Cet ouvrage, composé de trois parties, présente un scénario des évènements qui se déroulent dans l'axe Est-Ouest. La première partie parle de la construction européenne et de la naissance de la migration interne des États membres. La création de la Communauté européenne et ses élargissements successifs ont conduit à un nouveau statut des frontières nationales et à l'émergence progressive d'un espace de libre circulation des biens et des personnes. La seconde partie concerne l'harmonisation des politiques d'immigration des pays membres, présente la Pologne comme un acteur important des politiques migratoires entre l'Est et l'Ouest. La dernière partie est dédiée à la politique européenne d'asile, à l'intégration européenne et à l'évolution des nouvelles politiques d'immigration européennes et notamment à l'intégration du Pacte européen pour l'immigration et l'asile. Le présent travail, qui met en évidence l'expérience polonaise des questions de migration, vise à définir les tendances migratoires, à évoquer la nature des problèmes forçant ou encourageant les citoyens d'un espace à le quitter. / The tesis, constructed in three parts, presents the script of the events which go on around the Est-West axis. The first part is about European construction and the birth of the internal migrations of the members nations. The birth of the European community and its enlargements resulted in a new status of national borders and gradual creation of the space of the free circulation of gouds and people. The second part refers to the harmonization of the immigration policies of the members countries, views Poland as an essential actor of migratory policy between East and West. The last part is devoted to European policy of refuge, European integration and new European evolution of immigration policy, especially the implement of the European Pact to immigration and refuge matters. The present work, which puts in evidence the experience of Polish migration issues, aims to define migration patterns, a close the origin of the problems forcing or enco! uraging citizen space is left.

<p>This study focuses on the changing practices of South African residents’ associations and their relationship with political parties and local government from 1990 to 2006, with the aim to examine how associations in Cape Town respond when they are confronted with a new democratic institutional and political context.</p><p>Two empirical questions guide the analysis: How do residents’ associations perceive that the changing political context has affected them in their attempts to influence agenda-setting and decision-making? And how can we understand the process in which they decide to act, or not act, in response to important changes in their political environment? </p><p>Drawing on social movement theory, most importantly the notions of political opportunity structures and framing processes, an analysis is made of the most significant changes in Cape Town’s post-apartheid institutional and political context. The empirical findings – based on questionnaires, interviews and an in-depth study of the township of Imizamo Yethu in Hout Bay – show that associations in socio-economically distinct areas have different perceptions of their prospects of affecting agenda-setting and decision-making. Because of the close links with political parties, many associations interpret the political and institutional changes as either threats or opportunities depending on which party controls the City Council. In predominantly white affluent areas associations generally seem to underestimate their chances of being influential, whereas those in black poor areas tend to overestimate their ability to influence decision-making when the ANC is in a government position. </p><p>The study contributes to the development of social movement theory by its systematic application of the framework of political opportunity structures in a local urban context outside the US and Western Europe. The pattern suggested by theory, that movements choose their action repertoire according to the rule “as moderate as possible, as radical as necessary”, is largely confirmed by the findings.</p>

This study focuses on the changing practices of South African residents’ associations and their relationship with political parties and local government from 1990 to 2006, with the aim to examine how associations in Cape Town respond when they are confronted with a new democratic institutional and political context. Two empirical questions guide the analysis: How do residents’ associations perceive that the changing political context has affected them in their attempts to influence agenda-setting and decision-making? And how can we understand the process in which they decide to act, or not act, in response to important changes in their political environment? Drawing on social movement theory, most importantly the notions of political opportunity structures and framing processes, an analysis is made of the most significant changes in Cape Town’s post-apartheid institutional and political context. The empirical findings – based on questionnaires, interviews and an in-depth study of the township of Imizamo Yethu in Hout Bay – show that associations in socio-economically distinct areas have different perceptions of their prospects of affecting agenda-setting and decision-making. Because of the close links with political parties, many associations interpret the political and institutional changes as either threats or opportunities depending on which party controls the City Council. In predominantly white affluent areas associations generally seem to underestimate their chances of being influential, whereas those in black poor areas tend to overestimate their ability to influence decision-making when the ANC is in a government position. The study contributes to the development of social movement theory by its systematic application of the framework of political opportunity structures in a local urban context outside the US and Western Europe. The pattern suggested by theory, that movements choose their action repertoire according to the rule “as moderate as possible, as radical as necessary”, is largely confirmed by the findings.