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Recent developments in nanotechnology have enabled the fabrication of nanomachines with very limited sensing, computation, communication, and action capabilities. The network of communicating nanomachines is envisaged as nanonetworks that are designed to accomplish complex tasks such as drug delivery and health monitoring. For the realization of future nanonetworks, it is essential to develop novel and efficient communication and networking paradigms. In this thesis, the first step towards designing a mobile ad hoc molecular nanonetwork (MAMNET) with electrochemical communication is taken. MAMNET consists of mobile nanomachines and infostations that share nanoscale information using electrochemical communication whenever they have a physical contact with each other. In MAMNET, the intermittent connectivity introduced by the mobility of nanomachines and infostations is a critical issue to be addressed. In this thesis, an analytical framework that incorporates the effect of mobility into the performance of electrochemical communication among nanomachines is presented. Using the analytical model, numerical analysis for the performance evaluation of MAMNET is obtained. Results reveal that MAMNET achieves adequately high throughput performance to enable frontier nanonetwork applications with sufficiently low communication delay.

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This dissertation offers demonstrations of autonomous catalytic microtubes (microjet engines) with tunable diameters ranging from micro- to nanoscale and lengths from 50 μm to 1 mm. These results open the door to effective microengines and represent the entry in the Guinness Book of World Records for “the smallest man-made jet engine.” Several attractive methodologies of machine-based functions at the micro- and nanoscale are shown. For instance, catalytic Ti/Cr/Pt microjets, which are integrated on a planar substrate, can operate as “on chip” chemical micropumps by decomposition of hydrogen peroxide fuel into oxygen bubbles and water. When released from a substrate, microjets self-propel autonomously in solution. The incorporation of ferromagnetic layer (Fe) into the rolled-up geometry enables their remote control using external magnetic field. Such microjets were used to load, transport, deliver and assemble multiple cargo particles, including biological cells in bulk solutions and microfluidic channels. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that for microjets that are fixed to or self-propelled above a platinum patterned surface, the microengine power/speed can be controlled using a white lightsource. A change in intensity of the white light leads to a controllable switching “off” and “on” of the microengine power on demand. Light degrades a local concentration of the hydrogen peroxide fuel and surface tension and subsequently suppresses the generation of oxygen microbubbles. In the next step, the diameter of the microjets was rigorously reduced to 250 nm by using hybrid heteroepitaxial/catalytic InGaAs/GaAs/Cr/Pt nanotubes. Due to asymmetry of the rolled-up layers, these nanojets move in corkscrew-like motions and act as “self-propelled nanotools,” which were used in the next step to transport yeast cells and drill into fixed cancer Hela cells. Although it is well-known that hydrogen peroxide cannot be used to sustain viable cellular function, it is however conceivable that alternative fuels, such as glucose, might enable operation of such nanotools under biologically compatible conditions. As a first step to achieve this goal, demonstrations were made using metal-enzyme biocatalytic Ti/Au/SAM/Catalase microengines. Synthetic components with competing interactions are well-suited to study the emergence of their collective behavior, such as swarms of large numbers of individuals. Microengines’ self-organization in bistable swarms is shown at the air-liquid interface of the mixture of propylene carbonate and hydrogen peroxide. Microengines act as “water striders.” Buoyed by oxygen bubbles, they self-propel via the microbubble recoiling mechanism and, depending on the bubbles’ sizes, self-organize into swarms due to the meniscus climbing effect. These reversible swarms depend on the microengine power, which competes against attracting surface tension force. The demonstrated microjet engines show great promise for emerging applications, including biomedical, on-chip, environmental, and robotic micromachines. Furthermore, a key method discovered, entitled “rolled-up nanotechnology on polymers,” allowed for the fabrication of highly parallel arrays of microtubes with multiple functionalities and aimed for different purposes.

This dissertation offers demonstrations of autonomous catalytic microtubes (microjet engines) with tunable diameters ranging from micro- to nanoscale and lengths from 50 μm to 1 mm. These results open the door to effective microengines and represent the entry in the Guinness Book of World Records for “the smallest man-made jet engine.” Several attractive methodologies of machine-based functions at the micro- and nanoscale are shown. For instance, catalytic Ti/Cr/Pt microjets, which are integrated on a planar substrate, can operate as “on chip” chemical micropumps by decomposition of hydrogen peroxide fuel into oxygen bubbles and water. When released from a substrate, microjets self-propel autonomously in solution. The incorporation of ferromagnetic layer (Fe) into the rolled-up geometry enables their remote control using external magnetic field. Such microjets were used to load, transport, deliver and assemble multiple cargo particles, including biological cells in bulk solutions and microfluidic channels. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that for microjets that are fixed to or self-propelled above a platinum patterned surface, the microengine power/speed can be controlled using a white lightsource. A change in intensity of the white light leads to a controllable switching “off” and “on” of the microengine power on demand. Light degrades a local concentration of the hydrogen peroxide fuel and surface tension and subsequently suppresses the generation of oxygen microbubbles. In the next step, the diameter of the microjets was rigorously reduced to 250 nm by using hybrid heteroepitaxial/catalytic InGaAs/GaAs/Cr/Pt nanotubes. Due to asymmetry of the rolled-up layers, these nanojets move in corkscrew-like motions and act as “self-propelled nanotools,” which were used in the next step to transport yeast cells and drill into fixed cancer Hela cells. Although it is well-known that hydrogen peroxide cannot be used to sustain viable cellular function, it is however conceivable that alternative fuels, such as glucose, might enable operation of such nanotools under biologically compatible conditions. As a first step to achieve this goal, demonstrations were made using metal-enzyme biocatalytic Ti/Au/SAM/Catalase microengines. Synthetic components with competing interactions are well-suited to study the emergence of their collective behavior, such as swarms of large numbers of individuals. Microengines’ self-organization in bistable swarms is shown at the air-liquid interface of the mixture of propylene carbonate and hydrogen peroxide. Microengines act as “water striders.” Buoyed by oxygen bubbles, they self-propel via the microbubble recoiling mechanism and, depending on the bubbles’ sizes, self-organize into swarms due to the meniscus climbing effect. These reversible swarms depend on the microengine power, which competes against attracting surface tension force. The demonstrated microjet engines show great promise for emerging applications, including biomedical, on-chip, environmental, and robotic micromachines. Furthermore, a key method discovered, entitled “rolled-up nanotechnology on polymers,” allowed for the fabrication of highly parallel arrays of microtubes with multiple functionalities and aimed for different purposes.