To evaluate the outcomes of reclamation design, soil and plant community changes on an unmanaged, 15-year-old certified-reclaimed site were analysed and compared with an undisturbed reference location. Patterns were analysed using MRPP while change was measured with rmANOVA. Plant species were poor predictors of selected soil properties. Percent soil organic carbon increased (p = 0.032), while soil pH did not change. Overall plant community composition did not change in proportion of cover between a priori groups of seeded/unseeded species or between native/introduced species. Individual species did vary in amount of cover change between 1993 and 2007. A linear regression of richness versus area covered by native species determined that the Shannon index is not a suitable measurement for monitoring plant community change towards the reference ecosystem. These findings highlight the importance of initial design, and the potential additive role of landscape architects as part of reclamation planning.

South Africa is not well endowed with indigenous forests which are now known to be degraded and declining at unknown rates. This constitutes a direct threat to quality of life of the resource-poor rural households who directly depend on them and to ecological integrity. It is also recognised that the declining tree resources, particularly the high value indigenous tree species, are increasingly threatened by a number of growing subsistence demands. This emphasised the need to cultivate and conserve high-value tree species such as Englerophytum natalense, Ptaeroxylon obliquum and Millettia grandis on-farm in Umzimvubu District. Agroforestry is recognised as a viable option for optimising land productivity, reducing pressure on the indigenous forests, ensuring a sustainable supply of desired tree products and services and improving the quality of life of the resource-poor rural households. This Thesis examines whether agroforestry in Umzimvubu District and similar areas of South Africa has the potential for addressing these needs. It recognises that for successful initiation, implementation and adoption, agroforestry should be considered at two levels, namely, household and institutional. Responses based on structured questionnaires were obtained at these levels. Questionnaires were used to determine whether the households and institutions were aware of, and responding to, the need to intensify and diversify on-farm production, ease pressure on indigenous forest, improve income opportunities and problem solving capacities to address agroforestry related issues. An ecological inventory of E. natalense, P. obliquum and M grandis was carried out to provide a sound basis for integrating high-value species into appropriate agroforestry systems and to facilitate the preparation of future management guidelines for these resources in Mt. Thesiger Forest Reserve. The study: i) confirms that most high value indigenous tree species merit integration into subsistence farming systems through agroforestry, ii) appreciates that some rural households have been unknowingly practising agroforestry, iii) recognises that agroforestry is implied in South Mrica's White Paper on Sustainable Forest Development of 1997, but notes that similar emphasis has not been adopted or incorporated in the National Forestry Action Programme of 1997, and iv) notes that challenges to promoting agroforestry research and development in the South Mrican context of the institutions and resource-poor rural households are many, but can be resolved. The study concludes that agroforestry stands to benefit many resource-poor rural households and enhance environmental resilience in South Africa in the next millennium. / Thesis (M.Sc.) - University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1999.

PhD / The waratah, Telopea speciosissma and its hybrids with other Telopea species, is an Australian native species grown for domestic and export cut flower markets. The showy floral bracts surrounding the inflorescence often suffer from bract browning, reducing the market value and export potential of the blooms. Prior to this project, the physiological cause of the disorder was not known, although bract browning had been attributed to water stress, heat stress, high light (particularly after frost), wind and mechanical damage. Bract browning was reportedly minimised when waratahs were grown in shaded conditions, although the reduction in browning by shade had not been quantified. The aim of this project was to examine the physiological cause of the bract browning disorder and investigate methods for control. The appearance, timing, and severity of the bract browning disorder was initially characterised by dissecting waratah buds from commercial growers throughout NSW. Bract browning became evident in the six to eight weeks prior to harvest, coinciding with rapid bract and flower expansion. A survey of commercial waratah growers, initiated by NSW Agriculture and the Waratah Industry Network and analysed by the author, corroborated these results. The survey showed that bract browning was observed in all years between 1999 and 2003, with relatively high severity (scores from three to five out of a possible five) in three of those years. Scores or counts of brown bracts were used to assess the severity of the disorder, the latter including the number of senesced floral bracts following browning as a measure of browning severity. The position and timing of browning suggest light damage or localised calcium deficiency could play a role in the development of browning. The bract browning disorder was studied in further experiments on potted red waratahs of cultivars ‘Fire and Brimstone’, ‘Olympic Flame’ and ‘Sunflare’ at the Mount Annan Botanic Garden; on commercially grown ‘Wirrimbirra White’ waratahs at Jervis Bay; and on natural populations in the Royal National Park. The effect of calcium nutrition on bract browning was studied at Mount Annan in 2001 and 2002, testing the hypothesis that browning may be caused by a localised calcium deficiency similar to lettuce tipburn or poinsettia bract necrosis. Waratah bracts had significantly less calcium in all fractions than leaves, with the procedure of Ferguson et al. (1980) used to separate physiologically active, oxalate associated and residual calcium. Calcium chloride sprays applied to developing bracts increased total bract calcium by about 25% in ‘Sunflare’ and ‘Olympic Flame’ cultivars, but not in ‘Fire and Brimstone’. However, application of calcium as a spray to the developing bracts, or as gypsum to the potting medium did not significantly reduce bract browning scores. These results and the development of bract browning in exposed, rather than enclosed tissue, suggest that factors other than calcium are involved in the development of bract browning. The light environment (full sun or 50% shade cloth) had a greater effect than irrigation frequency on bract browning of ‘Sunflare’ and ‘Olympic Flame’ waratahs in 2001. Waratahs grown under 50% shade cloth showed less bract browning at flower maturity than waratahs grown in full sun. This result was corroborated by subsequent experiments in 2002 and 2003. For example, in 2002, shade cloth reduced browning and bract loss by 30-60% at flower maturity, compared to waratahs grown in full sun. Shading waratahs from bud initiation in late summer (December-January) or bud opening in late winter (July-August) was equally effective in reducing browning. Shade cloth (50%) significantly reduced the light intensity experienced by waratah plants throughout the day, as well as reducing the daily maximum temperature and minimum relative humidity. Natural shade conditions at the Royal National Park effectively prevented browning of floral bracts, although the smaller basal bracts still turned brown and senesced. The development of bract browning as waratahs matured was linked to the development of chronic photoinhibition, measured as a decrease in predawn photosynthetic efficiency using chlorophyll fluorescence techniques. Waratah bracts were unable to maintain efficient photosynthesis in full sun conditions and reached saturation of non-photochemical quenching at lower light intensities than leaves. This suggests that bract tissue is adapted to a lower light environment than leaf tissue. Outer bracts had a significantly lower photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) than leaves early in flower development, as they were exposed to the environment for a prolonged period. Outer bracts also began to senesce towards flower maturity, particularly in full sun, increasing their susceptibility to damage. Inner waratah bracts were able to maintain a high photosynthetic efficiency prior to exposure, but photosynthetic efficiency decreased significantly at the intermediate stage of floral development, as inner bracts were no longer protected by outer bracts. Waratah leaves were more resilient than bracts, and did not suffer from chronic photoinhibition or browning during flower development. The increased susceptibility of bracts to photoinhibition and browning parallels results in other species, such as Dendrobium, where floral tissue experiences photoinhibition, bleaching and necrosis at lower light intensities than leaf tissue. Bracts on shaded waratahs maintained higher chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin concentrations than sun-exposed bracts, giving more intense flower colour and higher quality blooms. The significant decrease in bract pigmentation in the sun is likely to be a result of pigment destruction following photoinhibition, and has been noted in susceptible tissues of other species, such as Illicium (star anise) leaves. The presence of anthocyanins did not reduce bract browning in waratahs, with the concentration of UV-absorbing compounds showing a stronger positive correlation with protection from photoinhibition than the concentration of anthocyanins. However, anthocyanin concentrations were significantly lower in sun-exposed bracts, and brown compounds appeared to replace anthocyanins in the epidermal cells of brown bracts. Thus, it seems likely that browning in waratah bracts is the visible manifestation of oxidative damage to cell components, following chronic photoinhibition. Light-induced oxidative damage can lead to yellowing and pigment bleaching, lipid peroxidation, the development of necrotic lesions and senescence. However, lipid peroxidation as measured by the malionaldehyde assay gave no indication of oxidative damage to waratah bract tissue. This was probably due to the presence of anthocyanins and other flavonoids and sugars other than sucrose in bract tissue interfering with the colourimetric measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. The extensive planting of waratahs in NSW in the last five years suggests that the total value of lost production due to bract browning is likely to increase in the future. The browning disorder may also prevent the establishment of waratahs in other markets, as international cut-flower markets demand high quality blooms free from blemishes. The results of this study show that bract browning, photoinhibition and pigment loss are minimised by protecting waratahs from high light intensities from bud opening until harvest. However, the consequences of shading waratahs throughout the year require further investigation, as does the use of different percentages of shade cloth or other methods to reduce incident light.

PhD / The waratah, Telopea speciosissma and its hybrids with other Telopea species, is an Australian native species grown for domestic and export cut flower markets. The showy floral bracts surrounding the inflorescence often suffer from bract browning, reducing the market value and export potential of the blooms. Prior to this project, the physiological cause of the disorder was not known, although bract browning had been attributed to water stress, heat stress, high light (particularly after frost), wind and mechanical damage. Bract browning was reportedly minimised when waratahs were grown in shaded conditions, although the reduction in browning by shade had not been quantified. The aim of this project was to examine the physiological cause of the bract browning disorder and investigate methods for control. The appearance, timing, and severity of the bract browning disorder was initially characterised by dissecting waratah buds from commercial growers throughout NSW. Bract browning became evident in the six to eight weeks prior to harvest, coinciding with rapid bract and flower expansion. A survey of commercial waratah growers, initiated by NSW Agriculture and the Waratah Industry Network and analysed by the author, corroborated these results. The survey showed that bract browning was observed in all years between 1999 and 2003, with relatively high severity (scores from three to five out of a possible five) in three of those years. Scores or counts of brown bracts were used to assess the severity of the disorder, the latter including the number of senesced floral bracts following browning as a measure of browning severity. The position and timing of browning suggest light damage or localised calcium deficiency could play a role in the development of browning. The bract browning disorder was studied in further experiments on potted red waratahs of cultivars ‘Fire and Brimstone’, ‘Olympic Flame’ and ‘Sunflare’ at the Mount Annan Botanic Garden; on commercially grown ‘Wirrimbirra White’ waratahs at Jervis Bay; and on natural populations in the Royal National Park. The effect of calcium nutrition on bract browning was studied at Mount Annan in 2001 and 2002, testing the hypothesis that browning may be caused by a localised calcium deficiency similar to lettuce tipburn or poinsettia bract necrosis. Waratah bracts had significantly less calcium in all fractions than leaves, with the procedure of Ferguson et al. (1980) used to separate physiologically active, oxalate associated and residual calcium. Calcium chloride sprays applied to developing bracts increased total bract calcium by about 25% in ‘Sunflare’ and ‘Olympic Flame’ cultivars, but not in ‘Fire and Brimstone’. However, application of calcium as a spray to the developing bracts, or as gypsum to the potting medium did not significantly reduce bract browning scores. These results and the development of bract browning in exposed, rather than enclosed tissue, suggest that factors other than calcium are involved in the development of bract browning. The light environment (full sun or 50% shade cloth) had a greater effect than irrigation frequency on bract browning of ‘Sunflare’ and ‘Olympic Flame’ waratahs in 2001. Waratahs grown under 50% shade cloth showed less bract browning at flower maturity than waratahs grown in full sun. This result was corroborated by subsequent experiments in 2002 and 2003. For example, in 2002, shade cloth reduced browning and bract loss by 30-60% at flower maturity, compared to waratahs grown in full sun. Shading waratahs from bud initiation in late summer (December-January) or bud opening in late winter (July-August) was equally effective in reducing browning. Shade cloth (50%) significantly reduced the light intensity experienced by waratah plants throughout the day, as well as reducing the daily maximum temperature and minimum relative humidity. Natural shade conditions at the Royal National Park effectively prevented browning of floral bracts, although the smaller basal bracts still turned brown and senesced. The development of bract browning as waratahs matured was linked to the development of chronic photoinhibition, measured as a decrease in predawn photosynthetic efficiency using chlorophyll fluorescence techniques. Waratah bracts were unable to maintain efficient photosynthesis in full sun conditions and reached saturation of non-photochemical quenching at lower light intensities than leaves. This suggests that bract tissue is adapted to a lower light environment than leaf tissue. Outer bracts had a significantly lower photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) than leaves early in flower development, as they were exposed to the environment for a prolonged period. Outer bracts also began to senesce towards flower maturity, particularly in full sun, increasing their susceptibility to damage. Inner waratah bracts were able to maintain a high photosynthetic efficiency prior to exposure, but photosynthetic efficiency decreased significantly at the intermediate stage of floral development, as inner bracts were no longer protected by outer bracts. Waratah leaves were more resilient than bracts, and did not suffer from chronic photoinhibition or browning during flower development. The increased susceptibility of bracts to photoinhibition and browning parallels results in other species, such as Dendrobium, where floral tissue experiences photoinhibition, bleaching and necrosis at lower light intensities than leaf tissue. Bracts on shaded waratahs maintained higher chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin concentrations than sun-exposed bracts, giving more intense flower colour and higher quality blooms. The significant decrease in bract pigmentation in the sun is likely to be a result of pigment destruction following photoinhibition, and has been noted in susceptible tissues of other species, such as Illicium (star anise) leaves. The presence of anthocyanins did not reduce bract browning in waratahs, with the concentration of UV-absorbing compounds showing a stronger positive correlation with protection from photoinhibition than the concentration of anthocyanins. However, anthocyanin concentrations were significantly lower in sun-exposed bracts, and brown compounds appeared to replace anthocyanins in the epidermal cells of brown bracts. Thus, it seems likely that browning in waratah bracts is the visible manifestation of oxidative damage to cell components, following chronic photoinhibition. Light-induced oxidative damage can lead to yellowing and pigment bleaching, lipid peroxidation, the development of necrotic lesions and senescence. However, lipid peroxidation as measured by the malionaldehyde assay gave no indication of oxidative damage to waratah bract tissue. This was probably due to the presence of anthocyanins and other flavonoids and sugars other than sucrose in bract tissue interfering with the colourimetric measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. The extensive planting of waratahs in NSW in the last five years suggests that the total value of lost production due to bract browning is likely to increase in the future. The browning disorder may also prevent the establishment of waratahs in other markets, as international cut-flower markets demand high quality blooms free from blemishes. The results of this study show that bract browning, photoinhibition and pigment loss are minimised by protecting waratahs from high light intensities from bud opening until harvest. However, the consequences of shading waratahs throughout the year require further investigation, as does the use of different percentages of shade cloth or other methods to reduce incident light.

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Silvia Ribeiro de Souza / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnociência, 2017. / As plantas possuem mecanismos de defesas que sao classificados como diretos e indiretos, ativando varias vias de respostas. As defesas diretas estao presentes constitutivamente nas plantas e podem estar relacionadas com o sistema antioxidante que possui componentes tais como glutationa oxidada (GSSH), glutationa reduzida (GHS), acido ascorbico (AA) e acido dehidroascorbico (DHA) que agem na manutencao do balanco oxi/antioxidante das plantas, visando minimizar os danos no sistema celular. As defesas indiretas estao relacionadas com as interacoes ecologicas e sao atribuidas aos compostos organicos volateis (COV) que podem combater o ataque de herbivoros e patogenos mediando as interacoes troficas. A ativacao das defesas ocorre quando as plantas estao expostas ao agente agressor. Dentre os varios agentes, destaca-se ozonio, por ser um poluente fitotoxico que promove estresse oxidativo e danos celulares. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem o objetivo de verificar se o ozonio, e capaz de alterar as defesas quimicas diretas e indiretas de individuos de Croton floribundus e Pipitadenia gonoacantha estudadas em situacao isolada e combinada. Experimentos foram realizados em condicoes controladas e plantas foram expostas a 100 ppb de ozonio em situacao isolada e combinada. As exposicoes ocorreram durante 7 dias por 5 horas. Determinou-se os niveis dos antioxidantes acido ascorbico e glutationa por meio da espectroscopia UV-vis. Os valores dos pares AA/DHA e GHS/GSSH foram comparados com o potencial redox de cada par, obtido para as formas reduzidas/oxidadas pela equacao de Nernst. Os COV foram quantificados por cromatografia gasoasa acoplada a espectroscopia de massas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que para as defesas diretas, a especie P.gonoacantha nao apresentou diferencas entre os tratamentos ar filtrado (AF) e ar filtrado enriquecido com ozonio (AF+O3) e entre as situacoes (isolada e combinada). Ja C.floribundus apresentou diferencas entre os tratamentos dos potenciais redox AA/DHA e GHS/GSSH na situacao combinada, mesmo assim a dose de ozonio aplicada nao foi capaz de promever danos oxidativos graves. No entanto, as defesas indiretas apresentaram emissao e inibicao de alguns compostos na presenca de ozonio. C.floribundus, em situacao isolada induziu os compostos Hexanal e 1-Hexanol,2-etil, ¿À-Felandreno, Cariofileno, cis-¿À-Farneseno, ¿¿-Muuroleno e (-) Spatulenol, enquanto que na situacao combinada apenas os compostos 3-Hexanal,1 ol (z) e o MeSa foram induzidos, os demais compostos foram inibidos na presenca do ozonio. Ja P.gonoacantha apresentou uma emissao maior de compostos na situacao isolada do que na combinada. Na situacao combinada houve majoritariamente a inducao de um sesqueterpeno nao identificado e do ¿À-Ocimeno. Esses compostos foram considerados como marcadores da coexistencia entre esssas duas especies. / Plants have mechanisms of defenses that are classified as direct and indirect, activating several response pathways. Direct defenses are constitutively present in plants and may be related to the antioxidant system that has components such as oxidized glutathione (GSSG), reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (AA) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), acting in the pro-antioxidant balance, minimizing damages in the cellular system. Indirect defenses are related to ecological interactions and are attributed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can be against the attack of herbivores and pathogens mediater in the trophic interactions. Activation of defenses occurs when plants are exposed to the stressor agent. Among several agents, ozone stands out because it is a phytotoxic pollutant that promotes oxidative stress and cellular damage. In this sense, the present work has the objective of verifying that the ozone is capable of altering the direct and indirect chemical defenses of individuals of Croton floribundus and Pipitadenia gonoacantha studied in an isolated and combined situation. Experiments were carried out under controlled conditions and plants were exposed to 100 ppb of ozone in an isolated and combined situation. Exposures occurred for 7 days for 5 hours. The levels of the antioxidants ascorbic acid and glutathione were determined by UV-vis spectroscopy. The values of the DHA/AA and GSH / GSSGpairs were compared with the redox potential of each pair, obtained for the reduced / oxidized forms by the Nernst equation. The VOCs were quantified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy. The results showed that the P.gonoacantha species did not indicate any differences between the treatments (AF) and filtered air enriched with ozone (AF + O3) and between situations (isolated and combined). C.floribundus presented differences between treatments of redox DHA/AA and GSH / GSSG potentials in the combined situation, even though the dose of ozone applied was not able to promise serious oxidative damages. However, the indirect defenses showed emission and inhibition of some compounds in the presence of ozone. C.floribundus, in the isolated situation induced the compounds Hexanal and 1-Hexanol, 2-ethyl, â-Felandren, Cariophilene, cis-â-Farnesene, á-Muurolene and (-) Spatulenol, whereas in the combined situation only compounds 3 -Hexanal, 1 ol (z) and MeSa were induced, the other compounds were inhibited in the presence of ozone. Already P.gonoacantha presented a greater emission of compounds in the isolated situation than in the combined one. In the combined situation, there was mainly the induction of an unidentified sesqueterpene and â-Ocimene. These compounds were considered as markers of coexistence between these two species.

The historical series of phenological data allow the determination of the relationship of the development of species with climate and site conditions of the region. In Brazil phenological data s banks of different native species practically do not exist. Thus, it appears the importance of undertaking work in this area. The aim of this work was to determine the reproductive phenophases subperiod of native plant species Schinus terebinthifolius, Lithraea molleoides (Vell.) and Helietta apiculata Benth, respectively aroeira-vermelha , aroeira-brava and canela-de-veado. The work was carried out in the Botanical Garden of the Federal University of Santa Maria, UFSM, located in the municipality of Santa Maria - RS, (29º42'S; 53o42'W; altitude: 90 m). Phenological observations from August 2010 to August 2014 were performed on ten plants aroeira-vermelha females and ten males, ten plants aroeira-brava females and ten males and four plants canela- de-veado. Were recorded for each plant dates of beginning and end of flowerbud, anthesis, green fruit and ripe fruit. It was found that the variability of the start date and end of the different phenological phases is very high, especially for plants aroeira-vermelha that is generally higher for starting dates of phenophases. It was observed, although the duration of the early and late phases was greater in aroeira-vermelha than in other species. / As séries históricas de dados fenológicos possibilita a determinação da relação do desenvolvimento das espécies com as condições climáticas do local e da região. No Brasil, bancos de dados fenológicos de plantas das diferentes espécies vegetais nativas praticamente inexistem. Constata-se, assim, a importância da realização de trabalhos nesta área. O objetivo, neste trabalho, foi determinar as fenofases do subperíodo reprodutivo das espécies vegetais nativas, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi e Schinus terebinthifolius, Lithraea molleoides (Vell.) Engler e Lithraea molleoides, e Helietta apiculata Benth, respectivamente aroeira-vermelha, aroeira-brava e canela-de-veado. O trabalho foi realizado no Jardim Botânico da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, UFSM, localizado no município de Santa Maria RS, (29º42 S; 53o42 W; altitude: 90 m). Foram realizadas observações fenológicas de agosto de 2010 a agosto de 2014 em dez plantas de aroeira-vermelha do sexo feminino e dez do sexo masculino, e de aroeira-brava do sexo feminino e dez do sexo masculino e em quatro plantas de canela-de-veado. Foram registradas, para cada planta as datas de início e final de botão floral, antese, fruto verde e fruto maduro. Constatou-se que a variabilidade da data de início e final das diferentes fenofases é muito elevada, principalmente para as plantas de aroeira-vermelha e que é, em geral, maior para as datas de início das fenofases. Observou-se, ainda que a duração do início e final dos subperíodos foi maior na aroeira-vermelha do que nas outras espécies.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:08:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 russo_v_me_sjrp.pdf: 279947 bytes, checksum: b8ee050ada943a178a5794601f0ca0b1 (MD5) / Secretaria de Educação do Estado de São Paulo / Pouco se conhece a respeito da influência do tamanho (idade) da planta sobre a acarofauna. Durante a ontogenia de determinadas plantas nativas, a qualidade, quantidade e duração dos recursos disponíveis para a comunidade de ácaros podem se alterar. Plantas nativas, de diferentes idades, consorciadas ou nas vizinhanças de um monocultivo, podem favorecer o aumento da densidade de espécies-praga, ou então, de seus agentes controladores. O conhecimento básico em relação à ocorrência sazonal dos ácaros, em plantas de diferentes idades, também pode fornecer dados para elaboração de programas de manejo ecológico a serem implantados com sucesso no futuro. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar se existe diferença na riqueza e densidade das espécies de ácaros associadas com plantas de Hymenaea martiana Hayne de diferentes tamanhos, bem como a ocorrência sazonal dessas espécies. Foram realizadas coletas quinzenais em 15 plantas de H. martiana, ordenadas por gradiente de altura e perímetro do tronco a 10 cm do solo, de um fragmento de Mata Estacional Semidecidual com transição para o Cerrado, durante o período de março de 2007 a março de 2008. Os ácaros foram coletados e montados em lâminas com meio de Hoyer. Foram registrados 116.910 ácaros pertencentes a 28 espécies de 24 gêneros e 13 famílias. A densidade de Chiapacheylus edentatus De Leon, Euseius cf. errabundus, Pronematus sp., Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) e Tarsonemus sp. aumentou com o aumento da altura da planta, e a de Aberoptus sp., Euseius sibelius (DeLeon), Typhlodromalus aripo De Leon e Phytoseius nahuatlensis De Leon diminuiu. O pico da densidade total foi registrado no período pré-desfolha, em todas as plantas. Isso ocorreu em abril nas plantas adultas e em julho nas jovens. A maior densidade de fitófagos foi registrada no período pré-desfolha em todas as plantas. Estes dados sugerem... / Little is known about the mite fauna on plants of different sizes (ages). During the ontogeny of certain native plants, the quality, amount and duration of resources available to the mite community can change. Native plants, of different ages, associated or in the surroundings of a monoculture, can favor the increase of mite pest densities or their controlling agents. The basic knowledge in relation to the seasonal occurrence of mites, in plants of different ages, can also provide data for elaboration of programs of ecological management to be implanted with success in the future. The aim of this study was to verify if there is any difference in the richness and density of mites on plants of Hymenaea martiana of different sizes, and the seasonal occurrence of the mite species. Samplings were performed every two weeks, in 15 plants of Hymenaea martiana, sorted by height gradient and perimeter of the trunk at 10 cm from the soil, of a fragment of Semidecidual Seasonal Forest with transition to Cerrado, from March of 2007 to March of 2008. The mites were mounted in microscopy slides using Hoyer’s medium. There were registered 116,910 mites of 28 species, belonging to 13 families. The density of Chiapacheylus edentatus De Leon, Euseius cf. errabundus, Pronematus sp., Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) and Tarsonemus sp. increased with the increase of the plant height whereas the density of Aberoptus sp., Euseius sibelius (DeLeon), Typhlodromalus aripo De Leon and Phytoseius nahuatlensis De Leon decreased. In all plants the peaks of total and phytophagous densities were registered in the period previous to defoliation, which occurred in April in the adult plants and in July in the young plants. These data suggest these native areas can supply food and shelter for phytophagous mites and their natural enemies and that... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:30:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_fg_me_jabo.pdf: 207990 bytes, checksum: 5e3ea22a783169f86c5601397fb83169 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A riqueza de nutrientes presentes nos resíduos orgânicos é fonte alternativa para uso de adubo na agricultura e para a recomposição de matas nativas. Com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento de mudas de Pterogyne nitens (amendoim bravo), espécie florestal nativa da mata atlântica, em substratos contendo composto orgânico de lixo e poda de árvore, conduziu-se experimento em ambiente protegido, no Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Unesp, Campus de Jaboticabal-SP. As plantas foram dispostas em tubetes distribuídos ao acaso com 8 tratamentos em esquema fatorial 4x2 (4 substratos e 2 níveis de irrigação) com 3 repetições. Os substratos utilizados foram: 80% composto de poda de árvore e 20% composto de lixo; 100% substrato comercial; 100% composto de poda; 80% poda e 20% substrato comercial. A irrigação foi realizada manualmente calculada em níveis de 50% e 100% da evapotranspiração. Foi avaliado o desenvolvimento da planta por meio da altura, diâmetro do caule, número de folíolos e massa seca. Os parâmetros de desenvolvimento das plantas de amendoim bravo foram significativos, no substrato 80% poda de árvore e 20% composto de lixo. Não houve diferença em relação aos níveis de irrigação. Os resíduos orgânicos da poda de árvore e do lixo domiciliar na proporção 80% poda de árvore e 20% composto de lixo apresentaram melhor desempenho que os demais substratos, incluindo o substrato comercial / The richness of nutrients in organic waste is an alternative source of fertilizer for use in agriculture and for restoration of native forests. The use of alternative substrates for the production of seedlings of native species should be studied to achieve higher efficiency and availability of substrate for the farmer, encouraging recovery and environmental sustainability of their property. Aiming to evaluate the performance of seedlings Pterogyne nitens (amendoim bravo), a forest species native to the rainforest, on substrates containing organic compost and pruning the tree, we conducted the experiment in a greenhouse at the Department of Rural Engineering Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, Jaboticabal - SP. The plants were placed in tubes randomly allocated to four treatments, two irrigation levels in a 4x2 factorial arrangement and three replications. The substrates used were composed of 80% and tree pruning waste compost 20%, 100% commercial substrate, 100% composed of pruning, pruning 80% and 20% commercial substrate. Irrigation was performed manually at 50% and 100% evapotranspiration. Was evaluated through the development of plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves and dry weight. The development of peanut plants was significantly brave, substrate 80% and 20% of pruning waste compost. No difference in relation to levels of irrigation. We conclude that the conditions under which the experiment was conducted organic waste from tree trimming and garbage at home 4:1 ratio performed better than the other substrates, including the commercial substrate

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:49:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 965039 bytes, checksum: 51c0c81b78ae36cf3f73a7e1f5dc897d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The value of vegetal resources becomes dependent on demographic factors emphasizing the need for researching these issues in rural communities. The present study documents knowledge dynamics and patterns depending on age and gender in use of native plants in a rural community at semiarid region of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil. Socioeconomic factors and ethnobotanical data were registered from 123 household heads through semi-structured interviews. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate similar uses between species. Comparisons between men and women knowledge and between age groups about species richness, number of citations mentioned as well as species-plants use knowledge measures were made to determine inter-and intra-cultural variations. The findings will reveal what age and gender were important elements of knowledge. In general, elder individuals showed greater knowledge than those younger, in addition, differential knowledge between men and women in some categories confirms occurrence of intra-cultural variations associated with gender. These outcomes show that differentiation of botanical knowledge from a gender and age perspective reinforces the importance of recognizing specific activities and needs in men and women on the design and definition of sustainable management strategies, policies and economic interventions over vegetation legacy, also acting as a priority inclusion indicator of certain species in conservation processes as a contribution to the culture and biodiversity conservation. / A valorização dos recursos vegetais torna-se dependente dos elementos demográficos enfatizando a necessidade de pesquisas que abordem essas questões nas comunidades rurais. Este estudo documenta a dinâmica e os padrões de conhecimento em função da idade e o sexo referente ao uso de plantas nativas em uma comunidade rural da região semiárida da Paraíba, Nordeste, Brasil. Aspectos socioeconômicos e dados etnobotânicos foram registrados para 123 chefes domiciliares por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Análise de Componente Principal (PCA) foi utilizada para avaliar a similaridade de uso entre as espécies. Comparações entre os conhecimentos de homens e mulheres e entre grupos etários em relação à riqueza de espécies, ao número de citações mencionadas e às medidas de conhecimento de espécies e uso de plantas, foram feitas para determinar variações inter e intra culturais. Os resultados revelaram que a idade e o gênero foram elementos importantes para o conhecimento. De modo geral, indivíduos mais velhos demonstraram ter maior conhecimento que aqueles mais jovens, além disso, o conhecimento diferencial entre mulheres e homens para algumas categorias confirma a ocorrência de variações intraculturais associadas ao sexo. Estes resultados mostram que a diferenciação do conhecimento botânico na perspectiva de gênero e idade reforça a importância do reconhecimento das atividades e das necessidades específicas de homens e mulheres, no desenho e na definição de estratégias de gestão sustentável e nas intervenções políticas e econômicas sobre o patrimônio vegetal. Além disso, o conhecimento constitui-se como um indicador que permite priorizar a inclusão de determinadas espécies em processos de conservação como uma contribuição na manutenção da cultura e da biodiversidade.

Geographic Contributions to the Rural Development of PerúTraditionally, Geography is understood as an academic science which main function is toprovide basic knowledge about territories but of less use for practical means; that is why it has been associated to History and therefore the least interest given by the Latin American policy makers when designing educational programs.The objective of this paper is to show that geographers are significantly contributing tosustainable development issues in different geographical environments, be these urban and rural.To do this I will show an experience on sustainable rural development in the Sierra of Piura, as an example of the application of the geographic and environmental knowledge, sensitizing the rural people to their ecosystems’ potential and the strategies for action in front of climate change.In a preliminary study there were identified the structural problems that impede sustainable development by information workshops and awareness to the teachers and community and municipal leaders. In a second stage we are working with peasants of two different ecological zones to inform them of their potential in plant resources and the ways how they may take advantage to put them at the urban markets, thus increasing their economic assets. To do this, we propose to help them in searching for those markets and provide advice in order to get just prices for their products.It is too early to quantitatively talk on the results because plants have a production cycle that needs to be experimented before they are distributed to the final stakeholders. Of course, this research is interdisciplinary and the geographers’ participation is due to their fine knowledge of the ecosystems and places where the experience is being done. / Tradicionalmente, la geografía es entendida como una ciencia académica que funciona bien proporcionando conocimientos básicos sobre los territorios, pero de poca aplicación práctica; de allí su asociación con la historia y el escaso interés que muestran los estrategas de políticas educativas en América Latina.El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar que los geógrafos vienen contribuyendo de manera muy significativa en temas de desarrollo sostenible en los diferentes ámbitos de los espacios geográficos, sean urbanos o rurales. Se tomará una experiencia de desarrollo rural aplicada a la sierra de Piura como muestra de la aplicación de los conocimientos geográficos ambientales, sensibilizando a las poblaciones rurales acerca de los potenciales de sus ecosistemas y de las estrategias de acción frente al cambio climático. En un primer estudio se identificaron los problemas estructurales que impiden el desarrollo sostenible con talleres de información y sensibilización dirigidos a los maestros y líderes comunales y municipales. En un segundo momento se viene trabajando con campesinos de dos zonas ecológicas distintas para informarles de sus potencialidades en recursos vegetales y de la forma cómo podrían aprovecharlos como complementode la agricultura e incrementar de esa manera sus ingresos económicos. También se buscarán mercados para los productos y se les asesorará en la comercialización buscando precios justos.Los resultados todavía no pueden cuantificarse porque las plantas tienen un ciclo productivo que necesita ser ensayado antes de distribuirlas a los usuarios. Por supuesto que el trabajo es interdisciplinario y la participación de los geógrafos está en el conocimiento fino que tienen del funcionamiento de los ecosistemas de los lugares de intervención