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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Desenvolvimento de nanoemulsões contendo ácido ursólico para otimização do tratamento da doença de Chagas / Development of nanoemulsions containing ursolic acid to optimize the treatment of Chagas disease

Oliveira, Erika Cristina Vargas de 26 November 2014 (has links)
Mais de cem anos após a descoberta da doença de Chagas esta permanece vitimando milhares de pessoas. Antes restrita à America Latina, hoje já é motivo de alerta na Europa e EUA. Causada pelo parasita Tripanosoma cruzi, é uma doença silenciosa, com graves complicações sistêmicas. Há 40 anos existem somente dois medicamentos para tratamento de Chagas, porém, estes não tratam a fase crônica e possuem efeitos colaterais severos. Nos últimos anos houve progresso no desenvolvimento de novos fármacos com atividade tripanocida e muitas pesquisas têm sido conduzidas neste âmbito cujo principal alvo ainda são os produtos naturais. O ácido ursólico é um terpeno de origem natural que já demonstrou ter importante ação tripanocida além de hepatoprotetora e antitumoral, porém, a hidrofobicidade deste composto é um desafio na produção de formas farmacêuticas que o veicule. As nanoemulsões têm aplicação na indústria cosmética e de medicamentos devido a vantagens como maior capacidade de solubilização em relação às emulsões convencionais permitindo a incorporação de fármacos pouco solúveis em água na fase oleosa além de maior estabilidade conferida pelo tamanho diminuto dos glóbulos e aumento da disponibilidade do fármaco. O método para análise do ácido ursólico por CLAE foi validado e mostrou-se seletivo, linear na faixa de 1,0 a 50,0 ?g mL-1, com limite de detecção e quantificação correspondentes à 0,34 e 1,0 ?g mL-1, respectivamente. A nanoemulsão desenvolvida apresentou estabilidade durante os 90 dias de teste, evidenciada pelos resultados obtidos nas análises por turbidimetria e índice de Ostwald ripening, porém, foi observada precipitação deste ao longo do tempo notadamente na concentração de 1 mg/mL. Aparentemente o fenômeno está relacionado à temperatura e a mudança desta variável para 30°C durante a emulsificação, foi eficaz para que não fosse mais observada diminuição nos valores de fármaco quantificado. Os ensaios de espectroscopia do infravermelho e espectrometria de massas permitiram verificar que o fármaco não reage com os demais componentes da formulação e não sofre degradação no período de tempo e nas condições estudadas O ensaio in vitro do perfil liberação demonstrou que o fármaco foi imediatamente liberado da nanoemulsão o que não ocorreu quando comparado com a mistura física. Os ensaios de atividade biológica demonstraram que o sistema é seguro para a linhagem celular testada e apresenta boa atividade tripanocida para formas amastigotas. / Over a hundred years after the discovery of Chagas disease it remains victimizing thousands of people. Previously restricted to Latin America, today is reason for alert in Europe and USA. Caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a silent disease, with severe systemic complications. For more than 40 years, there are only two drugs to treat Chagas disease, however, these do not have an effect on the the chronic phase and have severe side effects. In recent years there has been progress in the development of new drugs with trypanocidal activity and many researches have been conducted in this area whose main target is still natural products. Ursolic acid is a naturally occurring terpene that has already shown to have important trypanocidal action besides antitumor and hepatoprotective, however, the hydrophobicity of this compound is a challenge to produce proper delivery systems. Nanoemulsions find use in the cosmetic industry and medicine due to advantages such as greater solubilizing capacity compared to conventional emulsions enabling the incorporation of sparingly soluble drugs in water in the oily phase besides greater stability conferred by the diminutive size of the droplets and increased availability of the drug. The chromatographic method to quantify ursolic acid was validated and shown to be selective, linear in the range from 1.0 to 50.0 ?g mL-1, with a limit of detection and quantification corresponding to 0.34 and 1.0 ?g mL-1, respectively. The developed nanoemulsion was stable throughout the 90 days of testing, as evidenced by the results obtained from the analysis by turbidimetry and Ostwald ripening index, however, precipitation was observed over time particularly at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. Apparently the phenomenon is related to temperature and the change of this variable to 30°C during emulsification was successful in that it was no longer observed decrease in the amounts of quantified drug. Infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry results allowed to verify that the drug does not react with other components of the formulation and do not suffer degradation in the time period under the studied conditions. The in vitro release profile showed that the drug was immediately released from the nanoemulsion which was not observed with the physical mixture. The biological activity assays showed that the system is safe for the tested cell line and shows good trypanocidal activity for amastigotes.
2

Development of nanogels from nanoemulsions and investigation of their rheology and stability

2015 May 1900 (has links)
Nanoemulsions with extremely small droplet sizes (<100 nm) have shown several advantages over conventional emulsions. However, almost all nanoemulsions in usage are liquids that restrict their use in many soft materials. The aim of this thesis is to understand the formation and long-term stability of viscoelastic nanogels developed from liquid nanoemulsions. At first, gelation in 40 wt% canola oil-in-water nanoemulsions were investigated as a function of emulsifier type (anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or nonionic Tween 20) and concentration. Three different regimes of colloidal interactions were observed as a function of SDS concentration. 1) At low SDS concentration (0.5 – 2 times CMC) the counterion shell layer increased the effective volume fraction of the dispersed phase (eff) close to the random jamming, resulting in repulsive gelation. 2) At SDS concentration between 5 – 15 times CMC, micelle induced depletion attractions led to extensive droplet aggregation and gelation. 3) At very high SDS concentration, however, oscillatory structural forces (OSF) due to layered-structuring of excess micelles in the interdroplet regions led to loss of gelation. In repulsive gelation, reduction in droplet size coupled with the electrical double layer resulted in a linear increase of Gʹ. On the contrary, attractive nanoemulsions showed rapid increase in gel strength below a critical droplet radius, and was explained by transformation of OSF into depletion attraction. No gelation was seen in Tween 20 nanoemulsions, due to lack of repulsive interactions and weak depletion attraction. Next the influence of the dispersed phase volume fraction () on repulsive nanoemulsion gelation was investigated and the Gʹ values were modeled using empirical scaling law developed by Mason et al. (1995). It was found that an initial liquid regime transformed into glassy phase at a eff = g ~ 0.58, where droplets are entrapped in a cage of neighbouring droplets due to crowding. It was followed by jamming transition at a critical volume fraction (j), where droplet deformation led to large increase in elasticity. The model predicted j = 0.7, which is close to the predictions for repulsive polydispersed emulsions found in the literature. In the final phase long-term stability of the nanogels was evaluated until 90 days, during which the nanogels remained stable to creaming and coalescence. However, repulsive nanogels showed a significant decrease in Gʹ and the gels converted into flowable liquids over time. For attractive nanogels decrease in Gʹ was much less, although given enough time they would also transformed into weak gels. It was hypothesized that surface active compounds generated due to lipid oxidation altered interfacial charge cloud leading to loss of gel strength for repulsive nanogels. For attractive nanogels slippery bonds in the aggregates permitted rotational and translational diffusion of nanodroplets on the surface of each other leading to network compactness and a decrease in gel strength with time. Overall, it was concluded that it is possible to form nanogels from canola oil nanoemulsions using ionic emulsifiers. The gel strength and stability of the nanogels depends on emulsifier concentration, droplet size,  and the chemical stability of the oil used. More investigation is needed in order to improve the long-term stability of the nanogels. The nanogels possess high potential for use in low-fat foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetic products.
3

Effects of different oil types and surfactant concentrations on the physical stability of nanoemulsions and In Vitro release of Diclofenac-loaded nanoemulsions /

Ei Ei Maw, Varaporn Junyaprasert, January 2007 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutics))--Mahidol University, 2007. / LICL has E-Thesis 0030 ; please contact computer services.
4

Nanoemulsões contendo genisteína : estudo de formulação e permeação cutânea / Nanoemulsions containing genistein: formulation and skin permeation study

Silva, Ana Paula Cappra January 2006 (has links)
Estudos recentes têm demonstrado o efeito das isoflavonas da soja, em especial da genisteína (GEN), aplicada topicamente, na prevenção do envelhecimento cutâneo. Esse efeito tem sido relacionado com as suas atividades inibidora de tirosina quinase, antioxidante e estrogênica. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver nanoemulsões de uso tópico contendo GEN. Em uma primeira etapa, foi validada metodologia para a quantificação da GEN por CLAE, utilizando um sistema isocrático com detecção no UV em 327 ou 270 nm. Na segunda etapa, nanoemulsões constituídas de GEN, lecitina de gema de ovo, triglicerídeos de cadeia média (TCMGEN) ou octildodecanol (ODDGEN) e água foram preparadas por emulsificação espontânea. Esse procedimento conduziu à obtenção de nanoemulsões monodispersas com diâmetro de gotícula de 263 e 282 nm, viscosidade de 1,5 e 1,8 cP e potencial zeta de -44 e -42 mV, para TCMGEN e ODDGEN, respectivamente. A quantidade de GEN associada com ambas as formulações foi próxima de 100 % (para 1 mg/mL). A reduzida solubilidade da GEN no TCM e ODD (230 e 138 μg/g, respectivamente) sugere o efeito da lecitina na sua associação com as nanoemulsões. Considerando que os estudos de DSC demonstraram a interação da GEN com TCM, ODD e lecitina, a GEN parece estar localizada tanto no núcleo oleoso como na interface das nanoemulsões. Em uma última etapa, foi realizado o estudo de permeação cutânea da GEN a partir das formulações utilizando células de difusão de Franz. Foi demonstrada a reduzida permeação da GEN (~ 7,5 μg.cm-2.h-1). Existe uma redução significativa da permeabilidade da GEN a partir dos núcleos óleos (~ 3,5 – 5 μg.cm-2.h-1) ou nanoemulsões (~ 3 – 3,5 μg.cm-2.h-1), indicando a afinidade da GEN pelos veículos utilizados. O conjunto dos resultados obtidos demonstra a influência dos componentes das formulações sobre as propriedades físico-químicas das nanoemulsões, bem como no perfil de permeação cutâneo da GEN. / Recent studies have shown the effect of soy isoflavones, especially genistein (GEN), topically administrated, in preventing skin aging. This effect has been related to tyrosine kinase inhibition, antioxidant and estrogenic activities. In this context, the aim of the present work was the development of topic nanoemulsions containing GEN. First, it has been validated an isocratic method to quantify GEN by HPLC with UV detection at 327 and 270 nm. In a second step, nanoemulsions composed by GEN, egg lecithin, medium chain triglycerides (TCMGEN) or octyldodecanol (ODDGEN) and water were prepared by spontaneous emulsification. This procedure yielded monodisperse emulsions with a typical mean droplet size of 263 and 282 nm, viscosity of 1.5 and 1.8 cP and ζ-potential -44 and -42 mV, for TCMGEN and ODDGEN, respectively. The amount of GEN associated with both formulations was close to 100 % (to 1 mg/mL). The low solubility of GEN in TCM and ODD (230 and 138 μg/g, respectively) suggests the role of lecithin on their association with nanoemulsions. Since DSC experiments have demonstrated GEN interactions with TCM, ODD and lecithin, GEN molecules seem to be located in to the oil core and at the interface of nanoemulsions. In a last step, the permeation of GEN from formulations using ear pigskin mounted in Franz diffusion cells was performed. It was shown that GEN permeation was low (~ 7.5 μg.cm-2.h-1). There was a significant reduction of the GEN permeability from oils (~ 3.5 - 5 μg.cm-2.h-1) or nanoemulsions (~ 3 – 3.5 μg.cm-2.h-1), showing the affinity of GEN to the vehicles. In conclusion, the overall results show the effect of the nanoemulsion components on both physicochemical properties of the nanoemulsions and GEN skin permeation profile.
5

Nanoemulsões contendo genisteína : estudo de formulação e permeação cutânea / Nanoemulsions containing genistein: formulation and skin permeation study

Silva, Ana Paula Cappra January 2006 (has links)
Estudos recentes têm demonstrado o efeito das isoflavonas da soja, em especial da genisteína (GEN), aplicada topicamente, na prevenção do envelhecimento cutâneo. Esse efeito tem sido relacionado com as suas atividades inibidora de tirosina quinase, antioxidante e estrogênica. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver nanoemulsões de uso tópico contendo GEN. Em uma primeira etapa, foi validada metodologia para a quantificação da GEN por CLAE, utilizando um sistema isocrático com detecção no UV em 327 ou 270 nm. Na segunda etapa, nanoemulsões constituídas de GEN, lecitina de gema de ovo, triglicerídeos de cadeia média (TCMGEN) ou octildodecanol (ODDGEN) e água foram preparadas por emulsificação espontânea. Esse procedimento conduziu à obtenção de nanoemulsões monodispersas com diâmetro de gotícula de 263 e 282 nm, viscosidade de 1,5 e 1,8 cP e potencial zeta de -44 e -42 mV, para TCMGEN e ODDGEN, respectivamente. A quantidade de GEN associada com ambas as formulações foi próxima de 100 % (para 1 mg/mL). A reduzida solubilidade da GEN no TCM e ODD (230 e 138 μg/g, respectivamente) sugere o efeito da lecitina na sua associação com as nanoemulsões. Considerando que os estudos de DSC demonstraram a interação da GEN com TCM, ODD e lecitina, a GEN parece estar localizada tanto no núcleo oleoso como na interface das nanoemulsões. Em uma última etapa, foi realizado o estudo de permeação cutânea da GEN a partir das formulações utilizando células de difusão de Franz. Foi demonstrada a reduzida permeação da GEN (~ 7,5 μg.cm-2.h-1). Existe uma redução significativa da permeabilidade da GEN a partir dos núcleos óleos (~ 3,5 – 5 μg.cm-2.h-1) ou nanoemulsões (~ 3 – 3,5 μg.cm-2.h-1), indicando a afinidade da GEN pelos veículos utilizados. O conjunto dos resultados obtidos demonstra a influência dos componentes das formulações sobre as propriedades físico-químicas das nanoemulsões, bem como no perfil de permeação cutâneo da GEN. / Recent studies have shown the effect of soy isoflavones, especially genistein (GEN), topically administrated, in preventing skin aging. This effect has been related to tyrosine kinase inhibition, antioxidant and estrogenic activities. In this context, the aim of the present work was the development of topic nanoemulsions containing GEN. First, it has been validated an isocratic method to quantify GEN by HPLC with UV detection at 327 and 270 nm. In a second step, nanoemulsions composed by GEN, egg lecithin, medium chain triglycerides (TCMGEN) or octyldodecanol (ODDGEN) and water were prepared by spontaneous emulsification. This procedure yielded monodisperse emulsions with a typical mean droplet size of 263 and 282 nm, viscosity of 1.5 and 1.8 cP and ζ-potential -44 and -42 mV, for TCMGEN and ODDGEN, respectively. The amount of GEN associated with both formulations was close to 100 % (to 1 mg/mL). The low solubility of GEN in TCM and ODD (230 and 138 μg/g, respectively) suggests the role of lecithin on their association with nanoemulsions. Since DSC experiments have demonstrated GEN interactions with TCM, ODD and lecithin, GEN molecules seem to be located in to the oil core and at the interface of nanoemulsions. In a last step, the permeation of GEN from formulations using ear pigskin mounted in Franz diffusion cells was performed. It was shown that GEN permeation was low (~ 7.5 μg.cm-2.h-1). There was a significant reduction of the GEN permeability from oils (~ 3.5 - 5 μg.cm-2.h-1) or nanoemulsions (~ 3 – 3.5 μg.cm-2.h-1), showing the affinity of GEN to the vehicles. In conclusion, the overall results show the effect of the nanoemulsion components on both physicochemical properties of the nanoemulsions and GEN skin permeation profile.
6

Nanoemulsões contendo genisteína : estudo de formulação e permeação cutânea / Nanoemulsions containing genistein: formulation and skin permeation study

Silva, Ana Paula Cappra January 2006 (has links)
Estudos recentes têm demonstrado o efeito das isoflavonas da soja, em especial da genisteína (GEN), aplicada topicamente, na prevenção do envelhecimento cutâneo. Esse efeito tem sido relacionado com as suas atividades inibidora de tirosina quinase, antioxidante e estrogênica. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver nanoemulsões de uso tópico contendo GEN. Em uma primeira etapa, foi validada metodologia para a quantificação da GEN por CLAE, utilizando um sistema isocrático com detecção no UV em 327 ou 270 nm. Na segunda etapa, nanoemulsões constituídas de GEN, lecitina de gema de ovo, triglicerídeos de cadeia média (TCMGEN) ou octildodecanol (ODDGEN) e água foram preparadas por emulsificação espontânea. Esse procedimento conduziu à obtenção de nanoemulsões monodispersas com diâmetro de gotícula de 263 e 282 nm, viscosidade de 1,5 e 1,8 cP e potencial zeta de -44 e -42 mV, para TCMGEN e ODDGEN, respectivamente. A quantidade de GEN associada com ambas as formulações foi próxima de 100 % (para 1 mg/mL). A reduzida solubilidade da GEN no TCM e ODD (230 e 138 μg/g, respectivamente) sugere o efeito da lecitina na sua associação com as nanoemulsões. Considerando que os estudos de DSC demonstraram a interação da GEN com TCM, ODD e lecitina, a GEN parece estar localizada tanto no núcleo oleoso como na interface das nanoemulsões. Em uma última etapa, foi realizado o estudo de permeação cutânea da GEN a partir das formulações utilizando células de difusão de Franz. Foi demonstrada a reduzida permeação da GEN (~ 7,5 μg.cm-2.h-1). Existe uma redução significativa da permeabilidade da GEN a partir dos núcleos óleos (~ 3,5 – 5 μg.cm-2.h-1) ou nanoemulsões (~ 3 – 3,5 μg.cm-2.h-1), indicando a afinidade da GEN pelos veículos utilizados. O conjunto dos resultados obtidos demonstra a influência dos componentes das formulações sobre as propriedades físico-químicas das nanoemulsões, bem como no perfil de permeação cutâneo da GEN. / Recent studies have shown the effect of soy isoflavones, especially genistein (GEN), topically administrated, in preventing skin aging. This effect has been related to tyrosine kinase inhibition, antioxidant and estrogenic activities. In this context, the aim of the present work was the development of topic nanoemulsions containing GEN. First, it has been validated an isocratic method to quantify GEN by HPLC with UV detection at 327 and 270 nm. In a second step, nanoemulsions composed by GEN, egg lecithin, medium chain triglycerides (TCMGEN) or octyldodecanol (ODDGEN) and water were prepared by spontaneous emulsification. This procedure yielded monodisperse emulsions with a typical mean droplet size of 263 and 282 nm, viscosity of 1.5 and 1.8 cP and ζ-potential -44 and -42 mV, for TCMGEN and ODDGEN, respectively. The amount of GEN associated with both formulations was close to 100 % (to 1 mg/mL). The low solubility of GEN in TCM and ODD (230 and 138 μg/g, respectively) suggests the role of lecithin on their association with nanoemulsions. Since DSC experiments have demonstrated GEN interactions with TCM, ODD and lecithin, GEN molecules seem to be located in to the oil core and at the interface of nanoemulsions. In a last step, the permeation of GEN from formulations using ear pigskin mounted in Franz diffusion cells was performed. It was shown that GEN permeation was low (~ 7.5 μg.cm-2.h-1). There was a significant reduction of the GEN permeability from oils (~ 3.5 - 5 μg.cm-2.h-1) or nanoemulsions (~ 3 – 3.5 μg.cm-2.h-1), showing the affinity of GEN to the vehicles. In conclusion, the overall results show the effect of the nanoemulsion components on both physicochemical properties of the nanoemulsions and GEN skin permeation profile.
7

Caracterização estrutural de sistemas formados por compostos siliconados = mesofases, microemulsões e nano emulsões / Structural characterization of systems containing silicone compounds : mesophases, microemulsions and nanoemulsions

Ferreira, Maira Silva 18 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Watson Loh / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T09:05:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_MairaSilva_D.pdf: 4524526 bytes, checksum: 98c8f3d75444a9697c4d47cc2b82c519 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Surfatantes à base de silicona possuem propriedades diferentes e especiais e são amplamente empregados na indústria de produtos farmacêuticos e cosméticos. Neste trabalho o emprego deste tipo de surfatante é utilizado para o estudo de incorporação de água em solventes que exibem comportamento diferenciado daquele apresentado por solventes hidrocarbonetos, devido à sua baixa energia coesiva, como o óleo de silicona. Siliconas fazem parte de uma classe de materiais industrialmente importante que apresentam uma excelente estabilidade química e inúmeras aplicações, tais como, cosméticos, agente de controle de espumas, antiaderente, entre outras. Embora importante, existem poucas pesquisas relatando o equilíbrio de fases e a caracterização de sistemas com estes constituintes. Dado este fato, iniciou-se a primeira etapa deste trabalho que é um estudo com o objetivo de caracterizar sistemas que contém óleos e surfatantes à base de silicona em água, investigando as estruturas dos agregados formados utilizando a técnica de espalhamento de raios-X a baixo ângulo (SAXS). Observações importantes como a presença de estados de agregação (microemulsões e mesofases) foram identificadas e caracterizadas a partir da construção do diagrama de fases dos sistemas. A identificação das fases formadas por estes constituintes, em especial as microemulsões bicontínuas e fase lamelar, impulsionaram o desenvolvimento da outra etapa deste trabalho, o estudo de nanoemulsões utilizando um método de baixa energia. Este método faz uso de propriedades físico químicas do sistema e utiliza a inversão espontânea da curvatura do surfatante para obtenção de gotas com tamanho diminuto. As nanoemulsões com surfatantes e óleos à base de silicona obtidas neste trabalho apresentaram raio hidrodinâmico (rh) entre 26 e 40 nm, baixo índice de polidispersidade (< 0,1), uma boa estabilidade cinética (semanas) e podem ser utilizadas em aplicações que não requerem sua formação por longos períodos como dispersões na área agroquímica. A presença do SDS nessa formulação aumentou o rh para 150 a 300 nm, mas melhorou consideravelmente a sua estabilidade cinética, estendendo-a a meses. O desenvolvimento de tais sistemas nos mostra uma nova classe de dispersões que podem competir ou superar sistemas semelhantes e assumir um grande papel no setor científico e industrial / Abstract: Silicone surfactants display unusual properties and are widely employed in industries, in which they are used as basic material in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. In this work, these types of surfactants have been employed to study the water incorporation into solvents that exhibit behavior different from that presented by hydrocarbon solvents due to their low cohesive energy, such as silicone oil. Silicone oils are important industrial substances that present an excellent chemical stability and numerous applications, for instance in cosmetics, foam control and nonstick agents, among others. Despite their importance, there are few studies reporting phase equilibrium and characterization of these systems. Given this fact, the first step of this work is to characterize systems containing oils and silicone surfactants using small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). Important aggregates (microemulsions and mesophases) were identified and characterized through their phase diagrams. Thus, identification of phases formed, in particular, by surfactant aggregation in bicontinuous microemulsions and lamellar phases has driven the next stage of this work that consists of preparing nanoemulsions using a low energy method. This method uses physical and chemical properties of the system and exploits the reversal of spontaneous curvature of surfactant structures to obtain droplets with diminutive size. The nanoemulsions formed by silicone surfactants and silicone oils in this work displayed hydrodynamic radii (rh) between 26 and 40 nm, low polydispersion index (< 0.1), a good kinetic stability (weeks) and may be used in applications allow for shorter shelf-life periods, such as in agrochemical area. The presence of SDS in its formulation increased the rh to around for 150-300 nm, but improved considerably its kinetic stability from weeks to months. The development of such systems reveals us a new class of dispersions that can compete or exceed similar systems and assume a significant role in the scientific and industrial sector / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutor em Ciências
8

Desenvolvimento de nanoemulsões contendo ácido ursólico para otimização do tratamento da doença de Chagas / Development of nanoemulsions containing ursolic acid to optimize the treatment of Chagas disease

Erika Cristina Vargas de Oliveira 26 November 2014 (has links)
Mais de cem anos após a descoberta da doença de Chagas esta permanece vitimando milhares de pessoas. Antes restrita à America Latina, hoje já é motivo de alerta na Europa e EUA. Causada pelo parasita Tripanosoma cruzi, é uma doença silenciosa, com graves complicações sistêmicas. Há 40 anos existem somente dois medicamentos para tratamento de Chagas, porém, estes não tratam a fase crônica e possuem efeitos colaterais severos. Nos últimos anos houve progresso no desenvolvimento de novos fármacos com atividade tripanocida e muitas pesquisas têm sido conduzidas neste âmbito cujo principal alvo ainda são os produtos naturais. O ácido ursólico é um terpeno de origem natural que já demonstrou ter importante ação tripanocida além de hepatoprotetora e antitumoral, porém, a hidrofobicidade deste composto é um desafio na produção de formas farmacêuticas que o veicule. As nanoemulsões têm aplicação na indústria cosmética e de medicamentos devido a vantagens como maior capacidade de solubilização em relação às emulsões convencionais permitindo a incorporação de fármacos pouco solúveis em água na fase oleosa além de maior estabilidade conferida pelo tamanho diminuto dos glóbulos e aumento da disponibilidade do fármaco. O método para análise do ácido ursólico por CLAE foi validado e mostrou-se seletivo, linear na faixa de 1,0 a 50,0 ?g mL-1, com limite de detecção e quantificação correspondentes à 0,34 e 1,0 ?g mL-1, respectivamente. A nanoemulsão desenvolvida apresentou estabilidade durante os 90 dias de teste, evidenciada pelos resultados obtidos nas análises por turbidimetria e índice de Ostwald ripening, porém, foi observada precipitação deste ao longo do tempo notadamente na concentração de 1 mg/mL. Aparentemente o fenômeno está relacionado à temperatura e a mudança desta variável para 30°C durante a emulsificação, foi eficaz para que não fosse mais observada diminuição nos valores de fármaco quantificado. Os ensaios de espectroscopia do infravermelho e espectrometria de massas permitiram verificar que o fármaco não reage com os demais componentes da formulação e não sofre degradação no período de tempo e nas condições estudadas O ensaio in vitro do perfil liberação demonstrou que o fármaco foi imediatamente liberado da nanoemulsão o que não ocorreu quando comparado com a mistura física. Os ensaios de atividade biológica demonstraram que o sistema é seguro para a linhagem celular testada e apresenta boa atividade tripanocida para formas amastigotas. / Over a hundred years after the discovery of Chagas disease it remains victimizing thousands of people. Previously restricted to Latin America, today is reason for alert in Europe and USA. Caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a silent disease, with severe systemic complications. For more than 40 years, there are only two drugs to treat Chagas disease, however, these do not have an effect on the the chronic phase and have severe side effects. In recent years there has been progress in the development of new drugs with trypanocidal activity and many researches have been conducted in this area whose main target is still natural products. Ursolic acid is a naturally occurring terpene that has already shown to have important trypanocidal action besides antitumor and hepatoprotective, however, the hydrophobicity of this compound is a challenge to produce proper delivery systems. Nanoemulsions find use in the cosmetic industry and medicine due to advantages such as greater solubilizing capacity compared to conventional emulsions enabling the incorporation of sparingly soluble drugs in water in the oily phase besides greater stability conferred by the diminutive size of the droplets and increased availability of the drug. The chromatographic method to quantify ursolic acid was validated and shown to be selective, linear in the range from 1.0 to 50.0 ?g mL-1, with a limit of detection and quantification corresponding to 0.34 and 1.0 ?g mL-1, respectively. The developed nanoemulsion was stable throughout the 90 days of testing, as evidenced by the results obtained from the analysis by turbidimetry and Ostwald ripening index, however, precipitation was observed over time particularly at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. Apparently the phenomenon is related to temperature and the change of this variable to 30°C during emulsification was successful in that it was no longer observed decrease in the amounts of quantified drug. Infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry results allowed to verify that the drug does not react with other components of the formulation and do not suffer degradation in the time period under the studied conditions. The in vitro release profile showed that the drug was immediately released from the nanoemulsion which was not observed with the physical mixture. The biological activity assays showed that the system is safe for the tested cell line and shows good trypanocidal activity for amastigotes.
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Macrophage COX-2 As a Target For Imaging And Therapy of Inflammatory Diseases Using Theranostic Nanoemulsions

Patel, Sravan Kumar 19 May 2016 (has links)
Personalized medicine can be an approach to address the unsatisfactory treatment outcomes in inflammatory conditions such as cancer, arthritis, and cardiovascular diseases. A common feature of chronic diseases is the infiltration of pro-inflammatory macrophages at the disease loci. Infiltrating macrophages have been previously utilized for disease diagnosis. These features suggest that macrophages can be broadly applicable targets for simultaneous therapy and diagnosis. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of a lipid inflammatory mediator, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), is over expressed in macrophages infiltrating the pathological site. Inhibition of PGE2 leads to reduced inflammation, pain and macrophage infiltration. To utilize macrophages for the purpose of simultaneous therapy and diagnosis, we proposed to integrate therapeutic and imaging capabilities on a single nanomedicine platform, referred as theranostics. A stable 19F MRI visible nanoemulsion platform was developed, incorporating celecoxib for COX-2 inhibition and near-infrared fluorescent dye(s) for fluorescence imaging. We hypothesized that inhibition of COX-2 in macrophages using a theranostic nanoemulsion will reduce the inflammation (and pain), and that this response can be visualized by monitoring changes in macrophage infiltration. In vitro characterization demonstrated that the theranostic displays excellent stability with no toxicity, and significant uptake in macrophages. Furthermore, it delivers celecoxib to macrophages and reduces PGE2 production from these cells. In vivo studies in a murine paw inflammation model showed nanoemulsion presence at the inflamed site, specifically in COX-2 expressing macrophages compared to neutrophils. Supporting our hypothesis, celecoxib delivered through a nanoemulsion demonstrated time-dependent reduction in fluorescence from the inflamed paw, indicative of reduced macrophage infiltration. In a neuropathic pain model, celecoxib delivered to macrophages led to reduced pain concomitant with reduced macrophage infiltration at the inflamed site compared to free drug control (cross reference: Kiran Vasudeva, Dissertation, 2015). In conclusion, inhibition of COX-2 in macrophages using theranostic nanoemulsions proves to be an effective and generalized strategy facilitating simultaneous therapy and diagnosis, which can be applied to many chronic diseases. The diagnostic information during therapy can be used to tailor the treatment and reduce patient variability leading to personalized medicine. / Mylan School of Pharmacy and the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; / Pharmaceutics / PhD; / Dissertation;
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Évaluation de la toxicité de nanoémulsions de tributyrine et de docétaxel

Perron, Marie-Ève January 2008 (has links)
Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

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