A man does not always see himself as others see him. John Muir is venerated by several generations of Americans as a man who left a legacy of State and National Parks, State and National Forests, outdoor beauty and untouched wilderness areas which would never have survived has it not been for this dedicated man. He did not plan such a course. He did what he found necessary to be done, without thought of personal gain or public honor. However, during his lifetime there were those who did not view him with such veneration. Countless ranchers, lumberman and politicians must have considered him a formidable foe. The purpose of this paper is to show how involved he was politically. He really became quite an adept politician, although the whole idea would have been extremely distasteful to him if he had heard himself designated as such.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Gomes Juliao.pdf: 930519 bytes, checksum: cef6ad333dad12581c446973b6e5a1ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-02 / Starting at the end of World War I Brazil and Germany developed strong commercial, cultural and scientific relations. However, from 1938 onwards foreign citizens, German in particular, were subjected to political persecution by the Estado Novo government, which saw them as a threat to the nationalistic program launched by Getúlio Vargas. Such change in policy is evident in the extant documents relative to German scientists who came to carry out expeditions in Brazil before or after 1938. Whereas Otto Schulz-Kampfhenkel and Hans Krieg, who arrived in 1935 and 1937, respectively, were enthusiastically welcomed by government officials and the São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro elites, Adolf Schneider and Helmut Sick, who came in 1939, were harassed by the press, the material they collected was confiscated, and after Brazil and Germany severed diplomatic relations, in 1942, they were sent to prison. Schulz-Kampfhenkel and Krieg sought intentionally to break the Brazilian law, but did not receive any punishment, except for the confiscation of the zoological specimens Krieg attempted to export illegally to Germany. Contrariwise, although Schneider had complied with all the procedures required by the Council for Supervision of Artistic and Scientific Expeditions, he was depicted as a spy in the mass media, jailed and eventually expelled from Brazil. Sick, in turn, deeply engaged in his ornithology studies and looking to escape the war in Europe, continued his work of collection, albeit without official permit, until also he was arrested and portrayed as a spy. The contacts they had with Brazilian scientists might have spared Schneider and Sick from persecution in 1939, but their situation became untenable once Brazil declared war on the Axis in 1942 / Desde o fim da Primeira Guerra, Brasil e Alemanha mantiveram fortes relações comerciais, culturais e científicas. A partir de 1938, porém, cidadãos estrangeiros que viviam no Brasil, alemães principalmente, passaram a sofrer perseguição do governo do Estado Novo, que via nas comunidades de imigrantes uma ameaça ao projeto nacionalista de Getúlio Vargas. A mudança de postura do Brasil em relação à Alemanha fica clara ao analisar a documentação sobre cientistas alemães que vieram realizar expedições antes e depois de 1938. Enquanto Otto Schulz-Kampfhenkel e Hans Krieg, que chegaram em 1935 e 1937, respectivamente, tiveram uma calorosa recepção por autoridades e membros das sociedades paulistana e carioca, Adolf Schneider e Helmut Sick, que desembarcaram no país em 1939, foram hostilizados pela imprensa, tiveram material apreendido e foram presos em 1942, por conta do rompimento das relações diplomáticas entre Brasil e Alemanha naquele ano. Schulz-Kampfhenkel e Krieg tentaram burlar as leis brasileiras, mas não sofreram nenhuma sanção, a não ser a apreensão de material zoológico que Krieg tentava exportar ilegalmente. Schneider, apesar de ter realizado todo o procedimento exigido pelo Conselho de Fiscalização das Expedições Artísticas e Científicas no Brasil (CFE), acabou sendo retratado como espião pela imprensa, foi preso e expulso do país. Sick, apesar de estar coletando aves sem autorização em 1941, estava comprometido com seus estudos ornitológicos e queria fugir da guerra na Europa, mas ainda assim foi preso e também retratado como espião. O contato que Schneider e Sick tinham com cientistas brasileiros pode ter evitado que sofressem repressão do governo brasileiro ainda em 1939, mas a declaração de guerra do Brasil ao Eixo, em 1942, tornou a situação de ambos insustentável

Исследование посвящено проблеме определения степени влияния искусства романтизма конца XVIII – первой половины XIX в. на научную картину естественной истории Земли, отразившейся в интеллектуальном наследии Уильяма Баклэнда и его коллег-ученых. Материалы частной естественно-научной коллекции исследователя – окаменелости, образцы геологических пород и минералы – как акторы воплотили в себе многие идеи романтизма, которые посредством публикаций вошли в научный дискурс. Взаимосвязи между наукой и искусством, находящиеся в фокусе данной работы, становятся, таким образом, следами действий рассматриваемых материалов и позволяют представить естественную историю как сложную систему, включающую вещественные источники, научные публикации, отдельных исследователей, научные институции, а также идеи и образы художественной культуры рассматриваемого времени, произведения искусства и коммуникации между этими элементами. / The research is devoted to a problem of identifying the degree of influence the romanticism art of the end of 18th – the first half of 19th century had on scientific understanding of the natural history. This impact had reflected on the intellectual legacy of William Buckland and his fellow scientists. The collectibles from the researcher’s private natural history collection, such as fossils, specimens of rock and minerals, embodied many ideas of romanticism.