Micro/Nanostructuring of polymers by femtosecond pulses is of extreme importance because it drives applications in photonics and biomedicine. A femtosecond pulse, with an intensity of ∼ 10^13 W/cm^2, is capable of causing an optical breakdown and inducing permanent modification in the material. With such high intensity, and considering the fact that polymers possess high band gaps, the interaction nature is completely nonlinear, and the material can be modified locally on the surface and in bulk. The irradiated regions exhibit fluorescence, and they display new wetting properties as a consequence of the optical breakdown of a material. The optical breakdown can be investigated by studying the nonlinear absorption. In this thesis, we discuss the nonlinear absorption of fs-laser pulses inside polymers using transmission measurements. We show a step– function–like behaviour of the transmission, dropping abruptly to ∼ 20% at the optical breakdown threshold with a ∼ 40 % reduction in the band gap. Utilizing spectroscopy, we show that the laser-modified regions contain randomly distributed nanoclusters. The presence of localized nanoclusters is responsible for exhibiting fluorescence, within ∼ 10 µm3 for a single pulse. This feature was exploited to demonstrate high-density data storage in Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) without any special material preparation. We demonstrate up to 20 layers of embedded data that can be stored in a standard 120 mm disc. Storage capacity of 0.2 TBytes/disc can be achieved by adjusting read laser parameters. Besides the fluorescence capability induced in the bulk of polymers, the hydrophilicity shown by the fs–laser modified surface is utilized to study selective cell growth on the micro-structured Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface. We show that the C2C12 cells and rabbit anti-mouse protein attach preferentially to the modified regions when the surface is modified with low pulse energies. However, in the high pulse energy regime, the laser-modified regions exhibit superhydrophobicity inhibiting cell adhesion.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Ammonia has attracted attention as a possible fuel for direct fuel cells since it is easy to handle under low pressure, costs only slightly higher than methanol and can easily be cracked down into hydrogen and nitrogen. At low temperature, ammonia oxidation on noble metal electrodes is a sluggish reaction and efficient catalysts are required to convert ammonia to nitrogen and hydrogen at reasonable reaction rates. In this thesis, I present polycrystalline and oriented nanoalloys synthesised at room temperature in aqueous media and their catalytic effects on the oxidation of ammonia. The electro-oxidation of ammonia on palladium-goldsilver (PdAuAgNPs) ternary nanoalloys was systematically studied in alkaline solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The PdAuAg nanoalloys were prepared through a facile synthesis with ascorbic acid as a reductant and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a stabilising agent from aqueous solutions of PdCh/HAuCI4.3H20/AgN03 mixtures. UV-visible spectroscopy was used to confirm the complete reduction of the metal ions; absorption peaks observed at 260 nm, 285 nm and 420 nm for Ag", Au3+ and Pd2+ ions respectively, disappeared after reduction indicating a complete reduction of the metal ions to zero-valent nanoparticles. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR TEM) revealed the formation of crystalline nonaggregated 25-35 nm sized nanoalloys. The elemental composition of the nanoalloys measured using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) showed the presence of the three elements; Pd, Au and Ag. The well-dispersed non-agglomerated PdAuAg nanoalloys exhibited a reduced overpotential and a 33%, 400%,82% and 54% increase in current density for ammonia electro-oxidation compared to Pd, PdAg, PdAu nanoparticles and bare Pt electrode, respectively. The much improved current density of the well-dispersed PdAuAg nanoalloys is attributed to the increased electrochemically active surface area of the nanoalloys. This electro catalytic behaviour of the PdAuAg nanoalloys for ammonia oxidation in KOH solutions provides a promising route for development of low-cost and high performance electro catalyst for electro-oxidation of ammoniaMoreover, ammonia oxidation on platinum surfaces has been found to be a very structure sensitive reaction which takes place almost exclusively on Pt(100) surfaces. I report for the first time the preparation of sodium polyacrylate-capped Pt(100)Pd, pte 1OO)Au, pte 1OO)Ir, Pt(IOO)Rh, Pt(100)PdAu, Pt(100)IrAu, Pt(IOO)PdIr and Pt(IOO)RhAu nanoalloys. The reduction of the metal ions to nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy while the shapes and the structures of the nanoparticles were studied using HRTEM and CV. HRTEM analysis showed well distributed non-agglomerated 5-20 nm semi-spherical and cubic nanoalloys with lattice fridges on their surfaces indicating the crystalline nature of the nanoalloys. Pt(100) nanoalloy systems showed particles with triangular and cubic shapes. The existence of the preferentially cubic shaped nanoparticles in the samples indicated that the nanoalloys had some (100) sites orientation/a significant amount of (100) sites at their surfaces. The CV of the nanoparticles in the hydrogen adsorption/desorption region (-200 mV to 100 mV vs. Ag! AgCl) was used to obtain qualitative information about the surface structure of the nanoparticles. The voltammogram of oriented Pt(100) nanoparticles showed very clearly the presence of adsorption states associated with (110) sites, (100) domains and (l00) sites at -131 mV, -34 mV and 29 mV, respectively. The companson of this voltammetric profile with that obtained for a Pt(100) single crystal electrode clearly points out that the synthesised Pt nanoparticles have a high density of (100) sites. However, the peak that was observed at 29 mV in the CV of Pt(100) nanoparticles was not present in the vo ltammo grams of the Pt(100) nanoalloy systems confirming the formation of the nanoalloys. The results reported in this work demonstrate the importance of controlling the intrinsic structural properties of Pt nanoparticles; in terms of nature of the active sites and the effect of adding adatoms (such as Au, Pd, Rh, Ir) in order to understand their catalytic properties. The electrochemical activities of these nanoparticles for ammonia oxidation in basic medium showed an increase of over 100% current density compared to Pt electrode. Pt(lOO)RhAu nanoalloys showed the highest catalytic properties while Pt(lOO)PdAu had the lowest as shown in the trend: Pt(lOO)RhAu > Pt(lOO)PdIr > Pt(lOO) > Pt(lOO)IrAu > Pt(lOO)Pd> Pt(lOO)Rh > Pt(lOO)Au > Pt(lOO)Ir > Pt(lOO)PdAu. The synthesised oriented nanoalloys were further interrogated towards the oxidation of hydrazine as a fuel for hydrazine fuel cells. The oriented Pt(lOO) nanoparticles and Pt(lOO) nanoalloy systems exhibited over 1000% increase in current density and reduced oxidation overpotential compared to bare glassy carbon electrode. These excellent catalytic properties are attributed to the increased surface area and the presence of (100) sites which favour the oxidation of hydrazine.

Koherent Diffraktionsavbildning med en intensiv röntgenpuls från en Frielektronlaser har möjliggjort strukturbestämning av isolerade nanopartiklar som inte går att studera med hjälp av konventionella metoder, så som elektronmikroskopi. En mycket kort pulslängd tillsammans med spridningssignalens beroende av objektets elektroniska struktur medför också möjligheten att studera inducerad ultrasnabb dynamik med denna teknik. I detta projekt studerades joniseringspåverkan av Xe hos Xe-Ar core-shell-nanokluster. Enligt teorin har neutral Xe lägre spridningstvärsnitt under dess 3d-resonans än det motsvarande för fotonenergier över 3d-resonansen. Därför var en hög kontrast i klustren förväntad vid energier över dess 3d-resonans. I stället observerades mörkare regioner liknande hål i rekonstruktioner från de experimentella resultaten vid energier över 3d-resonansen hos Xe. En möjlig förklaring var jonisering av neutral Xe. För att undersöka detta skapades 3D modeller av Xe-Ar nanokluster för att simulera den interaktionen mellan intensiva röntgenpulser och nanokluster. Diffraktionsmönstren som genererades med hjälp av 3D-modellerna användes sedan för att utföra Iterativ fasrekonstruktion och rekonstruera partikeldensiteten. Brytningsindex av neutral Xe och de första tio jontillstånden hos Xe beräknades med hjälp av en modell konstruerad i detta projekt, kallad för step-model. Följaktligen introducerades samtliga jontillstånden hos Xe från 0 till 10 in i 3D modeller av Xe-Ar nanoklustren med brytningsindexen av jontillstånden uppskattade med hjälp av Kramers-Kronig-relationerna. Här antogs det att samtidigt som resonansen för varje Xe-jon förflyttas visar 𝛽 (det vill säga den imaginära komponenten i det komplexa brytningsindexet) som en funktion av fotonenergin, ett icke-monotoniskt beteende med en förändring i fotonenergin. Simuleringsresultaten erhållna med hjälp av Kramers-Kronig-relationerna visade en avtagande trend för 𝛽 i Xe-joner med en laddning> 4+ till skillnad från en ökning i 𝛽 för joner med en laddning <4+ relativt dess motsvarande för neutral Xe. Denna metod ansågs tillräcklig för att användas som en första approximation. Dessa resultat visade att ju mer Xe joniseras (och därför minskar 𝛽) desto mer transparenta blir Xe-jonerna under en laserpuls och därför ser de mörkare ut jämfört med Ar som har sin resonans långt ifrån fotonenergierna relevanta för detta projekt (660–760 eV). Vidare simulerades temporära förändringar i Xe-jonpopulationer för att bekräfta de erhållna simuleringsresultaten via step-model. En massiv energideposition då den intensiva röntgenpulsen träffar Xe-kärnorna initierar en serie av joniseringsmekanismer under de första få femtosekunderna av pulsen. Simuleringar för de jonpopulationer som uppstår och försvinner under förloppet av en 100 femtosekunder-lång röntgenpuls visade att jontillstånd mellan 1+ och 10+ är redan förbrukade efter några få femtosekunder vid 1016 W/cm2. Vid slutet av pulsen observerades endast högt laddade Xe-joner (upp till 35+). Den slutsats som drogs var därför att mörkare regioner som liknade hål och observerades i rekonstruktioner från experimentella data var en konsekvens av en förflyttning av resonansen hos de högt laddade Xe-joner (>4+) relativt dess motsvarande i en neutral Xe så att deras spridning minskar. / Coherent Diffraction Imaging with intense x-ray pulses from X-ray Free-Electron Lasers has enabled structure determination of isolated nanoparticles, that cannot be studied with conventional methods, such as electron microscopy. The very short pulse durations and the intrinsic dependence of the scattering signal on the electronic structure of the scattering object also allow studying ultrafast light-induced dynamics with this technique. In this project, the ionization impact of Xe on Xe-Ar core-shell nanoclusters was studied. Theory predicts that neutral Xe has a lower scattering cross-section below its 3d resonance than that at photon energies above its 3d resonance. Therefore, a high contrast in clusters above the neutral Xe’s 3d resonance is expected. However, in the experimental data, unusual dark features resembling holes were observed at energies above Xe’s 3d resonance. As possible explanation, ionization of neutral Xe was suggested. To investigate this, 3D models of Xe-Ar nanoclusters were created to simulate the interaction of intense x-ray pulses and nanoclusters. The diffraction patterns generated by these 3D models were used to perform Iterative Phase Retrieval to reconstruct the particle densities. The refractive indices of neutral Xe and Xe’s first ten ionic states were computed using a model designed in this project, called the step-model. Hence, each and every ionic state of Xe from 0 to 10 were introduced into the 3D models of the Xe-Ar nanoclusters with refractive indices of the ionic states estimated based on the Kramers-Kronig relations. Here, it was assumed that as the resonance is shifting for every ionic state of Xe, 𝛽 (i.e the imaginary component of the complex refractive index) as a function of photon energy shows a nonmonotonic behavior as the photon energy is varied. The simulation results by Kramers-Kronig relations showed a decrease in 𝛽 for ionic states > 4+ in contrast to an increase in 𝛽 for ions with charges < 4+ relative to that of neutral Xe. This approach was sufficient to be used as a first approximation. The results showed that Xe ions become more transparent to the laser pulse as their charge increases (and 𝛽 thereby decreases) and therefore they appear darker than Ar, which has its resonance far away from photon energies relevant for this project (660–760 eV). Furthermore, temporal changes in ionic populations of Xe were simulated to confirm the simulation results obtained by the step-model. The massive energy deposition upon interaction with the intense laser pulse launches a series of ionization events in the Xe cores during the first few fs of the x-ray pulse. The simulation of ionic populations emerging and depleting during the 100-fs-long 1016 W/cm2 x-ray pulse showed that ionic states 1+ to 10+ are depleted already after a few fs. By the end of the pulse, only highly charged (up to 35+) Xe ions are observed. Therefore, it was concluded that the dark features resembling holes in reconstructions from the experimental data were a consequence of a shift in the resonance of highly charged Xe ions (>4+) relative to that of neutral Xe so that their scattering decreases.

No description available.

Functional nanomaterials are gaining attention due to their excellent shape and size dependent optical, electrical and catalytic properties. Synthesizing nanoparticles is no longer novel with the availability of a host of synthesis protocols for a variety of shapes and sizes of particles. What is currently needed is an understanding the fundamentals of shape and size controlled synthesis to produce functional nanomaterials that is simple and general. In addition to simple metallic nanostructures, synthesizing bimetallic and hybrid nanostructures are important for applications. Instead of trying to add functionality to the preformed nanomaterials, it is advantageous to look for cost effective and general synthetic protocols that can yield bimetallic, hybrid nanostructures along with the shape and size control. In this dissertation, a novel synthetic protocol for the synthesis of ultrfine single crystalline nanowires, metallic and bimetallic nanostructures and hybrid nanostructures has been investigated. The key point of the synthesis is that all different functional nanostructures are achieved by the use of noble metal intermediates in organic medium without phase transfer reagents. The roles of capping agents, oriented attachment and aggregation phenomenon have been studied in order to understand the formation mechanisms. Along with the synthesis, formation mechanisms, the optical and catalytic properties of the functional, noble metal, bimetallic and hybrid nanostructures have been studied. The entire thesis based on the results and findings obtained from the present investigation is organized as follows: Chapter I provides a general introduction to functional nanomaterials, their properties and some general applications, along with a brief description of conventional methods for size and shape-controlled synthesis. Chapter II deals with the materials and methods which essentially gives the information about the materials used for the synthesis and the techniques utilized to characterize the materials chosen for the investigation. Chapter III presents a novel method of for synthesizing noble metals nanostructures starting from an intermediate solid phase. The method involves the direct synthesis of noble metal intermediates in organic medium without the use of any phase transfer reagent. Controlled reduction of these intermediates leads to the formation of ultrafine nanocrystallite building blocks. Controlled aggregation of the nanocrystallites under different conditions leads to the formation of different nanostructures ranging from single crystalline nanowires to porous metallic clusters. In this chapter, the details of synthesis of the intermediate phase of gold are presented. This intermediate phase is the rocksalt phase of AuCl that has been experimentally realized for the first time. Manipulation of the AuCl nanocubes leads to the formation of a variety of nanostructures of Au starting from hollow cubes to extended porous structures. Mechanistic details of the formation of the intermediate and the nanostructures are presented in this chapter. Chapter IV deals with the symmetry breaking of an FCC metal (gold) by oriented attachment of metal nanoparticles by the preferential removal of capping agent from certain facets and followed by the attachment of gold nanoparticles along those bare facets. This kind of oriented attachment leads to the formation of 1D nanostructures with high aspect ratios. In this chapter, the synthesis, characterisation, formation mechanism and optical properties of high aspect ratio, molecular scale single crystalline gold nanowires has been described. This represent the first ever successful method to produce ultrafine 1D metallic nanostructures approaching molecular dimensions. Chapter V deals with the formation of hybrid nanostructures by attaching the cubic intermediate phase to a substrate like carbon nanotubes followed by the reduction of the attached intermediates on the tubes. The Pt intermediates have been synthesized and attached on the wall of functionalized CNTs and reduced. The PtCNT nanocomposites been characterized by several spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The electrocatalytic activity of these nanocomposites towards the methanol oxidation has also been investigated. The composites exhibit high catalytic activity and good long term performance. The presence of functional groups on the CNT surface overcomes some of the limitations of current single metal catalysts that suffer from CO poisoning. Chapter VI deals with the formation of palladium nanostructures ranging from nanoparticles to hierarchical aggregates by controlled aggregation of nanoparticles in an organic medium that is tuned by the dielectric constant of the system. A crystalline intermediate of palladium salt has been synthesized and this intermediate of palladium has been used as the precursor solution for the synthesis of palladium nanostructures. The formation mechanism of the nanoporous Pd cluster is investigated using the modified DLVO approach. The catalytic efficiency of the Pd nanostructures has been investigated using the reduction of pnitrophenol and electrocatalytic hydrogen storage as model reactions. Chapter VII discusses the possibility of achieving functional bimetallic alloys by simultaneous reduction of the cubic intermediate of two different metals with experimental evidences. The synergistic effect of the two different metals gives rise to better catalytic activity. This chapter mainly deals with the synthesis of bimetallic porous nanoclusters of goldpalladium and goldplatinum in an organic medium. Detailed microstructural and spectroscopic characterisation of the bimetallic nanoclusters has been carried out and their electrocatalytic performance, morphological stability also investigated.

Metal nanoclusters exhibit unique properties which differ from their bulk materials, owing to the quantum size effects. For example, the catalytic activity of transition metal nanoclusters generally increases with decreasing particle size. However, nanoclusters tend to be fairly unstable with respect to the agglomerate into bulk metal in solution and thus special precautions have to be taken to avoid their aggregation or precipitation during the preparation of such nanoclusters in solution. In order to obtain stable nanoclusters dispersed in solution, a stabilizing agent is usually added into the reaction system. The stabilization of metal nanoclusters in solution can be achieved either by electrostatically by using charged ions such as acetate ion or sterically by long chain molecules such as polymers. Polymers are one of the most widely used steric stabilizers for the preparation of stable metal nanoclusters in solution. The use of polymers as stabilizer for the synthesis of transition metal nanoclusters provides advantegous regarding solubility, conductivity, thermal stability and reusability. The metal nanoclusters stabilized by polymers generally show higher catalytic activity, stability and optical properties. In this dissertation we report the preparation and characterization of water soluble polymer stabilized transition metal(0) (metal= Ni, Co and Ru) nanoclusters and their v catalysis in hydrogen generation from the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and ammonia borane (AB) which are the best candidates as chemical hydrogen storage materials for on-board applications. The water soluble polymer stabilized nickel(0), cobalt(0) and ruthenium(0) nanoclusters were prepared by using two different facile methods / (i) the reduction of metal precursors by sodium borohydride in the presence poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) in methanol solution after 1h reflux, (ii) the in situ generation during the hydrolysis of ammonia borane in the presence of poly(4-styrene sulfonicacid-co-maleic acid) (PSSA-co-MA). The characterization of both type of polymer stabilized transition metal(0) nanoclusters were done by using UV-Visible electronic absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FT-IR techniques. The catalytic activity of PVP stabilized nickel(0), cobalt(0) and ruthenium(0) nanoclusters was tested in the hydrolysis of NaBH4 and AB. The catalytic acitivity of PSSA-co-MA stabilized nickel(0), cobalt(0) and ruthenium(0) nanoclusters was tested only in the hydrolysis of AB in which they were in situ generated. The kinetics of hydrogen generation from both hydrolysis reactions in the presence PVP or PSSA-co-MA stabilized nickel(0), cobalt(0) and ruthenium(0) nanoclusters were studied depending on the polymer to metal ratio, catalyst concentration, substrate concentration and temperature as well as the activation parameters (Arrhenius activation energy (Ea), activation enthalpy (

In this thesis, the superconductive and superresistive properties of thin percolating films of lead nanoclusters are presented. The samples were created by depositing clusters from an inert gas aggregation cluster source onto substrates held at either room temperature or 10K. Observations of the characteristic behaviours of the samples were made through R(T ) and V (I) measurements. Several interesting features were observed - smooth and discrete steps in the R(I) curves, hysteresis between increasing and decreasing bias currents, and non-zero resistances at superconducting temperatures. Explanations are proposed in terms of theoretical models of several phenomena - phase slips, phase slip centres and hotspots - which have seen little prior application to percolating systems in literature.

No description available.

<p>Silicon nanostructures formed in silicon-rich silicon nitride (SRSN) and cerium and terbium doped silicon oxide thin films grown using different types of plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition have been studied through photoluminescence (PL) and synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopies to determine the effects of deposition and processing parameters on the luminescent and structural properties of these materials. The SRSN films exhibited bright PL attributed to quantum confinement effects in the silicon nanoclusters (Si-ncs) as well as radiative defects in the silicon nitride host matrix. The peak emission energy could be tuned from the near-infrared across the entire visible spectrum by controlling the film composition and the post-deposition annealing temperature and time to change the size of the Si-ncs. Preliminary experiments on cerium doped SRSN samples indicated that although the cerium ions coordinate in the optically active trivalent oxidation state, they were not effectively sensitized by Si-ncs in the films tested, most likely due to the nanoclusters having bandgap energies that were unsuitable for this purpose. In cerium and terbium co-doped silicon oxide films, cerium disilicate (Ce₂Si₂O₇) nanocrystallites were formed by annealing at temperatures of 900°C and higher. The A-Ce₂Si₂O₇, G-Ce₂Si₂O₇, and Ce₆[Si₄O₁₃][SiO₄]₂ phases of cerium disilicate were observed to form under different deposition and annealing conditions. All three phases exhibited extremely bright violet-blue PL and were found to efficiently sensitize green emission from co-dopant Tb³⁺ ions in the films. The Tb³⁺ luminescence predominantly corresponded to the ⁵D₄→⁷F_3–6 emission lines, although weak ⁵D₃→⁷F_2–6 emission lines were also observed in films containing relatively high concentrations of terbium indicating that the sensitization of Tb³⁺ ions occurred through the ⁵D₃, ⁵L₁₀, or ⁵D₂ energy levels.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Στην εργασία αυτή μελετάμε μια σειρά από αντιπροσωπευτικά νανοφασικά συστήματα πυριτίου, στο πλαίσιο κοινών ιδιοτήτων και αρχών που θα βοηθήσουν σε μελλοντικές εφαρμογές σχεδιασμού μοριακών υλικών βασισμένων σε αυτά τα συστήματα. Οι κατηγορίες των συστημάτων με τα οποία ασχολούμαστε είναι (α) υδρογονωμένα και μη-υδρογονωμένα νανοσυσσωματώματα και νανοκρυσταλλικά συστήματα πυριτίου με ή χωρίς ενσωματωμένα μέταλλα μετάπτωσης, που αποτελούν χαρακτηριστικά μοντέλα ενδοεπιφάνειας μετάλλου−ημιαγωγού, (β) υπέρλεπτα υδρογονωμένα νανοσύρματα πυριτίου και (γ) οργανομεταλλικά πολλαπλών στρώσεων (multidecker-sandwiches) πυριτίου−άνθρακα. Εκτός από τη μελέτη των δομικών, ηλεκτρονικών, οπτικών, δονητικών και μαγνητικών ιδιοτήτων των συστημάτων, εστιάζουμε στην αναζήτηση μηχανισμών σταθεροποίησης και την εύρεση και καθορισμό κανόνων που μπορούν να λειτουργήσουν ως «εργαλεία μοριακού σχεδιασμού» με τη γενικότερη δυνατή ισχύ. Τα συσσωματώματα πυριτίου σταθεροποιούνται μέσου των μετάλλων μετάπτωσης σε δομές κλωβού και χαρακτηρίζονται συχνά από υψηλή συμμετρία και μεγάλα ενεργειακά χάσματα, ιδιότητες επιθυμητές για εφαρμογές στην οπτοηλεκτρονική και νανοηλεκτρονική. Στη μελέτη των νανοσυρμάτων πυριτίου συγκρίνουμε την σταθερότητα μεταξύ νανοσυρμάτων με διαφορετικές επιφανειακές δομές ενώ διατυπώνουμε κανόνα «μαγικότητας» νανοσυρμάτων με τον οποίο ερμηνεύουμε την σταθερότητά τους και την συνδέουμε με την ελαστικότητα και την κατανομή υδρογόνου στην επιφάνεια τους. Τέλος, βασιζόμενοι στην ισολοβική αρχή the boron connection, σχεδιάζουμε και μελετάμε μια νέα κατηγορία νανοδομών τύπου multidecker sandwiches οργανοπυριτίου. Στη διάρκεια εκπόνησης αυτής της διατριβής δημοσιεύτηκαν συνολικά 19 εργασίες σε διεθνή περιοδικά και σε πρακτικά συνεδρίων. / In this work we study a series of representative nanoscale systems based on silicon, in the context of common properties and principles which will assist in future applications in designing molecular materials based on these systems. The categories of the systems which we work on are (a) hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated silicon nanoclusters and nanocrystallic systems with or without embedded transition metals, which constitute models of metal−semiconductor interfaces, (b) ultrathin hydrogenated silicon nanowires and (c) organometallic silicon−carbon multidecker-sandwiches. In addition to the study of structural, electronic, optical, vibrational and magnetic properties of these systems, we focus on a search for stabilizing mechanisms and in finding and defining rules that can function as “molecular designing tools” with the broadest possible validity. The silicon nanoclusters are stabilized to cage-like structures by the insertion of transition metals and are characterized by high symmetry and large energy gaps, desirable properties for applications in optoelectronics and nanoelectronics. In the study of silicon nanowires we compare the stability between nanowires with different surface structures while we formulate “magicity” rules for nanowires with which we interpret their stability and associate it with their elasticity and the distribution of the surface hydrogen. Finally, based on the isolobal principle the boron connection, we design and study a new class of organometallic multidecker-sandwich type nanostructures. During the elaboration of this dissertation we published overall 19 papers in international scientific journals and conferences’ proceedings.