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It is evident from the past forty years of research, debate and literature that the New World was far more populated in 1492 than was previously thought. However, despite the expanding field of study most works omit the effects that epidemics had on the tribes of the Great Plains, particularly those located in present-day Canada, and the works that have been published deal mainly with demographics and fail to delve into how disease affected intertribal relations. As well, almost all studies of disease and the Great Plains tribes end by 1850 or start in 1880. Therefore, the decades from 1860 through to the 1870s are largely ignored and become even more of a mystery when considering the fact that the eventual subjugation of the Plains Natives soon came when the Numbered Treaties commenced in 1871.<p>The omission of research on epidemics from 1860 to 1880 has left historians to concentrate on other reasons for the collapse of the Plains lifestyle, primarily the disappearance of the buffalo, which was crucial to Native existence in the parkland/grassland regions. Although this was obviously a very important factor in weakening warrior societies on the Plains, it was by no means the sole factor. In fact, the smallpox epidemic of 1870-71 and its after effects played an important role in debilitating Native nations, especially great tribes like the Plains Cree in present-day Saskatchewan. Food supplies could not be maintained and starvation became prevalent throughout the Great Plains in the winter of 1870-71. Malnutrition certainly would also have led to further secondary complications such as fertility problems and pulmonary illnesses, such as pneumonia, which would have contributed to the impact of the epidemic through a continued loss of population and disruption of intertribal functioning. Through analysis of the consequences of this epidemic on the Plains Cree it becomes increasingly apparent that disease played a much greater role in leading Natives towards treaty negotiations and settlement than has been formerly thought. This is not to say that epidemics in themselves were the main reason for the collapse of the Plains Cree culture, but rather they deserve to be included along with the traditional causes such as the disappearance of the buffalo.

It is evident from the past forty years of research, debate and literature that the New World was far more populated in 1492 than was previously thought. However, despite the expanding field of study most works omit the effects that epidemics had on the tribes of the Great Plains, particularly those located in present-day Canada, and the works that have been published deal mainly with demographics and fail to delve into how disease affected intertribal relations. As well, almost all studies of disease and the Great Plains tribes end by 1850 or start in 1880. Therefore, the decades from 1860 through to the 1870s are largely ignored and become even more of a mystery when considering the fact that the eventual subjugation of the Plains Natives soon came when the Numbered Treaties commenced in 1871.<p>The omission of research on epidemics from 1860 to 1880 has left historians to concentrate on other reasons for the collapse of the Plains lifestyle, primarily the disappearance of the buffalo, which was crucial to Native existence in the parkland/grassland regions. Although this was obviously a very important factor in weakening warrior societies on the Plains, it was by no means the sole factor. In fact, the smallpox epidemic of 1870-71 and its after effects played an important role in debilitating Native nations, especially great tribes like the Plains Cree in present-day Saskatchewan. Food supplies could not be maintained and starvation became prevalent throughout the Great Plains in the winter of 1870-71. Malnutrition certainly would also have led to further secondary complications such as fertility problems and pulmonary illnesses, such as pneumonia, which would have contributed to the impact of the epidemic through a continued loss of population and disruption of intertribal functioning. Through analysis of the consequences of this epidemic on the Plains Cree it becomes increasingly apparent that disease played a much greater role in leading Natives towards treaty negotiations and settlement than has been formerly thought. This is not to say that epidemics in themselves were the main reason for the collapse of the Plains Cree culture, but rather they deserve to be included along with the traditional causes such as the disappearance of the buffalo.

Abstract The using of Chinese medicine is the treasure of our traditional culture; although once it received the attraction of western medicine for a while. Along with the whole world nature therapy being in fashion, the using of Chinese medicine has obtained once again. Germany develops gingko correlation product from our tradition ancient book, created 30 hundred million dollars output values in a year, and South Korea's Korea ginseng , the year output value is also about 70-75 hundred million dollars by a single product. The WHO estimates, in the following ten years, the Chinese Medicine and the development of its related technique product, the market will grow above 10%, every year. The Chinese medicine industry, without doubt, will be the star of fresh technique Industry in this century. Therefore, according to the consideration of competition strategy, the major condition is to establish the standardized, and science Chinese medicine in order to develop the Chinese native medicine biotechnology. In other words, the stability, effective of the Chinese native medicine is closely linked to its internationalization development. However, because traditional Chinese medicine itself are various, and habitat distribution broad, down to the all previous dynasties books on Chinese medicine records or in the actual utilization, has the same name on foreign matter, or the variety chaotic situation, like adds on the geography, the climate and the recovery season again is different, frequently creates the traditional Chinese medicine ingredient the difference, but the domestically grown Large-scale planter is appropriate the herbal medicine to have residual quality question and so on the agricultural chemicals, heavy metal and excessive microorganism. Our Chinese medicine industry, nearly has not grown in recent years, the market scale 40 hundred million dollars (approximately 1.2hundred million Dollar) about, the industry competitive ability year. By year glided down again, when Canada has the traditional Chinese medicine to remain excessive question and so on agricultural chemicals, heavy metal, causes the Chinese native medicine industry development receives the serious limit. Therefore, the analysis constructs the construction Chinese native medicine quality control influence regarding the Chinese native medicine industry promotion competitive ability, for this research biggest goal. Besides SWOT, five strength and the theory of country competitive ability, the analysis competition strategy (superiority), and is loyal and the quality controlling of the present situation in mainland China by the Asian and Pacific various countries and Taiwan's present situation makes a comparative analysis. Also enplaning Chinese native medicine quality control, regarding Chinese native medicine industry competitive ability promotion importance, but besides the literature back coupling, the secondary material analysis, and distinction depth interview with the official, study grinds the from all walks of life experts, to prove that the influence of quality controlling machinery to the industrial, and even to regarding the industrial organization, the expense market and the internationalization influence. The main conclusions of this research are as follows: First, besides analyzing the present situation of Chinese medicine industry development and found out the problem, positively proposed the industrial competition strategy, and found that quality control has its priority and importance in the correlation competition strategy. Second, from the analyzing of the present situation quality controlling in mainland China and the Asian, we discovered the mechanism of Chinese native medicine quality control has become one of various countries' important strategies, therefore, it may provide the important reference for the development of our Chinese native medicine industry. Third, the quality controlling mechanism of Chinese native medicine will affect the Chinese native medicine industrial structure, the market scale and the commodity internationalization, following regarding industrial management, national policy and international marketing correlation research, will have the its pioneer value. Fourth, this research may be the reference of the government and the industrial development policy, and takes the important research direction to promote the country competitive ability.

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

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