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No description available.

No description available.

PhD, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand / While ethanol is recognised beyond doubt as a teratogen to the unborn fetus, research nevertheless continues in order to understand its mode of action and its effects at the cellular level. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of an acute dose of ethanol on cranial morphology and morphometry in mouse fetuses, as well as on the morphology, migration and the expression of cell migration related genes in cultured chick cranial neural crest cells (cNCCs). Thirteen pregnant C57/BL mice were orally administered with 0.03ml/g of 25% (v/v) ethanol daily on gestational days (GD) 6, 7 and 8. Ten control animals received an identical dose of saline. On GD 18, all mice dams were killed and their fetuses were removed. Fetal morphological observations and crown-rump lengths were evaluated as were mean litter size, survival rate, birth weight and cranial dimensions. Cranial neural crest cells (cNCCs) were cultured from Potchefstroom koek koek stages 8-10 (HH) chick embryo neural tubes either in culture medium (DMEM) to which 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% ethanol (v/v) respectively, was added (treated) or in DMEM only (controls). Whole-mount HNK-1 immunocytochemistry was performed on treated and control chick embryos, as was an assay for caspase-dependent apoptosis. Photographs were taken of the cultures and the distance which the neural crest cells migrated from the neural tube at 24 and 48 hrs post-culture was measured. 24-hr time-lapse video microscopy recordings were also made to analyse the migration of the neural crest cells. Rhodamine-phalloidin immunocytochemistry for the actin cytoskeleton and scanning electron microscopy of surface ultrastructure were performed on migrating treated and non-treated cNCCs, as were proliferation assays and quantitative PCR of cNCCs‟ β-actin, Rac 1, Rho B and slug genes. There was a statistically significant increase in fetal reabsorption as well as a significantly reduced fetal survival rate observed in newborn mice fetuses that had been exposed to ethanol in utero compared to control fetuses. Ethanol-exposed mice showed a number of abnormalities, which were not significantly increased over vi controls (p>0.5). Birth weight, crown-rump length and mandibular length were also not significantly different in treated fetuses compared to controls (p>0.5). Treated (0.3%) chick cNCCs migrated over a significantly increased distance at both 24hrs and 48hrs compared to controls (p<0.05) in the axes of migration that were studied. The migratory distances of cNCCs derived from embryonic stage 9 (HH) were markedly affected by treatment with alcohol. The actin cytoskeleton of treated cNCCs showed disorganisation and loss of focal adhesion contacts while Rac 1, Rho B and slug genes were either up-regulated or down-regulated depending on the ethanol dose and duration of treatment. Ethanol promotes significant proliferation in cNCCs and may affect their migration by altering the expression of migration-linked genes and the arrangement of the actin cytoskeleton.

Τα κύτταρα της νευρικής ακρολοφίας (Neural Crest Cells - NCCs) αποτελούν έναν πολυδύναμο, μεταναστευτικό πληθυσμός βλαστικών κυττάρων τα οποία δίνουν γένεση σε μια πληθώρα κυτταρικών τύπων κατά την ανάπτυξη των σπονδυλωτών, συμπεριλαμβανομένων των νευρώνων και των νευρογλοιακών κυττάρων του περιφερικού νευρικού συστήματος (ΠΝΣ). Η δημιουργία των κυττάρων της νευρικής ακρολοφίας πραγματοποιείται στο στάδιο της γαστριδίωσης μετά την επαγωγή της νευρικής πλάκας. Οι διαδικασίες αυτές επηρεάζονται από σηματοδοτικά μονοπάτια στα οποία εμπλέκονται τόσο μεταγραφικοί παράγοντες όσο και επιγενετικοί τροποποιητές . Το Εντερικό Νευρικό Σύστημα (ΕΝΣ), προέρχεται από τα κύτταρα της νευρικής ακρολοφίας της αυχενικής και της ιερής μοίρας και ελέγχει την ομαλή λειτουργία της γαστρεντερικής οδού. Τα κύτταρα της νευρικής ακρολοφίας της αυχενικής μοίρας αποικίζουν ολόκληρο τον εντερικό σωλήνα και δίνουν γένεση στο ΕΝΣ ξεκινώντας από την 9η εμβρυική ημέρα. Η δημιουργία ενός πλήρως λειτουργικού ΕΝΣ εξαρτάται από την ικανότητα μετανάστευσης, πολλαπλασιασμού και διαφοροποίησης των NCCs. Στόχος της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας ήταν η μελέτη της έκφρασης γονιδίων που ελέγχουν τον πολλαπλασιασμό και τη μετανάστευση τόσο των πρόδρομων κυττάρων της νευρικής ακρολοφίας όσο και των NCCs που έχουν δεσμευτεί προς εντερική μοίρα σε έμβρυα μυός απουσία της πρωτεΐνης Geminin. Η Geminin είναι μια πρωτεΐνη που έχει δειχθεί να επηρεάζει την ισορροπία μεταξύ αυτο-ανανέωσης και διαφοροποίησης, μέσω της αλληλεπίδρασης της με μεταγραφικούς παράγοντες και πρωτεΐνες αναδιαμόρφωσης της χρωματίνης. Με σκοπό να διερευνήσουμε τον in vivo ρόλο της Geminin στα κύτταρα της νευρικής ακρολοφίας, δημιουργήσαμε διαγονιδιακούς μύες από τους οποίους αδρανοποιήσαμε το γονίδιο της Geminin ειδικά στα κύτταρα της νευρικής ακρολοφίας. Τα αποτελέσματα μας έδειξαν ότι η απουσία της Geminin από τα κύτταρα της νευρικής ακρολοφίας, οδηγεί στη δημιουργία εμβρύων με μορφολογικές αλλοιώσεις κατά τα πρώιμα στάδια της ανάπτυξης ενώ σε μεταγενέστερα αναπτυξιακά στάδια χαρακτηρίζονται από σοβαρές κρανιοπροσωπικές δυσμορφίες. Επιπλέον, η ιστοειδική αδρανοποίηση της Geminin οδήγησε σε απορρύθμιση των επιπέδων έκφρασης γονιδίων που επηρεάζουν τόσο την επαγωγή όσο και τη μετανάστευση των NCCs (mChd7, mSnail2, mTwist2,mFoxD3) κατά την 10.5η εμβρυική ημέρα. Μελέτη του κυτταρικού κύκλου των εντερικών κυττάρων νευρικής ακρολοφίας έδειξε ότι η αποσιώπηση της Geminin διαταράσσει το προφίλ του κυτταρικού τους κύκλου καθώς τα κύτταρα αυτά «μπλοκάρουν» κατά τη μετάβαση από την G2 στη Μ φάση (E9.5). Συμπερασματικά, τα αποτελέσματά μας δείχνουν ότι η Geminin συμμετέχει ενεργά στον ρύθμιση της έκφρασης γονιδίων που παίζουν σημαντικό ρόλο στην επαγωγή και τη μετανάστευση των NCCs κατά τα πρώιμα στάδια της εμβρυικής ανάπτυξης (Ε10.5). Τέλος, η Geminin διαδραματίζει σημαντικό ρόλο στον πολλαπλασιασμό των πρόδρομων κυττάρων του εντερικού νευρικού συστήματος (Ε9.5). / Neural Crest cells (NCCs) comprise a multipotent, migratory cell population that generates a diverse array of cell and tissue types during vertebrate development, including neurons and glial cells of Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). The induction of neural crest specification occurs at the end of gastrulation at the neural plate border initiate an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that transforms these stationary cells into migratory cells. These processes are influenced by changes in the expression of transcription factors and epigenetic regulators. The Enteric Nervous System (ENS), is a subdivision of the PNS that controls the function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and is derived from the Vagal and Sacral NCCs. The formation of a fully functional ENS depends on the coordinated proliferation and differentiation decisions of NCCs. Vagal NCCs emigrate from the vagal region of the neural tube (somites 1-7), in a rostal to caudal direction and enter the foregut at embryonic day E9-9.5 (in mice), generating the ENS. The formation of a fully functional ENS depends on proliferation and differentiation decisions of NCCs. The aim of our work was to study the expression of genes that control self-renewal decisions and migration ability of the NCCs in mouse embryos in the absence of Geminin. Towards this direction we studied the in vivo role of Geminin in the early stages of NCCs development and in the developing ENS. Geminin is a Protein that has been shown to affect the balance between self-renewal and differentiation through multiple interactions with transcription factors and chromatin remodeling proteins. In order to further elucidate the in vivo role of Geminin in NCCs, we generated transgenic mice lacking Geminin expression specifically in NCCs. We have shown that the deletion of Geminin in NCCs, causes severe morphological and craniofacial malformation during embryonic development. The conditional inactivation of Geminin resulted in the deregulation of various genes that affect the induction and migration of NCCs (mChd7, mSnail2, mTwist2, mFoxD3) at E10.5. Examination of the cell cycle profile of enteric NCCs showed that the deletion of Geminin disrupted the proliferation of NCCs as cells are blocked at the transition from G2 to M phase (E9.5). In conclusion, our results highlight Geminin as an important molecule during the induction and migration of NCCs at the early stages of mouse embryonic development (10.5). Finally, Geminin plays an important role for the proliferation of ENS progenitor cells (E9.5).

Thesis advisor: Laura Anne Lowery / Wolf Hirschhorn Syndrome (WHS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by craniofacial malformations, heart and skeletal defects, intellectual disability as well as seizure disorders. While this disorder is thought to arise from a deletion of a region on the short arm of chromosome 4, which includes the four genes WHSC1, WHSC2, LETM1 and TACC3, the mechanism by which loss of these genes results in WHS is not understood. Given that these genes have been linked to cell migration and that affected tissues include those derived from the neural crest, we propose that WHS results from a defect in neural crest cell migration. Here, we show that WHSC1, WHSC2, TACC3 and LETM1 are all expressed along the neural tube and developing neural folds during Xenopus embryonic development. These genes are additionally enriched in the pharyngeal arches, which are migrating neural crest cells. The knockdown of these WHS-related genes leads to variable defects in craniofacial and cartilage morphology. Moreover, the loss of WHS gene expression causes defects in forebrain and midbrain development. This implicates these four genes in the WHS phenotype. Further analysis of both WHSC1 and TACC3 function show that their individual knockdown causes defective neural crest cell migration both in vivo and in vitro. This supports the notion that the WHS phenotype is a result of erroneous neural crest cell motility. Our analysis shows that the WHS related genes; WHSC1, WHSC2, LETM1 and TACC3, play a role in the WHS phenotype of craniofacial malformation, skeletal abnormality, and microcephaly. Further analysis of these genes will determine the combinatorial effects of their knockdown on neural crest cell migration during embryonic development to further elucidate the mechanism through which WHS develops. / Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Biology.

No description available.

<p>Proper morphogenesis is essential for both form and function of mammalian craniofacial and neural tube development. Craniofacial deformities and neural tube defects are highly prevalent human birth defects. Although studies concerning craniofacial and neural tube development have revealed important genetic and/or environmental factors, understanding the mechanisms underlying proper development and the defects remain incomplete. </p><p>Among many genes that were cloned as the gastrula organizer genes in 1990s, Nog, a secreted BMP antagonist, is expressed in the relevant domains during craniofacial and neural tube development. Previous studies show that Nog null embryos exhibit fully penetrant spina bifida (open spine) and to the lesser extent exencephaly (open brain). Moreover, Nog null mice display deformities in skeletal structures including defects in craniofacial skeleton. As such, Nog is essential for proper neural tube and craniofacial development. However, it is still not clear that which domain(s) of Nog are responsible for proper craniofacial development or neural tube closure. In addition, it is also an important question when, and in what capacity Nog is necessary during development of craniofacial and neural tube.</p> / Dissertation

No description available.

Branchial arches (BAs) are a series of transient structures that develop on the ventro-lateral surface of the head in vertebrate embryos. BAs initially appear as a series of similar segments; as development proceeds each BA will contribute to different structures. Here, it was investigated the transcriptional mechanisms that instruct the different fates of the BAs in development. Initially, each BA contains a blood vessel, known as aortic arch (AA) artery, that connects the dorsal aorta with the heart. Remodelling of the AAs is crucial to form the adult heart circulation. This process leads to regression of the anterior AAs, running though the first and second BAs (BA1 and BA2), and persistence of the AAs contained in more posterior BAs (PBA). To identify the mechanisms that control remodelling of the AAs, we compared the transcriptomes and epigenomic landscapes of different BAs. Using RNA-seq and H3K27Ac ChIP-seq, we uncovered the activation of a vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) differentiation transcriptional program exclusively in the PBAs (and not in BA1/BA2). In support of this finding, we show that VSMC differentiation occurs specifically in the PBAs, but not BA1-2 in mouse embryonic development. Despite the absence of VSMC differentiation in developing BA1-2, cells harvested from these tissues reveal a spontaneous tendency to differentiate towards VSMC fate when grown in vitro, and activate several VSMC-specific genes (Myocd, Acta2, Tagln, Jag1). Together, our results suggest that forming VSMCs is a key process for the persistence of AAs. We also showed that cells derived from all BAs have the potential to differentiate to VSMCs in vitro. However, only cells in the PBAs differentiate to VSMCs in vivo, resulting in the maintenance of posterior AAs. In this study, we also uncovered a novel transcriptional principle that specifies the fate of BA2. Using ChIP-seq, we found that binding of Meis transcription factors establish a ground pattern in the BAs. Hoxa2, which specifies BA2 identity, selects a subset of Meis-bound sites. Meis binding is strongly increased at these sites, which coincide with active enhancers, linked to genes highly expressed in the BA2 and regulated by Hoxa2. Thus, Hoxa2 modifies a ground state binding of Meis to instruct segment-specific transcriptional programs.