O comportamento eletroquímico do aço carbono em soluções aquosas contendo KNO3 0,10 mol L-1 e soluções etanólicas contendo cloreto de tetraetilamônio 0,10 mol L-1 foi estudado na ausência e na presença de diferentes concentrações (0,50 mM a 50,0 mM) de acetato de linalila, mentol, limoneno e pulegona. Técnicas eletroquímicas como a potenciometria, varredura potenciodinâmica, cronoamperometria, curvas de Tafel e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica foram utilizadas a fim de compreender a interação entre os compostos orgânicos e a superfície do eletrodo. Medidas de perda de massa também foram realizadas, bem como a comprovação visual dos resultados mediante registros fotográficos. O acetato de linalila adsorve na superfície do aço carbono mesmo na presença de grande quantidade de água ou etanol. A energia livre de adsorção de Gibbs para este processo é de -26,0 kJ mol-1 em soluções aquosas e -26,7 kJ mol-1 em soluções etanólicas. Para o mentol, a energia livre de adsorção de Gibbs calculada foi de -26,7 kJ mol-1 em soluções aquosas e -24,2 kJ mol-1 em soluções etanólicas. Para o limoneno, esses valores foram -24,2 kJ mol-1 em meio aquoso e -26,0 kJ mol-1 em meio etanólico, e para a pulegona os valores foram de -25,7 kJ mol-1 e -24,6 kJ mol-1, em meio aquoso e etanólico, respectivamente. Foi detectado que as espécies adsorvidas na superfície do metal diminuíram os valores das densidades de corrente anódicas, bem como a perda de massa do metal. Esses efeitos permitem-nos classificar esses compostos orgânicos como inibidores naturais de corrosão para o aço carbono em soluções aquosas e etanólicas. / The electrochemical behavior of low carbon steel in aqueous solutions containing KNO3 0.10 mol L-1 and ethanolic solutions containing tetraethylammonium chloride 0.10 mol L-1 was studied in the absence and presence of different concentrations (0.50 mM to 50.0 mM) of linalyl acetate, menthol, limonene and pulegone. Electrochemical techniques such as potentiometry, cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, Tafel curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to understand the interaction between the organic compound and the electrode surface. Weight loss measurements were also performed, as well as visual confirmation of the results by photographic records. Linalyl acetate adsorbed on low carbon steel surface even in the presence of a large amount of water or ethanol. The Gibbs free energy of adsorption for this process was -26.0 kJ mol-1 in aqueous solutions and -26.7 kJ mol-1 for ethanol solutions. For menthol, the Gibbs free energy of adsorption was calculated -26.7 kJ mol-1 in aqueous solutions and -24.2 kJ mol-1 for ethanol solutions. For limonene, these values were -24.2 kJ mol-1 in aqueous medium and -26.0 kJ mol-1 in ethanolic medium, and for pulegone the values were - 25.7 kJ mol-1 and -24.6 kJ mol-1 in aqueous and ethanolic medium, respectively. It was detected that the species adsorbed on the metal surface decreased the amounts of anodic current densities and the metal mass loss. These effects allow us to classify the organic compounds investigated as natural corrosion inhibitors for low carbon steel in aqueous and ethanolic solutions.

Orientadores: Carmen Verissima Ferreira, Hiroshi Aoyama / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T07:42:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_AnaCarolinaSantosde_D.pdf: 3901394 bytes, checksum: ef9ac69de23f7f2b15590ee29a931c8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Produtos naturais têm originado muitos dos compostos biologicamente ativos usados clinicamente, destacando-se como importantes fontes de novos agentes terapêuticos utilizados no tratamento das mais variadas patologias incluindo câncer, HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer e malária. O desenvolvimento de novos fármacos a partir de produtos naturais, especialmente os derivados de plantas, tem desempenhado importante papel na prevenção e tratamento do câncer sendo que, de todos os antitumorais disponíveis entre 1940 e 2002, aproximadamente 40% eram caracterizados como produtos naturais ou derivados destes, com outros 8% sendo considerados agentes mimetizantes de produtos naturais. No presente trabalho, fisetin (flavonóide de origem vegetal) e a vitamina riboflavina foram avaliados como potenciais agentes antitumorais. Para este propósito, as linhagens de células leucêmicas HL60 e de câncer prostático PC3 foram tratadas com riboflavina irradiada ou fisetin por 24 horas e seus efeitos sobre vias de transdução de sinais responsáveis pela sobrevivência e morte celular foram avaliados. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que riboflavina e fisetin apresentam expressiva atividade antiproliferativa, induzindo a morte das células tumorais em concentrações na ordem de µM. A investigação do mecanismo molecular da ação citotóxica da riboflavina demonstrou que o tratamento de HL60 e PC3 com a vitamina irradiada induz morte celular através da via extrínseca de indução de apoptose, mediada pela ativação do sistema Fas/FasL e aumento na síntese de ceramida. Como conseqüência da ativação do receptor de morte Fas, uma seqüência ordenada de eventos leva à modulação de cascatas de sinalização através da alteração da atividade/expressão de moléculas-chave associadas a proliferação, sobrevivência, migração e morte celular. Assim como a riboflavina, fisetin também mostra-se eficiente indutor de morte por apoptose em células HL60, modulando cascatas de proteínas quinases e fosfatases e levando a alterações na expressão de NF?B, atividade de MAPKs, níveis de fosfoproteínas e, também, à inibição de enzimas envolvidas na manutenção do estado redox. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho contribuem para um maior conhecimento sobre a atividade/função biológica de algumas moléculas envolvidas na sobrevivência e morte de células leucêmicas e prostáticas, sugerindo potenciais alvos para o desenvolvimento de estratégias terapêuticas mais eficazes no combate a doenças neoplásicas. Além disso, os resultados obtidos demonstram que a riboflavina irradiada e fisetin são potentes indutores de apoptose e promissores agentes antitumorais, capazes de modular importantes vias de sinalização intracelular através de ação específica sobre moléculas-chaves relacionadas a proliferação, resistência e invasividade de células tumorais / Abstract: Natural products have been providing numerous clinically used medicines and remain as essential components in the search for new drugs against various pharmacological targets including cancer, HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer¿s, malaria, and pain. Drug discovery from natural products, especially from medicinal plants, has played an important role in the chemoprevention and treatment of cancer and, off all available anticancer drugs between 1940 and 2002, about 40% were natural products per se or natural product-derived, with another 8% considered natural product mimics. In the present work, the plant flavonoid fisetin and the vitamin riboflavin are evaluated as potential anticancer agents. For this purpose, the leukemic cell line HL60 and the human prostate cancer cell PC3 were treated for 24h with irradiated riboflavin or fisetin and their effects on signal transduction pathways related to the cell survival and proliferation were evaluated. The results obtained demonstrated that riboflavin and fisetin have strong anti-proliferative activity, inducing tumoral cell death at µM concentrations. The investigation of the molecular death mechanism triggered by riboflavin demonstrated that the treatment of HL60 and PC3 with the irradiated vitamin induces apoptotic cell death through induction of the extrinsic pathway mediated by the activation of Fas/FasL system via a ceramide-dependent pathway. As a consequence of the activation of the death receptor Fas, an orderly sequence of signaling events leads to the modulation of signaling cascades through alterations in the activity/expression of key targets molecules related to proliferation, survival, migration and cell death. As well as riboflavin, fisetin also showed strong apoptotic activity, inducing HL60 cell death through modulation of protein kinase and phosphatase signaling cascades, leading to alterations in the NF?B expression, MAPKs activities, phosphoprotein levels and also inhibition of enzymes involved in the redox status maintenance. The results obtained in this work bring out information about the biologic activity of some molecules involved in the survival and death of leukemic and prostate cancer cells, indicating among then potential targets for the development of rational therapeutic strategies. Moreover, the data obtained demonstrated that irradiated riboflavin and fisetin have potential proapoptotic activity, pointing out these bioactive compounds as promising antitumoral agents, since they can affect important molecular targets related to proliferation, resistance and invasibility of cancer cells / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Une des clés pour comprendre les mécanismes d’action biologiques des molécules naturelles et thérapeutiques est leur faculté à incorporer ou traverser les membranes lipidiques. Parce que les méthodes expérimentales sont parfois couteuses et répondent partiellement aux questions posés par les interactions composé-membrane, la modélisation moléculaire est devenue une sérieuse alternative. Les simulations de dynamique moléculaire ont ouvert de nombreuses perspectives ces dernières années en offrant la possibilité de décrire ces interactions intermoléculaires au niveau atomique. À l’aide de ces simulations, nous avons évalué la capacité de plusieurs composés (polyphénols, vitamines E et C, plantazolicine et carprofènes) à s’incorporer dans les membranes. Ces molécules ont été choisies pour leurs activités biologiques diverses, à savoir (i) activité antioxydante, précisément inhibition de la peroxydation lipidique, (ii) activité antibiotique et possibilité de former un pore transmembranaire, et (iii) inhibition d’enzymes impliquées dans la maladie d’Alzheimer. Leurs positions et orientations ainsi que leur capacité à s’accumuler ou à traverser les membranes ont été évaluées pour comprendre leurs mécanismes d’action.Dans le but d’utiliser les simulations de dynamique moléculaire en drug design, l’accent a été mis sur la précision des calculs, qui dépend de la qualité sous-jacente du modèle utilisé. En corrélant données expérimentales et théoriques, la méthodologie de nos modèles a été systématiquement revisitée. Le choix du champ de force, les paramètres des composés étudiés ainsi que la composition de la membrane sont en particulier apparus comme d’importants facteurs dans la description des interactions entre les molécules naturelles et thérapeutiques et les membranes. Des mélanges de lipides contenant du cholestérol ont notamment été utilisés et ont montré un impact significatif sur les résultats obtenus. / One of the key lockers to understand mechanisms of biological action of drugs and natural compounds is their capacity to incorporate/cross lipid bilayer membranes. In the light of demanding experimental techniques, in silico molecular modelling has become a powerful alternative to tackle these issues. In the past few years, molecular dynamics (MD) has opened many perspectives, providing an atomistic description of the related intermolecular interactions. Using MD simulations, we have explored the capacity of several compounds (polyphenols, vitamins E and C, plantazolicin, carprofens) to incorporate lipid bilayer membranes. The different compounds were chosen according to their different biological functions, namely (i) antioxidant activity against lipid peroxidation, (ii) antimicrobial activity with the possibility of trans-membrane pore formation, and (iii) inhibition of enzymes involved in Alzheimer’s disease. In order to rationalize their mechanisms of action, their position and orientation in membranes as well as their capacity to accumulate or permeate lipid bilayers were assessed. Having in mind a predictive purpose in drug design for MD simulations, the accuracy of the results relies on the quality of the in silico membrane models. By ensuring relationships between experimental and theoretical data, methodological improvements have been proposed. In particular, force field selection, xenobiotic parameterization and bilayer constitution emerged as crucial factors to appropriately depict drug-membrane interactions. For the latter issue, lipid mixtures e.g., including cholesterol have been developed.

E-492, actinofuranone A, and JBIR-108 are natural compounds isolated from actinobacteria Streptomyces genus and can lead to the development of new pharmaceuticals as they have some biological interesting activities. Although the synthesis of these actinofuranones has been already published, this work brings new methods for the preparation of their fragments. The key step of the synthesis is enantioselective crotylboration of an aldehyde catalyzed by a chiral Brønsted acid and by which two centres of chirality are introduced in one step. The other crucial steps of the synthesis are composed of Ru-catalyzed alkene-alkene cross-metathesis and Pd- catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling. Keywords: natural compound, enantioselective syntheses, crotylation, catalysis, actinofuranone fragment

Les ORPphilins regroupent plusieurs familles de molécules naturelles, à forte activité cytotoxique qui présentent un mécanisme d'action original, en inhibant OSBP, une protéine responsable du transport intra-cellulaire du cholestérol. Cependant, elles sont toutes difficiles d’accès, que ce soit par extraction à partir des organismes dont elles sont issues ou par synthèse chimique.Les schweinfurthines (SWs), isolées de plantes du genre Macaranga, font partie de ces ORPphilins, et sont étudiées par notre équipe depuis plusieurs années. Lors de ces études, il a notamment été montré qu’un analogue non actif, mais bioprécurseur probable de ces SWs était présent en grande quantité dans ces plantes. Le premier objectif de cette thèse a été de faire l’hémisynthèse des SWs et d’analogues non naturels à partir de ce bioprécurseur.Les SWs sont particulièrement actives sur le glioblastome multiforme (GBM), qui est actuellement de très mauvais pronostic. Le traitement consiste aujourd’hui en une chirurgie suivie d’une radiothérapie combinée à une chimiothérapie utilisant le témozolomide (TMZ), un agent alkylant de l’ADN. De nombreuses résistances au TMZ se développent et les récidives sont fréquentes. Or, il a été montré qu’une molécule duale liant de manière covalente deux molécules anti-cancéreuses présentant un mode d’action complémentaire pouvait présenter une synergie d’effets. Le deuxième objectif de cette thèse a donc été de synthétiser et d’évaluer biologiquement différentes molécules duales SW-TMZ.Enfin, une nouvelle molécule de structure originale a été isolée et identifiée des plantes du genre Macaranga. Ce composé présente une activité cytotoxique sur le glioblastome similaire à celle des SWs, et a la même cible protéique que les ORPphilins. Le dernier volet de cette thèse a eu pour objet la synthèse totale de cette molécule, et d’analogues, leur évaluation biologique et la détermination de premières relations structure-activité sur cette nouvelle série chimique.En conclusion, les travaux menés au cours de cette thèse ont permis la synthèse de molécules cytotoxiques, naturelles ou inspirées de produits naturels, ciblant OSBP. Ces molécules pourront ultérieurement servir d’outils moléculaires pour mettre en lumière leur mécanisme d’action encore mal connus et identifier les liens entre transport du cholestérol et cancer. / ORPphilins are a set of several families of natural molecules with strong cytotoxic activity, that have an original mechanism of action by inhibiting OSBP, a protein responsible for the intracellular transport of cholesterol. However, they are all difficult to access, either by extraction from the organisms from which they are derived or by chemical synthesis.Schweinfurthins (SWs), isolated from plants of the genus Macaranga, are part of these ORPphilins, and have been studied by our team for several years. In these studies, it was shown that a non-active but probable bioprecursor analogue of these SWs was present in large amounts in these plants. The first objective of this thesis was to hemisynthezise SWs, and non-natural analogues from this bioprecursor.SWs are particularly active on multiform glioblastoma, which is currently a very poor prognosis. Today, the treatment consists of surgery followed by radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy using temozolomide (TMZ), an alkylating agent of DNA. Many resistances to TMZ develop and recurrences are frequent. However, it has been shown that a dual molecule covalently binding two anti-cancer molecules with a complementary mode of action may present a synergy of effects. The second objective of this thesis was therefore to synthesize and biologically evaluate different SW-TMZ dual molecules.Finally, a new molecule with an original structure has been isolated and identified from plants of the genus Macaranga. This compound has cytotoxic activity on glioblastoma similar to that of SWs, and has the same protein target as ORPphilins. The last part of this thesis focused on the total synthesis of this molecule, and of analogues, their biological evaluation and the determination of the first structure-activity relationships on this new chemical series.In conclusion, the work carried out during this thesis made it possible to synthesize cytotoxic molecules that are either natural or inspired by natural products, targeting OSBP. These molecules can later be used as molecular tools to highlight their as yet poorly understood mechanism of action and identify the links between cholesterol transport and cancer.

No / New antimalarial drugs are urgently needed to combat emerging multidrug resistant strains of malaria parasites. This Highlight focuses on plant-derived natural products that are of interest as potential leads towards new antimalarial drugs including synthetic analogues of natural compounds, with the exception of artemisinin derivatives, which are not included due to limited space. Since effective antimalarial treatment is often unavailable or unaffordable to many of those who need it, there is increasing interest in the development of locally produced herbal medicines; recent progress in this area will also be reviewed in this Highlight.

Die Induktion antioxidativer Enzyme gilt als eine Möglichkeit, die antioxidative Kapazität von Zellen zu steigern und dadurch mit oxidativem Stress assoziierten Erkrankungen (z. B. Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen, Neurodegeneration, Atherosklerose) vorzubeugen. Ausgehend davon wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit der Dual-Luciferase-Reportergen-(DLR)-Assay zum Nachweis der Induktion der antioxidativen Enzyme Katalase (CAT), zytosolische Glutathion-Peroxidase (GPX1) und Kupfer-Zink-Superoxid-Dismutase (SOD1) entwickelt. Im Zuge dessen wurden drei Säugetierzelllinien (CaCo2, IEC-18, V79) auf ihre Eignung zur Modellzelllinie untersucht. Aufgrund der Transfektionseffizienz wurde die Fibroblastenzelllinie V79 ausgewählt. Zur Gewährleistung eines hohen Substanzdurchsatzes des DLR-Assays wurden bei der Etablierung Parameter wie Kulturplattenformat, DNA-Menge, Luciferasen-Kinetik berücksichtigt. Nach erfolgreicher Etablierung des Versuchs im 96-Well-Format wurden L-Carnitin, Catechin, Epigallocatechingallat, Genistein, Wasserstoffperoxid (H2O2), Natrium-Ascorbat, Paraquat, Quercetin, 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-Acetat (TPA) und Trolox in nicht-zytotoxischen Konzentrationen hinsichtlich der Aktivierung des Ratten-CAT-, des humanen GPX1- und des humanen SOD1-Promotors untersucht. Die Bestimmung der maximal tolerierbaren Behandlungskonzentration erfolgte im Vorfeld mittels Resazurintest. Von den zehn Verbindungen zeichneten sich drei Substanzen als potente Induktoren für die SOD1 und die GPX1 aus. Die 24-stündige Behandlung von mit Reportergenkonstrukten transient transfizierten V79-Zellen mit 100 µM Paraquat resultierte in einer Verdopplung der relativen SOD1-Promotor-Aktivität und einer Erhöhung der relativen GPX1-Promotor-Aktivität auf 1,6 bzw. 1,7. Die Stimulation mit 20 µM Genistein oder 10 µM Quercetin führte wiederum zu einer Verdopplung bis Verdreifachung der relativen SOD1- und GPX1-Promotor-Aktivität. Der Promotor der Rattenkatalase konnte demgegenüber nur durch 50 µM H2O2 aktiviert werden (1,5fach). Für diesen DLR-Assays bieten sich folglich Genistein, Quercetin wie auch H2O2 als Referenzsubstanzen an. Um aber eine qualitative Charakterisierung der einzelnen Verbindungen hinsichtlich ihres Induktionspotentials zu gewährleisten, sollten von allen getesteten Substanzen Dosis-Wirkungskurven aufgenommen werden. Zudem wird für den routinemäßigen Einsatz die Verwendung stabil transfizierter Zellen zur Vermeidung von mit der Transfektion verbundenen experimentellen Schwankungen empfohlen. / The induction of antioxidative enzymes might be an opportunity to elevate the cellular antioxidative capacity and, thus, to prevent oxidative stress associated diseases (e. g. cardio-vascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, atherosclerosis). Based on this idea the dual luciferase reporter gene (DLR) assay was developed to demonstrate the induction of three antioxidative enzymes: catalase (CAT), cytosolic glutathione peroxidase (GPX1), and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1). In the course of the development three mammalian cell lines (CaCo2, IEC-18, V79) were tested for their ability to serve as a model cell line. The line V79 was chosen due to the transfection efficiency. To give consideration to a high-throughput several parameters were studied (e. g. format of the cultural plates, amount of DNA, kinetics of the luciferases) and the DLR assay was successfully established in 96 well plates. Subsequently, L-carnitine, catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sodium ascorbate, paraquat, quercetin, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and trolox were tested in non-cytotoxic concentrations for the activation of the rat CAT, human GPX1 and human SOD1 promoter. The maximally tolerable concentrations were determined by resazurin test in advance. Three out of these ten compounds were identified as potent inducers of GPX1 and SOD1. Stimulation of reporter gene construct transient transfected V79 cells for 24 hours with 100 µM paraquat caused a duplication of the relative GPX1 promoter activity and a 1.6-/1.7-fold increase of the relative SOD1 promoter activity. The incubation with 20 µM gen-istein or 10 µM quercetin resulted in duplication to triplication of both, the relative GPX1 and SOD1 promoter activity. In contrast, the rat CAT promoter was activated by 50 µM H2O2 (1.5-fold). Consequently, genistein, quercetin, and H2O2 are considered to be suitable reference substances for this DLR assay. To further characterize the inducing potential of the tested compounds all of them should be tested in different concentrations. Furthermore, for the routinely performed DLR assay it is recommended to use stably transfected cells to eliminate transfection caused variations.

La contamination des aliments par les mycotoxines est une source très importante de gaspillage de nourriture. Depuis des années, la stratégie classique pour lutter contre ces contaminants est l’utilisation de pesticides. Cependant, il a été montré que ces produits pouvaient avoir des effets nocifs sur la biodiversité et la santé humaine et animale. Il est donc nécessaire de développer de nouvelles stratégies, plus écologiques, pour lutter contre les mycotoxines. L’utilisation de produits naturels pourrait représenter une alternative intéressante et plus respectueuse de l’environnement. En effet, certains produits naturels sont capables d’inhiber la production de mycotoxines. Cependant, le mécanisme d’action mis en jeu est souvent mal compris. Un des objectifs principaux de ce travail a consisté à identifier des produits naturels capables d’inhiber la production de mycotoxines et d’élucider leur mécanisme d’action moléculaire. Pour ce faire, un outil moléculaire a été conçu pour comprendre les mécanismes permettant à des produits naturels d’inhiber la production d’Aflatoxine B1 (AFB1) chez Aspergillus flavus. L’étude de cette mycotoxine est importante puisque c’est un cancérigène puissant chez l’homme et les animaux. Un outil moléculaire permettant l’analyse simultanée de l’expression de 60 des principaux gènes impliqués dans la synthèse de l’aflatoxine B1 par q-*-PCR a été développé. Il permet d’étudier l’ensemble des gènes du cluster d’AFB1 mais également 33 autres gènes codant pour des facteurs de régulation liés à l’environnement dans lequel se trouve la moisissure. Par cette approche, le mécanisme d'action moléculaire de l’eugénol et la pipérine, ainsi que celui de 3 extraits naturels de plantes a été identifié et l'impact de ces composés sur les gènes impliqués dans la production d'AFB1 a été élucidé. L'un des principaux résultats de cette étude a été de montrer que les différents produits naturels modulent systématiquement plusieurs gènes au cours de l'inhibition de la production d’AFB1. Notre étude montre que les produits naturels représentent une alternative possible pour limiter la contamination des aliments par l’AFB1. L'élucidation du mécanisme d'action des produits naturels ouvre de nouvelles perspectives sur les méthodes à employer pour inhiber la production de la toxine. / Mycotoxin’s contamination represents an important source of food spoilage that has to be taken in consideration. For years pesticides, have been used as a common strategy to combat mycotoxin contamination. However, such products were also demonstrated to be harmful to humans and animals’ health. Therefore, it is necessary to find new strategies in order to avoid mycotoxin contamination and the use of natural products could be a promising alternative. Indeed, these compounds may be eco-friendly and several of them are demonstrated aseffective agents against toxin production. Nevertheless, their precise mechanism of action is poorly documented. One of the principal aim of this work consisted in the identification of natural sources capable to inhibit mycotoxin production and in the elucidation of their molecular mechanism of action. For that, we developed a molecular tool aiming the analysis of the impact of natural extracts on the expression of several genes related to Aflatoxin B1 synthesis in Aspergillus flavus. The study of this mycotoxin is an important issue since it is one of the most dangerous compounds inducing cancer in humans and animals. Taking advantage of the well-studied genome of Aspergillus flavus and considering that AFB1 production involves a great number of genetic elements, a q-PCR approach including 60 of the principal genes involved in toxin biosynthesis was developed. This tool simultaneously studies the entire AFB1 gene cluster but also 33 regulatory factors coding for external stimuli to which fungus is exposed. Using this molecular approach, the study of already known but also, new sources of anti-aflatoxigenic compounds was performed. The molecular mechanism of action of 2 isolated molecules and 3 whole plant extracts were determined and the impact of these compounds on the genes involved in AFB1 production was analysed. One of the innovative findings consisted in the demonstration that natural products systematically modulate several genes within AFB1’s inhibition. Taken together, our approach demonstrated that the use of natural products against mycotoxin production can represent an alternative strategy to inhibit food contamination. The elucidation of the mechanism of action of natural products allowed a better understanding of the fungal machinery through which toxin can be inhibited.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Mortadella is one of the meat products with good nutritional value and excellent consumer acceptance. In addition to protein and lipid source, a plethora of non-meat ingredients have been used in the preparation of emulsified products. The use of natural compounds to increase the shelf life of meat products is a promising alternative, since many plant substances possess antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The ora-pro-nobis is considered a nutritional supplement because of its protein content, fiber, iron, calcium, among others. This study aimed to obtain extracts from the leaves of ora-pro-nobis and evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, in addition, apply the extract with antioxidant activity in bologna, aiming as natural antioxidant potential. First, it applied the chemical and mineral composition of the leaves of ora-pro-nobis. Extracts were obtained by conventional stirring, varying the solvent (water and ethanol), time (1 and 24h) and temperature (95 °C and 25 °C). In the extracts were carried out analysis of total phenolics, total flavonoids, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity in vitro through the DPPH methods, FRAP and ABTS radical ● +. The extract obtained by extraction by shaking using distilled water as a solvent and 95 °C showed the best antioxidant properties, so it has been applied in different concentrations in bologna. After the finished product were carried out physico-chemical, sensory and microbiological analysis. The bologna presented within the requirements of legislation for both the chemical composition and for microbiological stability. They showed no oxidative changes during storage. He observed a tendency of increasing the pH of all treatments during the storage time. The mortadella added 0.2% sodium erythorbate and 2.0% extract showed the lowest lipid oxidation after 70 days of storage. The sensory evaluation showed a good acceptance by consumers. It can be concluded that the extract from the leaves of ora-pro-nobis presented with antioxidant potential to be tapped by carnea industry. / A mortadela é um dos produtos cárneos com bom valor nutritivo e excelente aceitação pelo consumidor. Além da fonte proteica e lipídica, uma infinidade de ingredientes não cárneos tem sido utilizados na elaboração dos produtos emulsionados. O uso de compostos naturais para aumentar a vida útil dos produtos cárneos é uma alternativa promissora, uma vez que muitas substâncias vegetais possuem propriedades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas. A ora-pro-nóbis é considerada um complemento nutricional devido ao seu conteúdo proteico, fibras, ferro, cálcio, dentre outros. Este estudo teve como objetivo obter extratos das folhas de ora-pro-nóbis e avaliar a atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana, além disso, aplicar o extrato com maior atividade antioxidante em mortadelas, visando como potencial antioxidante natural. Primeiramente, foi realizada a composição química e mineral das folhas de ora-pro-nóbis. Os extratos foram obtidos por agitação convencional, variando o solvente (água e etanol), tempo (1 e 24h) e temperatura (95 °C e 25 °C). Nos extratos obtidos foram realizadas análises de compostos fenólicos totais, flavonoides totais, atividade antimicrobiana e atividade antioxidante in vitro através dos métodos DPPH, FRAP e radical ABTS●+. O extrato obtido através de extração por agitação utilizando água destilada como solvente e temperatura de 95 °C foi o que apresentou as melhores características antioxidantes, então o mesmo foi aplicado em diferentes concentrações em mortadelas. Após o produto acabado foram realizadas as análises físico-químicas, sensoriais e microbiológicas. As mortadelas apresentaram dentro dos requisitos da legislação tanto para a composição centesimal quanto para estabilidade microbiológica. Não apresentaram alterações oxidativas durante o armazenamento. Observou uma tendência de aumento nos valores de pH de todos os tratamentos, durante o tempo de armazenamento. As mortadelas adicionadas de 0,2% de eritorbato de sódio e 2,0% de extrato foram as que apresentaram menor oxidação lipídica após os 70 dias de armazenamento. A avaliação sensorial demonstrou uma boa aceitabilidade pelos consumidores. Pode-se concluir que o extrato das folhas de ora-pro-nóbis apresentou com potencial antioxidante a ser aproveitado pela indústria cárnea.

Die Ziele dieser Arbeit waren die Darstellung der Naturstoffe Murrayachinon-B–E und Pyrayachinon-A–C, sowie die Synthese einiger nicht natürlicher, potentiell anti-Tuberkulose-aktiver Carbazole und Carbazolchinone. Für die Darstellung der aus der Pflanze Murraya euchrestifolia Hayata isolierten Naturstoffe wurden verschiedene synthetische Herangehensweisen untersucht: Die Transformation eines 7 Hydroxycarbazolchinons in die Zielverbindungen gelang nicht, ebenso wie die Syntheseroute über eine trioxygenierte Vorstufe. 7-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-tosyloxycarbazol (A) ließ sich jedoch in einer Ausbeute von 76 % über drei Stufen darstellen. Ausgehend von A konnten die Zielverbindungen regioselektiv in fünf bis sieben Stufen in Gesamtausbeuten von 10 % bis 46 % synthetisiert werden. Der Pyranring in Pyrayachinon-A wurde dabei über eine Sequenz aus Bromierung, Prenylierung, Cyclisierung und Oxidation aufgebaut. Die Anellierung der Pyranringe in Pyrayachinon-B und –C erfolgte, nach Methyletherspaltung an A in zwei Stufen. Die Einführung der Prenyl- und Geranylgruppen für die Synthese der Murrayachinone gelang durch reduktive Pyranringöffnung bzw. über eine Sequenz aus Methyletherspaltung, Propargylierung, partieller Hydrierung und Umlagerung. Außerdem wurde für Murrayafolin-B, Bismurrayafolin-B und -D über diese Syntheseroute ein Zugang geschaffen. Diese Verbindungen konnten, ausgehend von A, in sechs bzw. sieben Stufen in Gesamtausbeuten von 39 % bis 53 % dargestellt werden. Im Vergleich zu den bislang beschriebenen Synthesen dieser Verbindungen konnten alle Gesamtausbeuten signifikant gesteigert werden. Besonders hervorzuheben sind die Synthesen von Murrayafolin-B (bislang: 0.4 %, in dieser Arbeit: 40.0 %) und Pyrayachinon-A (bislang: 3.0 %, in dieser Arbeit: 22.1 %). Überdies wurde erstmalig die palladiumkatalysierte oxidative Cyclisierung eines O-tosylgeschützten Diarylamins zu einem Carbazol beschrieben. In Fortführung vorangegangener Arbeiten wurden zehn bislang nicht beschriebene Derivate des anti-Tuberkulose-aktiven 3-Methoxy-2-methylcarbazol-1,4-chinons dargestellt, darunter neun Carbazolchinone und ein Carbazol. Die Synthese der Carbazolchinone gelang palladiumkatalysiert in je vier bis sechs Stufen. Das Carbazol wurde eisenvermittelt über fünf Stufen dargestellt. Die Untersuchung der Aktivität gegenüber Mycobacterium tuberculosis steht noch aus.