Background: Dipyrone (metamizole) is one of the most widely used non-opioid analgesics for the treatment of cancer pain. Aim: Because evidence-based recommendations are not yet available, a systematic review was conducted for the German Guideline Program in Oncology to provide recommendations for the use of dipyrone in cancer pain. Design: First, a systematic review for clinical trials assessing dipyrone in adult patients with cancer pain was conducted. Endpoints were pain intensity, opioid-sparing effects, safety, and quality of life. Data sources: The search was performed in MedLine, Embase (via Ovid), and the Cochrane Library (1948–2013) and additional hand search was conducted. Finally, recommendations were developed and agreed in a formal structured consensus process by 53 representatives of scientific medical societies and 49 experts. Results: Of 177 retrieved studies, 4 could be included (3 randomized controlled trials and 1 cohort study, n = 252 patients): dipyrone significantly decreased pain intensity compared to placebo, even if low doses (1.5–2 g/day) were used. Higher doses (3 × 2 g/day) were more effective than low doses (3 × 1 g/day), but equally effective as 60 mg oral morphine/day. Pain reduction of dipyrone and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs did not differ significantly. Compared to placebo, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and morphine, the incidence of adverse effects was not increased. Conclusion: Dipyrone can be recommended for the treatment of cancer pain as an alternative to other non-opioids either alone or in combination with opioids. It can be preferred over non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs due to the presumably favorable side effect profile in long-term use, but comparative studies are not available for long-term use.

Neuroendokrine Neoplasmen der Bauchspeicheldrüse (PanNEN) sind eine seltene und vielfältige Form von Krebs. PanNENs umfassen hochgradige PanNECs und NETG3 PanNETs, sowie die öfter diagnostizierten NETG1 und NETG2 PanNETs. Hochgradige PanNENs weisen eine schlechte Prognose auf, und sind histologisch schwierig zu diagnostizieren. In dieser Studie wird eine auf Methylierung basierende Klassifizierung vorgestellt, die PanNETs von PanNECs unterscheidet und die zugrunde liegende Komplexität in Bezug auf molekularen Merkmalen und den Ursprungszellen der PanNENs aufzeigt. Zuerst wurden PanNENs auf Grundlage ihrer Methylierungsprofile gruppiert, wodurch sich die PanNETs und PanNECs in zwei Gruppen A und B aufteilten. Während Tumore der Gruppe B häufig Veränderungen in KRAS, TP53 und SMAD4 aufweisen, umfasst das Mutationsspektrum von Gruppe A Veränderungen in klassischen PanNEN-Genen wie MEN1, DAXX, ATRX und VHL. Darüber hinaus ist Gruppe A durch chromosomale Aberrationen geprägt, während Gruppe B eine signifikante fokale Deletion des RB1-Lokus aufweist. Anhand von Methylierungsprofilen von alpha-, beta-, duktalen und azinären Pankreaszellen sowie von Expressionsmustern normaler Zelltyp Markergene innerhalb der Tumore folgt, dass die PanNETs alpha-, beta- und intermediär-ähnliche Tumore endokrinen Ursprungs sind, während die PanNECs azinäre Tumore vermutlich exokrinen Ursprungs sind. Ausprägung des Azinuszellenprofils und Expression des SOX9-Proteins in Gruppe B sind vergleichbar mit denen des duktalen Adenokarzinoms der Pankreas (PDAC), einer Tumorentität mit nachgewiesen exokrinen Zellursprung. Insgesamt ergeben die neuen Erkenntnisse dieser Arbeit ein umfassendes Profil, das PanNET- und PanNEC-Tumore genetisch und epigenetisch eindeutig charakterisiert. Weiterhin liefert diese Arbeit starke Beweise für die aufkommende, aber unbewiesene Theorie des exokrinen Ursprungs von PanNECs und somit einen neuen Ansatz für die Behandlung dieser seltenen, aber oft tödlichen Krankheit. / Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasm (PanNEN) is a rare form of cancer comprising a heterogeneous set of high-grade tumors PanNECs and NETG3, in addition to the more commonly diagnosed NETG1 and NETG2 PanNETs. High-grade PanNENs display poor prognosis among patients and remains challenging to diagnose histologically. This study presents a methylation-based classification, which precisely distinguishes PanNETs and PanNECs, exposing the complexity evident in molecular and tumor cell-of-origin features of PanNENs. My work establishes distinct PanNEN subgroups based on methylation profiles. The PanNETs and PanNECs were separated into two groups: Group A and Group B, respectively. While Group B tumors are enriched for recurring alterations in KRAS, TP53 and SMAD4, the mutational spectrum of Group A encompasses alterations in classical PanNEN genes including MEN1, DAXX, ATRX and VHL. Recurring whole chromosomal aberrations are evident in Group A tumors, in contrast to Group B tumors, which reveal a significant focal deletion of the RB1 locus. Using methylation profiles of normal pancreatic cell types, in addition to expression patterns of normal cell type marker genes within tumors, the study concluded that the PanNET tumors are alpha-like, beta-like, and intermediate-like tumors of endocrine origin, while PanNECs of Group B are acinar-like tumors with a potential exocrine origin. The proportion of acinar-cell methylation profile and expression of SOX9 protein in Group B tumors are comparable to Pancreatic Ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a tumor entity of exocrine cell-of-origin. Together, the novel findings of this thesis establish a comprehensive profile distinctly characterizing PanNET and PanNEC tumors at the genetic and epigenetic molecular level. Importantly, this work provides strong evidence for the emerging yet unproven theory of an exocrine origin of PanNECs, offering a new approach for treating patients with this rare but often fatal disease.