Bromeliaceae are characterized as ornamental plants par excellence and are composed of 3,248 species among 58 genera. They are an important taxonomic group, both on the economic scenario - where they impress the ornamental market due to its exotic forms - and in the ecological scenario, in which they are considered amplifiers of the biodiversity. However, Bromeliaceae is currently the second most endangered botanical family. Therefore, the development of ornamental bromeliad cultivation techniques has been considered an important conservation strategy. In the light of the foregoing, the main objective of this research is to apply micropropagation techniques in native Bromeliaceae species with ornamental potential of Sergipe and to carry out their ethnobotanical study, as a form of valorization and conservation. Considering the ecological importance played by the Bromeliaceae family in the Restinga ecosystems, like as their high degree of endemism in these environments, the research was held in a Restinga area located in Aguilhadas community, located in the city of Pirambu, east of Sergipe. From where the mature fruits of Bromeliaceae Aechmea aquilega and Hohenbergia catingae were collected from adult plants in a natural population. The technique used was the propagation through seed germination in vitro, through which three experiments were realized with the bromeliads H. catingae and A. aquilega. The first experiment, in order to analyze the disinfestations of seeds of H. catingae in different times of immersion in sodium hypochlorite. The second experiment evaluated the germination of A. aquilega in medium supplemented culture with the concentrations of 15 g L-¹ and 30 g L-¹ of sucrose. And the third, who investigated the germination of A. aquilega in two levels of maturation of its seeds. The variables analyzed were the Germination Speed Index (IVG) and the Percent Germination. The results showed that the most effective disinfestations was the one with immersion time in the sodium hypochlorite for 20 minutes, segmented in two ten minute periods. For the germination of A. aquilega, it was observed that the culture medium with 15 g L-¹ sucrose is sufficient in germination in vitro. In the third experiment it was verified that the seeds of A. aquilega, in the two stages of maturation, did not differ in the percentage of germination and the IVG. However, in relation to the length of the air component and number of leaves, the treatment that had seeds with less degree of maturation obtained the best results. The etonobotanical study was developed with 20 people from the Aguilhadas community. The sociocultural profile of the interviewees was traced and the knowledge and use of the Bromeliaceae species was analyzed. The approximation of the community by the cultivation of ornamental plants was identified. However, the local population is unaware of the use of bromeliads as ornamental plants. This causes a devaluation of these species, facilitating their extractivism and / or deforestation. / As Bromeliáceas são caracterizadas como plantas ornamentais por excelência e são compostas por 3.248 espécies entre 58 gêneros. São um grupo taxonômico importante, tanto no cenário econômico - onde impressionam o mercado ornamental por suas formas exóticas -, quanto no cenário ecológico - no qual são consideradas amplificadoras da biodiversidade. Contudo, a Bromeliaceae é, atualmente, a segunda família botânica mais ameaçada de extinção. Por isso, o desenvolvimento de técnicas de cultivo de bromélias ornamentais têm sido considerado uma importante estratégia para sua conservação. Diante do exposto, a pesquisa teve como objetivo principal aplicar técnicas de micropropagação em espécies de Bromeliaceae com potencial ornamental nativas de Sergipe e realizar um estudo etnobotânico, visando a valorização e conservação. Considerando-se a importância ecológica desempenhada pela família Bromeliaceae nos ecossistemas de Restinga, bem como seu alto grau de endemismo nesses ambientes, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida numa área de restinga situada no povoado Aguilhadas, localizada no município de Pirambu, no leste Sergipano. Foram coletados os frutos maduros das bromeliáceas Aechmea aquilega e Hohenbergia catingae, de plantas adultas em população natural. A técnica utilizada foi a propagação por meio da germinação de sementes in vitro, através da qual realizaram-se três experimentos com as bromélias H. catingae e A. aquilega. O primeiro, a fim de analisar a desinfestação das sementes de H. catingae em diferentes tempos de imersão em solução de hipoclorito de sódio. No segundo experimento foi avaliado a germinação de A. aquilega em MS suplementado com as concentrações de 15 g L-¹ e 30 g L-¹ de sacarose. No terceiro foi investigado a germinação de A. aquilega em dois níveis de maturação das sementes. As variáveis analisadas foram o Índice de Velocidade de Germinação (IVG) e o Percentual de Germinação. Os resultados demonstraram que a desinfestação mais eficaz foi aquela com tempo de imersão em solução de hipoclorito de sódio por 20 minutos, segmentado em dois tempos de dez minutos. Para a germinação de A. aquilega, houve maior germinação no tratamento suplementado com 15 g L-¹ de sacarose ao meio de cultura. No terceiro experimento constatou-se que as sementes de A. aquilega, independente do estágio de maturação, não houveram diferenças na porcentagem de germinação e no IVG. Na fase pós emergência, foram obtidos maiores valores para as variáveis comprimento da parte aérea e número de folhas, no tratamento com sementes que apresentavam menor grau de maturação. O estudo etnobotânico foi desenvolvido com 20 pessoas da comunidade de Aguilhadas, povoado pertencente ao município de Pirambu/SE. Foi traçado o perfil sociocultural dos entrevistados e analisado o conhecimento e uso das espécies de bromeliáceas. Identificou-se a aproximação da comunidade pelo cultivo de plantas ornamentais. Mas a população local desconhece o uso das bromeliáceas como plantas de valor ornamental, o que leva à desvalorização dessas espécies, facilitando seu extrativismo e/ou desmatamento. / São Cristóvão, SE

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2015-11-30T17:10:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lívia Cristina da Silva - 2012.pdf: 1750122 bytes, checksum: b7f0b1c2fa4d1a3489867c8d63c82dec (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-12-01T06:37:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lívia Cristina da Silva - 2012.pdf: 1750122 bytes, checksum: b7f0b1c2fa4d1a3489867c8d63c82dec (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-01T06:37:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lívia Cristina da Silva - 2012.pdf: 1750122 bytes, checksum: b7f0b1c2fa4d1a3489867c8d63c82dec (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Dipteryx alata Vogel and Eugenia dysenterica DC. are Cerrado’s fruit tree threatened by habitat fragmentation and the predatory extractivism. Thus, it is essential to the study of techniques for the conservation and sustainable use of these species. The objective for this work was to establish protocols for micropropagation of these species from the in vitro germination of their seeds. Experiments were conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Tissue Culture ICB / UFG. Seeds of both species were divided into two groups: with coat and without coat. After pre-cleansing with detergent and alcohol 70%, seeds of D. alata were treated with four concentrations of sodium hypochlorite. Seeds of E. dysenterica were treated with four concentrations of sodium hypochlorite and three of casugamicina. The seeds were inoculated in ½ MS and MS complete, with or without addition of charcoal. The lowest contamination percentage for E. dysenterica occurred with seeds without tegument soaked in 0.5% of active chlorine. To D. alata, the most effective treatment was with seed-coats soaked in 1.25% of active chlorine. For the germination of E. dysenterica, the seed coats were removed. The treatments used through complete MS and ½ MS. After inoculation, the seeds remained in a growth chamber in two distinct photoperiods: 16 h light or 24 hours of dark. The highest germination percentage for E. dysenterica, with 93%, occurred in complete MS medium in a 16h photoperiod. To D. alata, the highest germination percentage, 97.5%, occurred in complete MS medium without charcoal, in a 16h photoperiod. To verify the induction of shoots of both species, nodal segments were inoculated on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of NAA and BAP, the best treatment for multiplication of shoots in E dysenterica was with 4.0 mg.L-1 BAP. For D. alata, the best was 0.1 mg.L-1 NAA and 2.5 mg l-1 BAP. To study the roots and shoots from in vitro cultures inoculated in a MS or ½ MS supplemented with combinations of NAA, sucrose and activated charcoal. No satisfactory results occurred for rooting in any species. For E. dysenterica, the few seedlings that emitted roots did not stand the acclimatization. To D. alata, no emission of roots was detected, but there was the issue of shoots in all treatments, especially those inoculated in ½ MS. To obtain the callus, stem explants of D. alata, and leaf explants of E. dysenterica were inoculated on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of BAP and 2.4 D. As a result, we obtained callus formation in D. alata with BAP, ranging from 0.0 mg L-1 to 1.0 mg.L-1, interacting with 2,4-D, ranging from 1.0 mg L-1 and 4.0 mg L-1. Leaf explants of E. dysenterica callus was obtained between 3.0 and 4.0 mg.L-1 of 2.4-D combined with 0.5 and 1.0 mg.L-1 BAP. / Dipteryx alata Vogel e Eugenia dysenterica DC. são frutíferas do Cerrado ameaçadas pela fragmentação de seu habitat e pelo extrativismo predatório. Deste modo, torna-se imprescindível o estudo de técnicas para a conservação e uso sustentável destas espécies. O objetivo do trabalho foi estabelecer protocolos de micropropagação destas espécies a partir da germinação in vitro. Experimentos foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais do ICB/UFG. Sementes das duas espécies foram divididas em dois grupos: com tegumento e sem tegumento. Após pré-assepsia com detergente e álcool 70%, as sementes de D. alata foram tratadas com quatro concentrações de hipoclorito de sódio. Sementes de E. dysenterica foram tratadas com quatro concentrações de hipoclorito de sódio e três de casugamicina. As sementes foram inoculadas em meio MS completo e ½ MS, com ou sem adição de carvão. A menor porcentagem de contaminação para E. dysenterica foi com sementes sem tegumento, imersas em 0,5% de cloro ativo. Para D. alata, o tratamento mais eficiente foi com sementes com tegumento imersas em 1,25% de cloro ativo. Para a germinação de sementes de E. dysenterica, os tegumentos foram removidos. Os tratamentos utilizaram meio MS completo e ½ MS. Após a inoculação, as sementes permaneceram em sala de crescimento em dois fotoperíodos distintos: 16 horas de claro ou 24 horas de escuro. A maior porcentagem de germinação para E. dysenterica, com 93%, ocorreu em meio MS completo no fotoperíodo de 16h. Para D. alata, a maior porcentagem de germinação ocorreu em meio MS completo, sem carvão, no fotoperíodo de 16h com 97,5%. Para verificar a indução de brotações das duas espécies, segmentos nodais foram inoculados em meio MS suplementado com diferentes concentrações e combinações de ANA e BAP, O melhor tratamento para multiplicação de brotações em E. dysenterica foi com 4,0 mg.L-1 de BAP. Já para D. alata o melhor foi 0,1 mg.L-1 de ANA e 2,5 mg.L-1 de BAP. Para o estudo do enraizamento, brotações provenientes do cultivo in vitro inoculadas em meio de MS ou ½ MS suplementado com combinações de ANA, sacarose, carvão ativado. Não houve resultados satisfatórios para o enraizamento em nenhuma das espécies. Para E. dysenterica, as poucas plântulas que emitiram raízes não suportaram a aclimatização. Para D. alata, não houve emissão de raízes, mas houve emissão de brotações em todos os tratamentos, principalmente naqueles inoculados em meio ½ MS. Para a obtenção dos calos, explantes caulinares de D. alata, e explantes foliares de E. dysenterica, foram inoculados em meio MS, suplementado com diferentes concentrações e combinações de BAP e 2,4 D. Como resultados, obteve-se formação de calos em D. alata com BAP, variando de 0,0 mg.L-1 a 1,0 mg.L-1, interagindo com 2,4 D, variando de 1,0 mg.L-1 e 4,0 mg.L-1. Explantes foliares de E. dysenterica formaram calos entre 3,0 e 4,0 mg.L-1 de 2,4-D combinadas com 0,5 e 1,0 mg.L-1 de BAP.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-03-30T14:05:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 silviamariapereirasoares.pdf: 3253476 bytes, checksum: 0c53f505fc28dddea01541702a63051e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-03T18:50:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silviamariapereirasoares.pdf: 3253476 bytes, checksum: 0c53f505fc28dddea01541702a63051e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-03T18:50:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silviamariapereirasoares.pdf: 3253476 bytes, checksum: 0c53f505fc28dddea01541702a63051e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-28 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Melinis minutiflora (Poaceae) é uma espécie de origem africana que tem causado grandes problemas em ambientes naturais no Brasil. Ela é uma espécie exótica invasora muito agressiva e de difícil controle. Em Juiz de Fora, MG, ela domina uma área de clareira antrópica no interior da Reserva Biológica Municipal Santa Cândida. Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o potencial de regeneração dessa clareira, através da caracterização do banco de sementes e da chuva de sementes e avaliar o potencial de diferentes métodos de restauração ecológica baseados na nucleação. O banco de sementes foi quantificado em 12 amostras sob árvores (SP) e 12 em locais abertos, sob capim (SC), com dimensões de 25x25x3cm. A quantificação das sementes foi feita através da germinação, acompanhada por 4 meses em casa de vegetação. No interior da clareira foram capinados 10 transectos de 2,5x15m, onde foram instaladas 10 parcelas com os seguintes tratamentos: controle (sem capina), capina (regeneração autóctone), capina e transposição de solo (regeneração alóctone), monitoramento da chuva de sementes (coletores de 1m²) e plantio de mudas, todos monitorados durante 12 meses. As amostras para a transposição do solo foram coletadas sob a vegetação do entorno da clareira, em 10 parcelas de 1,0x0,5x0,1m aleatoriamente alocadas, essas foram espalhadas em 10 parcelas de 1,0x1,0m. Foram plantadas mudas de Schinus therebinthifolius, Trema micrantha e Virola bicuhyba em 3 diferentes tratamentos, com 5 repetições, compondo parcelas com apenas uma muda (P1); parcelas com 3 mudas da mesma espécie (P2) e parcelas com 3 mudas, sendo uma de cada espécie (P3). O banco de sementes apresentou uma densidade média de 12.646,67 ± 9.428,06 sementes/m2, sendo que 93% eram da família Poaceae. Não houve diferença significativa na densidade do banco de sementes entre amostras oriundas de SP e SC. SP apresentou menor diversidade (H’ = 0,22) que SC (H’ = 0,39). Em ambas as condições houve o predomínio de espécies herbáceas. Na chuva de sementes foram amostrados 140.701 diásporos com predominância de espécies anemocóricas e herbáceas, sendo que 93% dos diásporos pertencem a M. minutiflora. Na regeneração autóctone foi amostrada, no último mês de monitoramento, uma densidade de 57,2 ± 52,4 plantas/m², foram identificadas 39 espécies, com a predominância de herbáceas, sendo que as mais abundantes, depois de M. minutiflora, foram Borreria alata, Sida glaziovii e Crotalaria pterocaula. Na transposição do solo, a densidade média amostrada no último mês de monitoramento foi de 46,7 ± 41,8 plantas/m², sendo reconhecidas 66 espécies, com a predominância de herbáceas, e poucos representantes de espécies arbóreas como Apuleia leiocarpa, Cecropia sp, Croton urucurana, e Trema micrantha. Mudas de S. therebinthifolius e T. micrantha apresentaram um bom crescimento em altura e diâmetro, que não diferiram estatisticamente entre P1, P2 e P3. A taxa de mortalidade foi nula para S. therebinthifolius, de 20% para T. micrantha, em especial no tratamento P2, e de 88% para V. bicuhyba. Todos os tratamentos, com exceção do plantio de mudas, apresentaram a dominância de espécies herbáceas e a forte presença de M. minutiflora, mostrando que o manejo do capim-gordura é necessário para acelerar a regeneração na clareira. / Melinis minutiflora (Poaceae) is an African species that has been a big problem in natural environments in Brazil. It is an invader exotic species that is very aggressive and its control is difficult. In Juiz de Fora, MG, it dominates an anthropic gap area in the Biological Reserve Santa Cândida. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the natural regeneration by characterization of the seed bank and seed rain of this gap and evaluate the potential of different restoration ecology methods based on nucleation. The seed bank was quantified in 12 samples under trees (SP) and 12 ones in opened places, under grass (SC), with dimensions of 25x25x3cm. The seeds quantification was made through germination, monitored during 4 months in green house. Inside of the gap were weeded 10 transects of 2,5x15m, where were installed 10 parcels with the following treatments: control (without weeding), weeding (autochthonous regeneration), seed rain monitoring (traps of 1m²) and the planting, all monitored during 12 months. The soil transposition samples were collected under around vegetation of the gap in 10 parcels of 1,0x0,5x0,1m allocated randomly, these were spread in 10 parcels of 1,0x1,0m. Schinus therebinthifolius, Trema micrantha and Virola bicuhyba plants were planted in 3 different treatments with 5 repetitions compounding parcels with only one plant (P1); parcels with 3 plants of the same species (P2) and parcels with 3 plants with one of each species (P3). The seed bank showed a density of 12.646,67 ± 9.428,06 seeds/m2 that 93% of the plants were of Poaceae family. There was not significant difference in seed bank density of SP and SC samples. SP presented less diversity (H’ = 0,22) than SC (H’ = 0,39). In both conditions there was herbaceous species predominance. In the seed rain were sampled 140.701 seeds with anemochorous and herbaceous predominance, being that 93% of the seeds belong to M. minutiflora. In the autochthonous regeneration was sampled, in the last monitored month, a density of 57,2 ± 52,4 plants/m², were identified 39 species with herbaceous predominance, being that the most abundant, after M. minutiflora, were Borreria alata, Sida glaziovii and Crotalaria pterocaula. In the soil transposition, the last monitored month density was 46,7 ± 41,8 plants/m², being recognized 66 species with herbaceous predominance and a few representative tree species like Apuleia leiocarpa, Cecropia sp, Croton urucurana, and Trema micrantha. S. therebinthifolius and T. micrantha plants showed a good height and diameter growth that had not a statistical difference between P1, P2 and P3. The mortality rate was null to S. therebinthifolius, of 20% to T. micrantha, especially in the P2 treatment, and of 88% to V. bicuhyba. All treatments, except planting, presented the herbaceous species domain and the strong presence of M. minutiflora, showing that the molasses grass management is necessary to accelerate the gap regeneration.

Orientador: Rafael Silva Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T02:26:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Abrahao_Anna_M.pdf: 1511361 bytes, checksum: dc831d20228afc2bba2cbea5130726b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Apesar da grande diversidade de espécies de plantas nativas de solos tropicais e pobres em nutrientes, pouco se sabe sobre a diversidade de mecanismos de aquisição e uso de nutrientes nesses ambientes. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse estudo foi entender como ocorre à aquisição e o uso de nitrogênio (N) e fósforo (P) em fisionomias rupestres de cerrado na Cadeia do Espinhaço, em Minas Gerais, sudeste do Brasil, em ambiente muito pobre em nutrientes. No primeiro capítulo, nós descrevemos e investigamos o status micorrízico e o papel funcional da especialização radicular de Discocactus placentiformis (Cactaceae), uma espécie abundante de campos rupestres na Cadeia do Espinhaço. As raízes possuem pelos abundantes que aderem grãos de areia. A nossa hipótese foi que as raízes de D. placentiformis não possuem colonização por micorrizas, e funcionam de forma similar a cluster roots, aumentando a liberação de ácidos orgânicos quando submetidas à deficiência de P. Nós não observamos colonização por micorrizas nas raízes de D. placentiformis. Ao coletar e analisar os exsudatos radiculares identificou ácido oxálico, málico, cítrico, láctico, succínico, fumárico e malônico, em ordem decrescente de concentração. Como esperado, a exsudação total aumentou com a deficiência de P. O papel ecofisiológico dessa nova especialização radicular parece ser semelhante ao de raízes do tipo cluster roots. Esses resultados sugerem uma convergência funcional entre estratégias nutricionais de plantas em hábitats pobres em nutrientes. No segundo capítulo, em nível de comunidade, comparamos as assinaturas isotópicas de N (?15N) e a colonização por micorrizas dos representantes mais abundantes de três fisionomias rupestres de cerrado, com disponibilidades distintas de N no solo (campos rupestres, campos úmidos e cerrados ralos). Nós testamos a hipótese de que o ?15N foliar aumenta com o N total no solo e que as fisionomias mais pobres em N apresentam um maior intervalo de valores de ?15N foliar, possuindo então maior diversidade de estratégias de aquisição de N. Em todas as fisionomias nós observamos uma disponibilidade de nitrogênio muito baixa, principalmente nos campos rupestres. Ao contrário do esperado, nós observamos uma relação negativa entre os valores de ?15N foliar e o N total no solo. Apesar das diferenças de nitrogênio no solo, os valores de N foliar foram similares entre as fisionomias. Os resultados também mostram que o maior intervalo de valores de ?15N foliar não está associado com o ambiente com menor valor de N total no solo. No entanto, como esperado, a grande variação nos valores de ?15N foliar aponta a diversidade de mecanismos de aquisição de nitrogênio. A eficiência na aquisição de fósforo por meio de especializações radiculares e a diversidade de mecanismos de absorção de nitrogênio podem ajudar a manter a grande diversidade de espécies nesses ambientes rupestres. Além disso, parece haver uma convergência funcional destes ambientes pobres em nutrientes da América do Sul com ambientes pobres em nutrientes de outras partes do mundo / Abstract: Despite the great plant species richness in tropical and nutrient-poor soils, little is known about nutrient-acquisition strategies in these environments. In this context, the aim of this work was to understand the acquisition and use of nutrients in a nutrient-impoverished site in Brazil. Therefore, we studied nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition and use in rupestrian physiognomies at the Espinhaço mountain range, in Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. In the first chapter, we described and investigated a sand-binding root specialization of Discocactus placentiformis (Cactaceae), a common species in rupestrian grasslands white sands. We hypothesized that D. placentiformis is non-micorrhizal and increases organic acid release when submitted to P deficiency. We collected and analyzed root exudates from plants subjected to different phosphorus supplies. We identified oxalic, malic, citric, and lactic, succinic fumaric and malonic acids, in decreasing order of concentration. As expected, total exudation decreased with P supply. These results show that the ecophysiological role of this root specialization seems to be similar to cluster roots, pointing towards a functional global convergence in nutrient-acquisition strategies between plants from nutrient-poor habitats. In the second chapter, at the community level, we compared N isotopic signatures (?15N), from the most abundant species in three rupestrian cerrado communities (rupestrian fields, humid fields and shrublands). We tested the hypothesis that foliar ?15N values increases with N availability, and that physiognomies with lower N availability present a higher range of foliar ?15N values. In all the physiognomies, we observed a very low N availability, especially in the rupestrian grasslands. Contrary to expectations, we observed a negative relation between foliar ?15N values and total soil N. Despite the differences in soil N, total foliar N values were similar among physiognomies. These results show that higher foliar ?15N do not always indicate higher soil N availability and that the widest range of foliar ?15N is not always associated with lowest total soil N. However, as expected, we observed a high range in foliar ?15N, indicating diversity in N-acquisition strategies. The efficiency in phosphorus acquisition by root specializations and the diversity in nitrogen-acquisition mechanisms may help maintaining the high species diversity in these habitats. Additionally, there seems to be a functional convergence between rupestrian communities and other nutrient-poor sites in the world / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestra em Ecologia

Orientador: João Antonio Galbiatti / Banca: Carlos Eduardo Angeli Furlani / Banca: Fábio Olivieri de Nobile / Resumo: A riqueza de nutrientes presentes nos resíduos orgânicos é fonte alternativa para uso de adubo na agricultura e para a recomposição de matas nativas. Com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento de mudas de Pterogyne nitens (amendoim bravo), espécie florestal nativa da mata atlântica, em substratos contendo composto orgânico de lixo e poda de árvore, conduziu-se experimento em ambiente protegido, no Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Unesp, Campus de Jaboticabal-SP. As plantas foram dispostas em tubetes distribuídos ao acaso com 8 tratamentos em esquema fatorial 4x2 (4 substratos e 2 níveis de irrigação) com 3 repetições. Os substratos utilizados foram: 80% composto de poda de árvore e 20% composto de lixo; 100% substrato comercial; 100% composto de poda; 80% poda e 20% substrato comercial. A irrigação foi realizada manualmente calculada em níveis de 50% e 100% da evapotranspiração. Foi avaliado o desenvolvimento da planta por meio da altura, diâmetro do caule, número de folíolos e massa seca. Os parâmetros de desenvolvimento das plantas de amendoim bravo foram significativos, no substrato 80% poda de árvore e 20% composto de lixo. Não houve diferença em relação aos níveis de irrigação. Os resíduos orgânicos da poda de árvore e do lixo domiciliar na proporção 80% poda de árvore e 20% composto de lixo apresentaram melhor desempenho que os demais substratos, incluindo o substrato comercial / Abstract: The richness of nutrients in organic waste is an alternative source of fertilizer for use in agriculture and for restoration of native forests. The use of alternative substrates for the production of seedlings of native species should be studied to achieve higher efficiency and availability of substrate for the farmer, encouraging recovery and environmental sustainability of their property. Aiming to evaluate the performance of seedlings Pterogyne nitens (amendoim bravo), a forest species native to the rainforest, on substrates containing organic compost and pruning the tree, we conducted the experiment in a greenhouse at the Department of Rural Engineering Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, Jaboticabal - SP. The plants were placed in tubes randomly allocated to four treatments, two irrigation levels in a 4x2 factorial arrangement and three replications. The substrates used were composed of 80% and tree pruning waste compost 20%, 100% commercial substrate, 100% composed of pruning, pruning 80% and 20% commercial substrate. Irrigation was performed manually at 50% and 100% evapotranspiration. Was evaluated through the development of plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves and dry weight. The development of peanut plants was significantly brave, substrate 80% and 20% of pruning waste compost. No difference in relation to levels of irrigation. We conclude that the conditions under which the experiment was conducted organic waste from tree trimming and garbage at home 4:1 ratio performed better than the other substrates, including the commercial substrate / Mestre

This dissertation explores the differential effects of fires and rodent communities on native and invasive desert plant communities. Chapter one examines the impacts of fire and repeat fires on fuel loads in two different Utah desert sites, one in the cool Great Basin Desert and one in the hyper-arid Mojave Desert, over the course of four years. We found that both desert sites responded with varying intensities to a single burn, but the effects of a reburn were not as pronounced. We also found that our Great Basin Desert site had a stronger response to fire than our Mojave Desert site, producing a higher plant fuel loads that could potentially exacerbate the changing fire regimes. These data can be used to help map the effects that climate change may have on fuel loads and the fire potential of these deserts. Chapter two uses a full factorial experimental design to compare the effects of rodent herbivory and fire on native versus invasive seedlings at our Mojave Desert field site. We found that rodent herbivory has a more negative impact on the survival of native seedlings than invasive seedlings. This could be because the invasives are grasses that tend to tolerate herbivory better than the native shrubs and forbs. Chapter three again uses a full factorial experimental design to assess the impacts of rodents and fire on the fate of native and invasive seeds at our field site in the Mojave Desert. We found that rodents removed seeds, and they did show preferences for some species of seed over others, but these preferences were not different between native and invasive seeds or seed mass. We propose that the preferences may be influenced by other seed traits such as water content, handling time or physical and chemical defenses. As with the seedlings in chapter two, fire did not have any impact on rodent seed preferences. These data highlight the importance of considering rodent effects on seeds used in restoration effects following wildfires.

Water shortages are a recurring problem in the western US. As much as 70% of yearly municipal water consumption may be used to irrigate urban landscapes. Significant water savings can be realized by installing low water landscapes, where turfgrass is replaced by low water trees, shrubs, grasses, and perennials. Intermountain West (IMW) native trees and shrubs are excellent candidates for low water landscaping. However, due to their slow initial growth, many native trees and shrubs are simply unavailable to consumers, as they are not cost effective for nursery growers to produce. In an effort to accelerate the yearly growth rates of two IMW native species, Pinus monophylla and Mahonia fremontii, the potential of two growing methods was evaluated. A 30% reduction in radiation by shading and stabilizing root-zone temperatures with potin- pot were employed in an effort to decrease the extreme environmental impacts of temperature and intense sunlight. Shading caused a significant increase in the growth of M. fremontii when grown aboveground. P. monophylla growth was not affected by the use of shade. Neither species showed improved growth when grown pot-in-pot. The use of shade is effective in accelerating some native plants and not others. However, for plants such as M. fremontii, shading is beneficial and can be used to significantly accelerate nursery production.

Agricultural production among the Native American populations of the Southwest declined significantly during the twentieth century. Corn, beans and squash, the three most recognized traditional food crops, remains widespread, but knowledge regarding the traditional management of these crops was lost. The loss of traditional knowledge for Southwest Indigenous Nations was more pronounced for the Southwest peach (Prunus persica) and Navajo spinach (Cleome serrulata Pursh). The Navajo, Hopi, and Zuni Nations are all seeking to increase the availability of traditional crops for their original uses, such as for food and wool dye. In order to revitalize traditional agriculture for these tribes, information regarding these crops was gathered, including: variety characterization, the horticultural basis for traditional management practices, and cultural uses and significance. Southwest peach orchards were located for seed and plant material collections to characterize their genotype and relate them to modern peach cultivars. Traditional farmers were interviewed on management practices and irrigation strategies to correlate to dendrochronology (tree-ring analysis) techniques. Dendrochronology samples included tree stumps or cores to evaluate ring growth variability, age, and life span of the orchard trees. Navajo spinach seed was collected from Chinle, Arizona for germination studies on overcoming seed dormancy. Information on both Southwest peach and Navajo spinach will be useful to encourage culturally important traditional crop management.

I investigated percent coverage, plant height, species richness, and woody stem density in plant communities in ten study plots during spring and fall (2010-2012) within 3 different treatments (continual mowings, one fall mowing, and one fall mowing with native wildflower seeds) on highway 25 right-of-way in Oktibbeha and Winston counties, Mississippi. I recorded 277 plant species including native and non-native forbs, legumes, grasses, rushes/sedges, and woody plants. Non-native agronomic grasses exhibited greatest coverage greater than 90 percent occurring in all treatments. Percent coverage of plants less than 0.46m height category exceeded 100 while, greater than 0.46m plant height categories averaged 55 percent. Woody stem density ranged from 7,772 year 1 to 10,025 stems/hectare year 2. I detected no significant differences in plant height or woody stems among treatments. One mowing per year retained agronomic plant cover for erosion control and annual cost savings up to 75 percent for roadside maintenance.

Green roofs are an emerging technology promoted primarily for stormwater management but little has been published about their potential for biodiversity performance. This is the first study to explore the potential for creating prairie-like, non-succulent, native plant communities on unirrigated extensive green roofs in the southeastern United States. Ten experimental green roof platforms were used to: 1) identify native species and methods of establishment appropriate for green roof applications in the southeastern United States; 2) examine the effects of introducing natural soil into a commercially available green roof soil media mixture on the survival and establishment of native prairie species; and 3) examine the composition of early successional green roof plant communities. Eleven planted species were successfully established and 46 colonizing species were identified. It was found that the addition of native prairie soil did not significantly affect survival, overall cover, or biodiversity in terms of species richness and evenness.