as in Archaea SL proteins form the outermost layer of the cell envelope. SL (glyco)monomers self-assemble with oblique (p2), tetragonal (p4), or hexagonal (p3, p6) symmetries [12]. SL subunits interact with each other and with the underlying cell surface by relatively weak non-covalent forces such as hydrogen-bonds, ionic bonds, salt-bridges or hydrophobic interactions. This makes them easy to isolate by applying chaotropic agents like urea and guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl), chelating chemicals, or by changing the pH of the environment [10]. Upon dialysis in an ambient buffer monomers recrystallize into regular arrays that possess the forms of flat sheets, open ended cylinders, or spheres on solid substrates, at air-water intefaces and on lipid films, making them appealing for nanobiotechnological applications [3, 18]. The aim of this study was to investigate the structure, thermal stability, in vivo self-assembly process, recrystallization and metallization of three different recombinant SL proteins (SslA-eGFP, mSbsC-eGFP and S13240-eGFP) expressed in yeast S. cerevisiae BY4741 which could be further used in nanobiotechnological applications. In order to fulfill this aim, I investigated the in vivo expression of SL proteins (SslA, SbsC, S13240) tagged with eGFP (SL-eGFP) in the yeast S. cerevisiae BY4141. First, I characterized the heterologous expression of SL fusion constructs with growth and fluorescence measurements combined with Western blot analyses. Fluorescence microscopy investigations of overnight grown cultures showed that SslA-eGFP fusion protein was expressed as fluorescent patches, mSbsC-eGFP as tubular networks, and S13240-eGFP as hollow-like fibrillar network structures, while eGFP did not show any distinct structure Thermal stability of in vivo expressed SL-eGFP fusion proteins were investigated by fluorescence microscopy and immunodetection. In vivo self-assembly kinetics during mitosis and meiosis was the second main issue. In parallel, association of in vivo mSbsC-eGFP structures with the cellular components was of interest. A network of tubular structures in the cytosol of the transformed yeast cells that did not colocalize with microtubules or the actin cytoskeleton was observed. Time-resolved analysis of the formation of these structures during vegetative growth and sporulation was investigated by live fluorescence microscopy. While in meiosis ascospores seemed to receive assembled structures from the diploid cells, during mitosis surface layer structures were formed de novo in the buds. Surface layer assembly always started with the appearance of a dot-like structure in the cytoplasm, suggesting a single nucleation point. In order to get these in vivo SL assemblies stably outside the cells (in situ), cell distruption experiments were conducted. The tubular structures formed by the protein in vivo were retained upon bursting the cells by osmotic shock; however their average length was decreased. During dialysis, monomers obtained by treatment with chaotropic agents recrystallized again to form tube-like structures. This process was strictly dependent on calcium ions, with an optimal concentration of 10 mM. Further increase of the Ca2+ concentration resulted in multiple non-productive nucleation points. It was further shown that the lengths of the S-layer assemblies increased with time and could be controlled by pH. After 48 hours the average length at pH 9.0 was 4.13 µm compared to 2.69 µm at pH 5.5. Successful chemical deposition of platinum indicates the potential of recrystallized mSbsC-eGFP structures for nanobiotechnological applications. For example, such metalized protein nanotubes could be used in conductive nanocircuit technologies as nanowires.

Increasing the integration density of electron device components will necessitate the use of new nanofabrication paradigms that complement and extend existing technologies. One potential approach to overcome the current limitations of electron-beam lithography may involve the use of hybrid systems, in which existing lithographic techniques are coupled with “bottom up” approaches such as supramolecular self-assembly. In this respect, biological systems offer some unique possibilities as they combine both self-organization and spatial patterning at the nanometer length scale. In particular, Surface Layer Proteins (S-layers) can facilitate high order organization and specific orientation of inorganic structures as they are two-dimensional porous crystalline membranes with regular structure at the nanometer scale. In this framework, the aim of the present work was the characterization of the S-layer of Sporosarcina ureae ATCC 13881 (SslA) with respect to its self-assembling properties and modification that would allow it to be employed as a patterning element and a new building block for nanobiotechnology. In vitro recrystallization experiments have shown that wild type SslA self-assembles into monolayers, multilayers or tubes. Factors such as initial monomer concentration, Ca2+ ions, pH of the recrystallization buffer and the presence of a silicon substrate have a strong influence on the recrystallization process. SslA monolayers proved to be an excellent biotemplate for ordered assembly of gold nanoparticle arrays. The recombinant SslA after expression and purification formed micrometer sized, crystalline monolayers exhibiting the same lattice structure as the wild type protein (p4 symmetry). This remarkable property of self-assembling has been preserved even when SslA was truncated. The deletion of both, N- and C-terminal SslA domains does not hinder self-assembly; the resulting protein is able to form extended monolayers that exhibit the p4 lattice symmetry. The central SslA-domain is self sufficient for the self-assembly. The possibility to change the natural properties of S-layers by genetic engineering techniques opens a new horizon for the tuning of their structural and functional features. The SslA-streptavidin fusion protein combines the remarkable property of self-assembling with the ligand i.e. biotin binding function. On silicon wafers, this chimeric protein recrystallized into coherent protein layers and exposes streptavidin, fact demonstrated by binding studies using biotinylated quantum dots. In this way, it can serve as a functional surface for controlled immobilization of biologically active molecules but also as a platform for the synthesis of planar arrays of quantum dots. Furthermore, the results open up exciting possibilities for construction of hybrid S-layers, structures that may ultimately promote the fabrication of miniaturized, nanosized electronic devices.

This thesis seeks to advance the field of microrobotics by leveraging Bayesian principles and computational tools to design system parameters for information gain and microrobot propulsion. Inspired by living cells, the development of mobile robots on the micron scale (microrobots) promises new capabilities for advancing human health, renewable energy, and environmental sustainability. To help pave the way towards this goal we develop practical recipes for applying computational and analytical tools to physics-based dynamical models of our microrobot experiments. We apply methods of criticism and validation to identify robust models for the motion of magnetic particles at curved interfaces, and identify optimal conditions for propulsion in our model system. We then develop tools for identifying optimal experimental conditions for most efficiently learning model parameters. By studying microscale actuation in depth, we seek to provide a roadmap of how to apply these computational tools to other microrobot design challenges, accelerating the scientific process. In Chapter 1, we focus on the actuation of magnetic particles adsorbed at curved liquid interfaces by external fields, a phenomenon that can be utilized for applications such as droplet mixing or propulsion. To optimize these behaviors, the development and validation of predictive models are essential. We employ Bayesian data analysis as a principled approach to infer model parameters from experimental observations, assess the capabilities of candidate models, and select the most plausible among them. Specifically, we identify and validate a dynamical model which accounts for the effects of gravity and tilting of the particle, a Janus sphere, at the interface. We show how this favored model can predict complex particle trajectories with micron-level accuracy across the range of driving fields considered. Chapter 2 builds on this modeling to develop the optimal properties of a mobile liquid droplet, driven by an adsorbed magnetic particle. This configuration enables the design of responsive emulsions, which can be actuated by a magnetic field. This work develops the properties of such a swimmer and validates our findings with an experimental realization of a ferromagnetic ellipsoid adsorbed onto a stationary water droplet in decane. Accounting for geometric differences, the model developed in the previous chapter is demonstrated to be accurate for this new system. We find that the configuration of the magnetic moment of our ellipsoid prohibits swimming of the assembly, but if it can be modified during fabrication, propulsion is possible. In Chapter 3 we show how automated experiments based on Bayesian inference and design can accurately and efficiently characterize another microscale propulsion system, the acoustic field within resonant chambers used to propel acoustic nanomotors. Repeated cycles of observation, inference, and design are guided by a physical model that describes the rate at which levitating particles approach the nodal plane. We show how this iterative process serves to discriminate between competing hypotheses and efficiently converges to accurate parameter estimates using only a few automated experiments. This work demonstrates how Bayesian methods can learn the parameters of nonlinear hierarchical models used to describe video microscopy data of active colloids. Finally, the forward-looking perspective in Chapter 4 illustrates how best to leverage these techniques and models to provide a path forward for self-guided microrobots. Existing microrobots based on field-driven particles rely on knowledge of the particle position and the target destination to control particle motion through fluid environments. These external control strategies are challenged by limited information and global actuation, where a common field directs multiple robots with unknown positions. We discuss how time-varying magnetic fields can be used to encode self-guided behaviors of magnetic particles conditioned on local environmental cues. Programming these behaviors is framed as a design problem: we seek to identify the design variables (e.g. particle shape, magnetization, elasticity, stimuli-response) that achieve the desired performance in a given environment. We discuss strategies for accelerating the design process using the methods developed in this thesis—including automated experiments, computational models, and statistical inference—as well as other approaches such as machine learning. Based on the current understanding of field-driven particle dynamics and existing capabilities for particle fabrication and actuation, we argue that self-guided microrobots with potentially transformative capabilities are close at hand. This research offers a unique contribution by demonstrating the practicality and efficiency of Bayesian computational methods in microrobot design, and provides a template that is applicable anywhere that physics-based dynamical models can be used to guide experimental effort.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Esta tesis doctoral titulada "Nanopartículas de sílice mesoporosas funcionalizadas con puertas moleculares para aplicaciones biomédicas" está centrada en el diseño y la síntesis de nuevos nanosistemas sensores y terapéuticos con aplicaciones en el campo clínico y medioambiental. En la introducción de esta tesis (capítulo uno) se presenta una visión general de conceptos básicos de nanotecnología, química supramolecular, nanopartículas de sílice mesoporosa y de puertas moleculares. A continuación, se presentan los objetivos generales y específicos que se van a desarrollar en los capítulos experimentales siguientes. En el tercer capítulo se presenta el diseño, síntesis y caracterización de un nanodispositivo para la detección de endotoxina en medios acuosos. El nanodispositivo está basado en nanopartículas de sílice mesoporosa con los poros cargados con rodamina B y su superficie externa funcionalizada con grupos carboxilato. Los poros se bloquean, para evitar la liberación de la rodamina B, con polimixina B, un péptido con carga positiva. En presencia de la endotoxina, la polimixina B es desplazada de la superficie de las nanopartículas y se activa la liberación de la rodamina B del interior de los poros a la disolución. Esta liberación genera un aumento significativo de la fluorescencia en la disolución permitiendo la detección de la endotoxina. La respuesta obtenida con el nanodispositivo es muy selectiva ya que otras especies como el arabinogalactan, el ß-(1,3)-D-glucano, la pectina, el EDTA, la glucosa, el GTP y el polvo no son capaces de inducir la apertura de los poros y la liberación de la rodamina B. Además, el nanodispositivo presenta un límite de detección para la endotoxina en el rango picomolar. En el cuarto capítulo se describe un nanodispositivo, basado en nanopartículas de sílice mesoporosa cargadas con rodamina B y tapadas con curcumina, que se emplea para la detección selectiva de seroalbúmina humana (HSA) mediante medidas de fluorescencia. En este nanodispositivo, de nuevo, la presencia de HSA es capaz de desplazar la curcumina de la superficie de las nanopartículas permitiendo la liberación controlada de la rodamina B. El nanodispositivo preparado presentó una respuesta muy selectiva hacia la HSA con un límite de detección tan bajo como 0.1 mg/mL en PBS (pH 7.4)-acetonitrilo 95:5 v/v. El capítulo cinco está centrado en la preparación de un nanodispositivo para la liberación sinérgica del antibiótico linezolida en presencia de bacterias Gram negativas. Este nanomaterial está basado en el empleo de nanopartículas de sílice mesoporosa (como soporte inorgánico) con los poros cargados con linezolida y con la superficie externa funcionalizada con el antibiótico disruptor de membrana polimixina B (mediante interacciones electrostáticas). Cuando estas nanopartículas entran en contacto con bacterias Gram negativas el lipopolisacárido (LPS) de sus membrabas induce el desplazamiento de la polimixina B que actúa eficientemente como permeador y permite la liberación de la linezolida. La liberación simultánea de linezolida y la polimixina B en forma de nanoformulación inducen una reducción significativa de los valores del IC50 para bacterias cuando se compara con los valores obtenidos empleando de forma individual ambas especies. El capítulo sexto está dedicado a la discusión de los resultados experimentales descritos en los capítulos tres, cuatro y cinco. Finalmente, el capítulo siete de esta tesis doctoral, presenta las conclusiones generales que se derivan del trabajo experimental realizado. También se presentan las perspectivas futuras en el campo de las aplicaciones biomédicas de las nanopartículas de sílice mesoporosa con puertas moleculares. Esperamos que los resultados que se presentan en esta tesis doctoral puedan abrir nuevas oportunidades de investigación en el desarrollo de nuevos nanodispositivos inteligentes que puedan actuar como agentes antimicrobianos. / [CAT] Aquesta tesi doctoral titulada "Nanopartícules de sílice mesoporoses funcionalitzades amb portes moleculars per a aplicacions biomèdiques" està centrada en el disseny i la síntesi de nous nanosistemes sensors i terapèutics amb aplicacions en el camp clínic i mediambientals. En la introducció d'aquesta tesi (capítol un) es presenta una visió general de conceptes bàsics de nanotecnologia, química supramolecular, nanopartícules de sílice mesoporosa i de portes moleculars. A continuació, es presenten els objectius generals i específics que es desenvoluparan en els capítols experimentals següents. En el tercer capítol es presenta el disseny, síntesi i caracterització d'un nanodispositiu per a la detecció d'endotoxina en mitjans aquosos. El nanodispositiu està basat en nanopartícules de sílice mesoporosa amb els porus carregats amb rodamina B i la seua superfície externa funcionalitzada amb grups carboxilat. Els porus es bloquegen, per a evitar l'alliberament de la rodamina B, amb polimixina B, un pèptid amb càrrega positiva. En presència de l'endotoxina, la polimixina B és desplaçada de la superfície de les nanopartícules i s'activa l'alliberament de la rodamina B de l'interior dels porus a la dissolució. Aquest alliberament genera un augment significatiu de la fluorescència en la dissolució permetent la detecció de l'endotoxina. La resposta obtinguda amb el nanodispositiu és molt selectiva ja que altres espècies com l'arabinogalactan, el ß-(1,3)-D-glucà, la pectina, l'EDTA, la glucosa, el GTP i la pols no són capaços d'induir l'obertura dels porus i l'alliberament de la rodamina B. A més, el nanodispositiu presenta un límit de detecció per a l'endotoxina en el rang picomolar. En el quart capítol es descriu un nanodispositiu, basat en nanopartícules de sílice mesoporosa carregades amb rodamina B i tapades amb curcumina, que s'empra per a la detecció selectiva de seroalbúmina humana (HSA) mitjançant mesures de fluorescència. En aquest nanodispositiu, de nou, la presència de HSA és capaç de desplaçar la curcumina de la superfície de les nanopartícules permetent l'alliberament controlat de la rodamina B. El nanodispositiu preparat va presentar una resposta molt selectiva cap a la HSA amb un límit de detecció tan baix com 0.1 mg/ml en PBS (pH 7.4)-acetonitril 95:5 v/v. El capítol cinc està centrat en la preparació d'un nanodispositiu per a l'alliberament sinèrgic de l'antibiòtic linezolida en presència de bacteris Gram negatives. Aquest nanomaterial està basat en l'ús de nanopartícules de sílice mesoporosa (com a suport inorgànic) amb els porus carregats amb linezolida i amb la superfície externa funcionalitzada amb l'antibiòtic disruptor de membrana polimixina B (mitjançant interaccions electroestàtiques). Quan aquestes nanopartícules entren en contacte amb bacteris Gram negatives el lipopolisacàrid (*LPS) de les seues membranes indueix el desplaçament de la polimixina B que actua eficientment com permeador i permet l'alliberament de la linezolida. L'alliberament simultani de linezolida i la polimixina B en forma de nanoformulació indueixen una reducció significativa dels valors de l'IC50 per a bacteris quan es compara amb els valors obtinguts emprant de manera individual totes dues espècies. El capítol sisé està dedicat a la discussió dels resultats experimentals descrits en els capítols tres, quatre i cinc. Finalment, el capítol set d'aquesta tesi doctoral, presenta les conclusions generals que es deriven del treball experimental realitzat. També es presenten les perspectives futures en el camp de les aplicacions biomèdiques de les nanopartícules de sílice mesoporosa amb portes moleculars. Esperem que els resultats que es presenten en aquesta tesi doctoral puguen obrir noves oportunitats d'investigació en el desenvolupament de nous nanodispositius intel·ligents que puguen actuar com a agents antimicrobians / [EN] This PhD thesis entitled "Gated mesoporous silica nanoparticles for biomedical applications" is focused on the design and synthesis of novel nanodevices for sensing and therapeutic applications in clinical and environmental fields. The first introductory chapter presented an overview of the different concepts related to nanotechnology, supramolecular chemistry, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), and molecular gates. Next, the general and specific objectives of this PhD thesis, that are addressed in the different experimental chapters, are presented. The third chapter presented the design, synthesis, and characterization of a nanodevice for endotoxin detection in aqueous environments. The prepared nanodevice is based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded rhodamine B and with its external surface functionalized with carboxylates. Pores are finally capped upon addition of cationic polymyxin B peptide. In the presence of endotoxin, polymyxin B is detached from the surface of the nanoparticles with subsequent rhodamine B release from the inner of the pores to the solution. This release generated a marked emission enhancement in solution which allow endotoxin detection. The obtained response was highly selective to endotoxin because other interfering agents such as arabinogalactan, ß-(1,3)-D-glucan, pectin, EDTA, glucose, GTP and dust were unable to induce pore opening and rhodamine B release. Besides, the system detects endotoxin with a limit of detection in the picomolar range. The fourth chapter presented a nanodevice, based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with rhodamine B and capped with anionic curcumin, which is used for the selective and sensitive fluorogenic detection of human serum albumin (HSA). Again, in the presence of HSA, curcumin was detached from nanoparticles surface allowing rhodamine B release. Prepared nanodevice showed a highly selective response toward HSA with a limit of detection for HSA as low as 0.1 mg/mL in PBS (pH 7.4)-acetonitrile 95:5 v/v. Chapter five focus on the design and synthesis of a nanodevice for the synergic release of linezolid antibiotic in the presence of Gram-negative bacteria. This nanodevice is based on the use of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (as inorganic support) with the pores loaded with linezolid and capped with the membrane disruptor polymyxin B through electrostatic interactions. When these particles enter in contact with Gram-negative bacterium, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) present in the cell membrane induces the detachment of polymyxin B, which acts as membrane permeator, from the nanodevice allowing linezolid release. Simultaneous release of linezolid and polymyxin B as a nanoformulation induced a marked reduction in the IC50 values for bacteria when compared to the values obtained using free linezolid and polymyxin B alone. The sixth chapter is devoted to the discussion of the experimental results described in the previous chapters. Finally, the seventh chapter of this PhD thesis, presented the main conclusions, derived from the experimental work, and future perspectives in the field of gated mesoporous silica nanoparticles for biomedical applications. We hope that the results achieved in this PhD thesis will open new research opportunities to develop advanced smart nanodevices as antimicrobial drugs / Otri, I. (2023). Gated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/194710 / Compendio

There is currently a need for vaccine adjuvants that are effective for eliciting Th1-type CD4 and CD8 T cell responses when formulated with protein and peptide-based subunit vaccines. Some of the most promising adjuvants in this regard are combined small molecule Toll-like receptor-7/8 agonists (TLR-7/8a). However, poor pharmacokinetic properties have precluded TLR-7/8a for use in vaccines. In this thesis, polymer carriers were used to control pharmacokinetics and to modulate activity of TLR-7/8a for use as vaccine adjuvants. Combinatorial synthesis and in vivo structure-activity studies were used to evaluate how properties of Polymer-TLR-7/8a conjugates (Poly-7/8a) influence innate immune activation in lymph nodes that drain the site of vaccine administration. The most striking finding was that particle formation by Poly-7/8a strongly enhances the magnitude and duration (>14 days) of innate immune activation in lymph nodes by restricting agonist biodistribution and promoting uptake by dendritic cells. Particle-forming Poly-7/8a optimized for activity were found to induce only local innate immune activation (not systemic) and were effective for eliciting Th1-type CD4 and CD8 T cells that mediated protection against infectious challenge. Based on the importance of particle formation for activity of Poly-7/8a, thermo-responsive Poly-7/8a were developed that exist as single water-soluble macromolecules in solution but undergo temperature-driven particle formation in vivo. In conclusion, polymer carriers of TLR-7/8a represent a versatile and effective platform for modulating innate immune activity and warrant further investigation as a class of adjuvants for vaccines.

Grâce aux nanotechnologies, l’être humain peut maîtriser la matière à l’échelle du nanomètre — soit au niveau des atomes et des molécules. Les matériaux obtenus suite à ces manipulations présentent des propriétés nouvelles qui les rendent très intéressants pour nombre d’applications techniques, et ce dans tous les domaines technoscientifiques. Ainsi, les nanotechnologies sont souvent considérées comme les prémisses d’une profonde révolution technologique et sociale. Toutefois, si les nanotechnologies intéressent investisseurs, gouvernement, entreprises et universités, elles soulèvent aussi des questions éthiques, notamment au sujet de leur toxicité, de leurs retombées et de la modification de l’être humain. À ces questions s’ajoutent plusieurs interrogations sur la gouvernance des nanotechnologies : comment, en effet, encadrer en amont le développement de celles-ci pour éviter d’éventuelles conséquences néfastes en aval? Parmi ces interrogations, le rôle des médias dans les relations entre les développeurs de nanotechnologies et le public est souvent mentionné. Certains voient dans les médias un acteur auquel les chercheurs pourraient recourir pour établir un dialogue avec le public afin d’assurer un développement harmonieux des nanotechnologies. Si cette recommandation semble très pertinente, il n’existe, à notre connaissance, aucune étude empirique pour en vérifier la faisabilité auprès des acteurs concernés (chercheurs, médias, etc.). Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons donc voulu examiner et analyser les perceptions des chercheurs et des journalistes québécois envers des initiatives médiatiques pour baliser le développement des nanotechnologies. Pour ce faire, nous avons procédé à une étude qualitative auprès de vingt (20) chercheurs en nanobiotechnologies/nanomédecine et dix (10) journalistes spécialisés en vulgarisation scientifique. L’analyse des entretiens avec les répondants a révélé que si les acteurs rencontrés sont favorables envers de telles initiatives, il existe plusieurs contraintes pouvant gêner une telle entreprise. Suite à l’examen de ces contraintes, nous avons suggéré des initiatives concrètes que les chercheurs québécois pourraient mettre en place pour mieux baliser le développement des nanotechnologies à l’aide d’un dialogue avec le public. Ces suggestions consistent notamment à créer des médias privés pour les chercheurs, à recourir aux médias indépendants et à investir le web. De telles initiatives, cependant, ne peuvent s’obtenir qu’au prix d’un remaniement des priorités des chercheurs. / Thanks to nanotechnologies, mankind can control matter at the nanometer scale, on the level of individual atoms and molecules. Materials obtained following these nanoscale manipulations demonstrate novel properties with the potential for application to all scientific and technological disciplines. Nanotechnologies are therefore often considered a foundation for a deep technological and social revolution. However, while nanotechnologies interest investors, government, private enterprises and universities, they also raise ethical questions, particularly regarding their toxicity, their outcome and the modification of human beings. On top of these ethical questions several other interrogations arise with respect to the governance of nanotechnologies: how, indeed, should their development be initially monitored in order to avoid eventual negative consequences in the future? Among these many questions, the role of the media in the relations between the developers of nanotechnologies and the public is often mentioned. Some see in the media an actor that researchers might refer to in order to establish a dialogue with the public to insure a harmonious development of nanotechnologies. While this recommendation seems very relevant, no empirical study exists to our knowledge to assess its feasibility among the concerned stakeholders (researchers, media). Within the scope of this thesis, we thus wanted to examine and analyze the perception of researchers and journalists from Quebec towards media initiatives to monitor the development of nanotechnologies. To do so, we proceeded to perform a qualitative study with twenty (20) researchers in the fields of nanobiotechnology/nanomedicine and ten (10) journalists specialized in scientific popularization. The analysis of interviews with responders revealed that while the concerned parties are in favour of these initiatives, there are several constraints that may impede such an enterprise. Following the study of these constraints, we have suggested concrete initiatives that Quebec researchers may implement in order to better monitor the development of nanotechnologies through a dialogue with the public. These suggestions mainly consist in creating private media for researchers, resorting to independent media and engaging the World Wide Web. Such initiatives, however, can only be obtained at the price of a realignment of researchers’ priorities.

Transport électronique dans l'ADN Ce travail se situe dans le cadre des recherches en électronique moléculaire. La problématique de la conduction électrique dans l'ADN a été posée en 1962 par Eley et Spivey peu de temps après la découverte de la structure en double hélice de l'ADN par Watson et Crick en 1953. A l'heure actuelle, il n'y a pas de consensus sur les propriétés de conduction à travers l'ADN. Le transfert de charges sur des distances de quelques nanomètres a été étudié en solution et est assez bien compris. En revanche, les mesures directes sur des électrodes donnent des comportements allant de la supraconductivité induite à l'isolant, en passant par semi-conducteur. Notre travail a été motivé par cette controverse. Nous avons étudié les propriétés électroniques de l'ADN déposé sur différentes couches moléculaires auto-assemblées sur des substrats de silicium. La préparation des surfaces et le dépôt d'ADN constituent la première partie de notre étude. La conductivité de l'ADN a ensuite été mesurée entre des électrodes fabriquées sur un support isolant ou par le biais d'un AFM conducteur. Dans ce dernier cas, la pointe de l'AFM permet tout à la fois d'imager la surface et de servir de seconde électrode pendant la mesure électrique. Deux types de résultats ont été obtenus : les comportements vont de l'isolant au conducteur, les résistances s'étalent sur au moins 6 ordres de grandeur, de 109 W à 1015 W, avec toutefois une plus faible fréquence de mesure des conductivités élevées. Deux points permettent d'expliquer cette grande disparité : d'une part, l'obtention d'un contact électrique entre l'électrode et l'ADN et, d'autre part, la méthode de dépôt de l'ADN sur la surface. La formation d'un contact électrique entre l'électrode et l'ADN nécessite des traitements en général destructifs pour la molécule. Ce contact peut être amélioré en utilisant un paquet de molécules d'ADN comme intermédiaire entre l'électrode évaporée et la corde d'ADN que l'on étudie. Cependant, cette méthode ajoute une résistance série importante. Des mesures systématiques ont été réalisées en fonction de la distance de la pointe AFM au paquet d'ADN et du nombre estimé de brins d'ADN dans la corde. Le dépôt de l'ADN étant un facteur primordial, nous concentrons nos efforts sur ce point pour comprendre plus avant le lien entre la structure de l'ADN et ses propriétés de conduction. Mots-clés : Electronique moléculaire, nanobiotechnologie, ADN, dépôt d'ADN, Microscopie à Force Atomique, AFM conducteur, monocouche auto-assemblée

Grâce aux nanotechnologies, l’être humain peut maîtriser la matière à l’échelle du nanomètre — soit au niveau des atomes et des molécules. Les matériaux obtenus suite à ces manipulations présentent des propriétés nouvelles qui les rendent très intéressants pour nombre d’applications techniques, et ce dans tous les domaines technoscientifiques. Ainsi, les nanotechnologies sont souvent considérées comme les prémisses d’une profonde révolution technologique et sociale. Toutefois, si les nanotechnologies intéressent investisseurs, gouvernement, entreprises et universités, elles soulèvent aussi des questions éthiques, notamment au sujet de leur toxicité, de leurs retombées et de la modification de l’être humain. À ces questions s’ajoutent plusieurs interrogations sur la gouvernance des nanotechnologies : comment, en effet, encadrer en amont le développement de celles-ci pour éviter d’éventuelles conséquences néfastes en aval? Parmi ces interrogations, le rôle des médias dans les relations entre les développeurs de nanotechnologies et le public est souvent mentionné. Certains voient dans les médias un acteur auquel les chercheurs pourraient recourir pour établir un dialogue avec le public afin d’assurer un développement harmonieux des nanotechnologies. Si cette recommandation semble très pertinente, il n’existe, à notre connaissance, aucune étude empirique pour en vérifier la faisabilité auprès des acteurs concernés (chercheurs, médias, etc.). Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons donc voulu examiner et analyser les perceptions des chercheurs et des journalistes québécois envers des initiatives médiatiques pour baliser le développement des nanotechnologies. Pour ce faire, nous avons procédé à une étude qualitative auprès de vingt (20) chercheurs en nanobiotechnologies/nanomédecine et dix (10) journalistes spécialisés en vulgarisation scientifique. L’analyse des entretiens avec les répondants a révélé que si les acteurs rencontrés sont favorables envers de telles initiatives, il existe plusieurs contraintes pouvant gêner une telle entreprise. Suite à l’examen de ces contraintes, nous avons suggéré des initiatives concrètes que les chercheurs québécois pourraient mettre en place pour mieux baliser le développement des nanotechnologies à l’aide d’un dialogue avec le public. Ces suggestions consistent notamment à créer des médias privés pour les chercheurs, à recourir aux médias indépendants et à investir le web. De telles initiatives, cependant, ne peuvent s’obtenir qu’au prix d’un remaniement des priorités des chercheurs. / Thanks to nanotechnologies, mankind can control matter at the nanometer scale, on the level of individual atoms and molecules. Materials obtained following these nanoscale manipulations demonstrate novel properties with the potential for application to all scientific and technological disciplines. Nanotechnologies are therefore often considered a foundation for a deep technological and social revolution. However, while nanotechnologies interest investors, government, private enterprises and universities, they also raise ethical questions, particularly regarding their toxicity, their outcome and the modification of human beings. On top of these ethical questions several other interrogations arise with respect to the governance of nanotechnologies: how, indeed, should their development be initially monitored in order to avoid eventual negative consequences in the future? Among these many questions, the role of the media in the relations between the developers of nanotechnologies and the public is often mentioned. Some see in the media an actor that researchers might refer to in order to establish a dialogue with the public to insure a harmonious development of nanotechnologies. While this recommendation seems very relevant, no empirical study exists to our knowledge to assess its feasibility among the concerned stakeholders (researchers, media). Within the scope of this thesis, we thus wanted to examine and analyze the perception of researchers and journalists from Quebec towards media initiatives to monitor the development of nanotechnologies. To do so, we proceeded to perform a qualitative study with twenty (20) researchers in the fields of nanobiotechnology/nanomedicine and ten (10) journalists specialized in scientific popularization. The analysis of interviews with responders revealed that while the concerned parties are in favour of these initiatives, there are several constraints that may impede such an enterprise. Following the study of these constraints, we have suggested concrete initiatives that Quebec researchers may implement in order to better monitor the development of nanotechnologies through a dialogue with the public. These suggestions mainly consist in creating private media for researchers, resorting to independent media and engaging the World Wide Web. Such initiatives, however, can only be obtained at the price of a realignment of researchers’ priorities.