Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Nichtglaukomatöse Optikusatrophien führen nicht nur zu einer Verminderung der Dicke der retinalen Nervenfaserschicht (RNFL) sondern auch zu einer Reduktion des Makulavolumens. In dieser Arbeit wurde mit Hilfe der optischen Kohärenztomographie (OCT) untersucht, welche Schichten der Makula von Dickenveränderungen als Folge einer Optikusatrophie betroffen sind. Es wurden 27 Patienten mit nichtglaukomatösen Optikusatrophien unterschiedlicher Ätiologie (postneuritische, hereditäre und traumatische Atrophien) und 21 augengesunde Kontrollpersonen untersucht. OCT-Scans der RNFL und der Makula wurden mit Hilfe des Stratus OCT 3000 (Carl Zeiss Meditec) durchgeführt. Die axialen Reflektivitätsprofile der radialen Scans wurden aus den exportierten JPEG-Bildern an zwölf Punkten in je 1,5mm Entfernung von der Foveola vermessen und gemittelt. Das charakteristische Reflektivitätsprofil mit fünf Intensitätsmaxima und vier Intensitätsminima wurde der Lokalisation der einzelnen Makulaschichten zugeordnet. Die von nichtglaukomatöser Optikusatrophie betroffenen Augen wiesen im Vergleich zu den Augen der augengesunden Normalpersonen signifikant (p<0,05) reduzierte RNFL-Dicken (um 35,5% reduziert) und Makulavolumen-Werte (um 11,8% reduziert) auf. Bei allen untersuchten Formen der Optikusatrophie waren nicht nur die makuläre Nervenfaserschicht (MNFL) sondern alle inneren Schichten der Makula verdünnt. Die mittlere Reduktion betrug 21,2% für die MNFL, 39,7% für die Ganglienzellschicht, 33,2% für die innere plexiforme Schicht und 9,4% für die innere Körnerzellschicht im Vergleich zu den Werten der Normalpersonen. Veränderungen der äußeren Netzhautschichten traten nur bei den posttraumatischen Atrophien auf. Eine Beurteilung der Dicke aller einzelnen Netzhautschichten aus OCT-Scans ist mit Hilfe geräteintegrierter Software bisher noch nicht möglich. Die quantitative Analyse der axialen Reflektivitätsprofile aus exportierten OCT-Bildern stellt eine geeignete Methode zur Beschreibung des Verlaufs und der Lokalisation von Makulaveränderungen bei Optikusatrophien verschiedener Genese dar.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Melbourne, Centre for Neuroscience, The Howard Florey Institute, 2009. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-160)

Basic science and early clinical trial evidence suggest the safe diuretic drug amiloride, may exert a neuroprotective effect in multiple sclerosis (MS) through blockade of the acid sensing ion channel. Neuroprotective treatments are a key unmet need in multiple sclerosis. Optic neuritis (ON) is a discrete CNS inflammatory event leading to neuro-axonal injury in the optic nerve and retina. The optic nerve is part of the visual system, one of the most functionally and structurally eloquent systems in the central nervous system, which affords a number of unique modalities to assess neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. The visual system can be classified into two parts, the anterior and posterior visual systems, which are defined by the lateral geniculate nucleus, where the two components synapse. The extent of neurodegeneration following ON in the anterior visual system can be imaged in vivo through scanning laser polarimetry (GDx) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The posterior visual system can be imaged by quantitative and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, giving insights into white matter structural integrity and cortical plasticity over time. Combining these modalities in a longitudinal study, allows assessment of the impact of neurodegeneration in the anterior visual system on neurodegeneration downstream in the posterior visual system and on changes in functional connectivity over time in the visual cortex. Furthermore, in the clinical trial setting the neuroprotective effect of any intervention both on direct anterior neurodegeneration and downstream processes can be assessed. The functional relevance of changes in all of these biomarkers can be tested through a number of visual measures, including low contrast visual acuity. In MS, the contribution of transsynaptic neurodegeneration to the global neuronal loss experienced by patients is an area of incomplete understanding. In addition, the role of the visual cortex, through neuroplasticity, in aiding visual recovery from optic neuritis, is unclear. To address these issues, this thesis reports the results of the first clinical trial of amiloride in ON, and shows that despite the pre- and early clinical evidence of neuroprotection of amiloride, no neuroprotective benefit was found. It goes on to explore reasons for this lack of effect including the finding of early retinal neurodegeneration in ON, and the need for early recruitment windows in the future. From there, it makes a detailed assessment of the longitudinal changes in retinal OCT for 12 months following ON, including a novel finding of the temporal evolution of inner nuclear layer swelling, previously reported only cross-sectionally. Next, for the first time macular retinal neurodegeneration is shown to influence diffusion tensor MRI derived measures of white matter integrity in the optic radiations, indicating transsynaptic neurodegeneration. Finally, longitudinal changes in resting state functional connectivity following ON are found in the visual system for the first time. The interaction between this cortical functional, retinal neurodegeneration and visual recovery is probed.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Leprosy is an infectious disease of great global impact. It is associated with significant morbidity, related to both the occurrence of leprosy reactions and the development of peripheral neurological disabling injuries. Leprosy reactions are immunologically mediated complications, which presents inflammatory and potentially serious clinical forms and may also be associated with the onset of physical disabilities. There are still many gaps regarding their clinical and immunological determinants, which hinders its control. The use of recombinant antigens has been shown as an important tool for the elucidation of various immunological aspects of leprosy. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical profile associated with leprosy reactions and the immune response to recombinant antigens from Mycobacterium leprae associated with reactions. Specific objectives were: 1) to evaluate the clinical characteristics that are associated with leprosy reactions, 2) to evaluate the clinical characteristics that correlate with physical disabilities at the end of treatment, 3) to compare the immune response to recombinant antigens of M. leprae between patients with and without reactions. For evaluation of objectives 1 and 2 was developed a retrospective study based on chart analysis of leprosy patients treated at two centers of medical specialties in Sergipe. For the third objective, we developed a cross sectional study that compared the immune response (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15 , IL-17a, IL-23, IL-27, INF-γ, TNF-α,TGF-β, MCP-1 and MIP-1α) after stimulation with recombinant antigens of M. leprae (MLCS, ML0276, ML2028, ML2055, ML2258, ML2531, ML2629, ML82F, ML2044, ML2380, ML2331, and LID1 PADL) and M. tuberculosis (ID93, ID83, PPD) among patients who developed or not reactions. The results of objective 1 and 2 revealed the occurrence of leprosy reactions in 40% of patients and physical disabilities in 30% of patients. It was observed that the male sex was associated with multibacillary forms and reactions. The use of low doses of corticosteroid for the treatment of reactions was independently associated with the presence of physical disability at the end of treatment for leprosy. The results of objective 3 showed that inflammatory chemokines such as MCP-1, after stimulation of recombinant antigens like ML2531 and ID93, were higher in patients who developed reactions. Thus, we emphasize the need for greater vigilance of males, as well as most appropriate treatment for patients who develop reactive episodes in order to prevent physical disabilities. The production of MCP-1 in response to antigens ML2531 and ID93 can be assayed as a marker of reactions. / A hanseníase é uma doença infecciosa de grande impacto mundial. A doença se associa a importante morbidade, relacionada tanto à ocorrência das reações hansênicas, quanto ao desenvolvimento de lesões neurológicas periféricas incapacitantes. As reações hansênicas são complicações imunologicamente mediadas, que além de apresentarem quadros clínicos inflamatórios e potencialmente graves, podem se associar também ao surgimento de incapacidades físicas. Ainda existem muitas lacunas quanto aos seus determinantes clínicos e imunológicos, o que dificulta o seu controle. O uso de antígenos recombinantes tem se revelado como importante ferramenta para elucidação de diversos aspectos imunológicos da hanseníase. Esse estudo objetivou avaliar o perfil clínico e a resposta imunológica, a antígenos recombinantes de Mycobacterium leprae, associados às reações hansênicas. Os objetivos específicos foram: 1) Avaliar as características clínicas que se associam às reações hansênicas; 2) Avaliar as características clínicas que se relacionam com incapacidades físicas ao final do tratamento; 3) Comparar a resposta imune a antígenos recombinantes de M. leprae entre pacientes com e sem reações hansênicas. Para avaliação dos objetivos 1 e 2 foi desenvolvido um estudo retrospectivo, baseado na análise de prontuários de pacientes com hanseníase, atendidos em dois centros de especialidades médicas em Sergipe. Para o objetivo 3, desenvolveu-se um estudo transversal no qual se comparou a resposta imunológica (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17a, IL-23, IL-27, INF-γ, TNF-α, TGF-β, MCP-1 e MIP-1α) após estimulação de antígenos recombinantes de M. leprae (MLCS, ML0276, ML2028, ML2055, ML2258, ML2531, ML2629, ML82F, ML2044, ML2380, ML2331, LID1 e PADL) e de M. tuberculosis (ID93, ID83, PPD) entre os pacientes que desenvolveram ou não reações hansênicas. Os resultados do objetivo 1 e 2 revelaram a ocorrência de reações hansênicas em 40% dos pacientes e de incapacidades físicas em 30% dos pacientes. Observou-se que o sexo masculino se associou com formas multibacilares e com reações hansênicas. O uso de subdosagem de corticosteróides para o tratamento das reações se associou de forma independente à presença de incapacidades físicas ao final do tratamento para hanseníase. Os resultados do objetivo 3 demonstraram que quimiocinas inflamatórias como MCP-1, após estímulo dos antígenos recombinantes ID93 e ML2531, foram mais elevadas nos pacientes que desenvolveram reações hansênicas. Assim, ressaltamos a necessidade de maior vigilância do gênero masculino, bem como de tratam ento mais adequado aos pacientes que evoluem com episódios reacionais, a fim de prevenir incapacidades físicas. A produção de MCP-1, em resposta aos antígenos ID93 e ML2531, pode ser testada como marcador de reações hansênicas.

Abstract Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the major causes of disability in the young, mostly affecting people between 20–45 years of age. MS is considered as an autoimmune disorder, characterized by discrete areas of central nervous system inflammation, demyelination and axonal injury. Symptoms related to alterations of the autonomic nervous system are frequent in patients with MS. Bladder dysfunction or impairment of sexual performance is highly distressing for most MS patients, whereas the clinical relevance of other autonomic symptoms is less clear. The present study was designed to clarify the involvement of cardiovascular and sudomotor dysfunctions in patients with MS, to study the sudomotor functions in patients with optic neuritis (optic neuritis being a frequent initial manifestation of MS), and to assess the extent of demyelinative lesions in the CNS by using magnetic resonance imaging and by correlating the findings thus obtained with autonomic nervous system responses. The study showed cardiovascular autonomic regulation failure in MS patients manifesting itself both in the heart rate responses to deep breathing and in the heart rate and blood pressure responses in the tilt table test. In particular, midbrain lesions were found to be associated with cardiovascular dysfunction. MS patients also showed abnormal sympathetic skin responses indicating sudomotor failure. Focal MS lesions in the temporal lobe, in the pons and in the cerebellum were also associated with abnormal sympathetic skin responses. MS patients were also found to have an impairment in thermoregulatory sweating, which seemed to be related to disease severity and to total lesion volume in the brain. Sympathetic skin responses were also abnormal in optic neuritis patients, suggesting sudomotor autonomic failure. Patients with optic neuritis showed no thermoregulatory dysfunction.

INTRODUCTION._Le handicap associé aux maladies inflammatoires du système nerveux central (SNC), représentées par la sclérose en plaques (SEP) et la neuromyélite optique de Devic (NMOSD), est sous-tendu par la perte neuronale._x000D_La tomographie par cohérence optique (OCT) et l'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) sont des outils robustes et reproductibles permettant de mesurer la perte axonale in vivo.OBJECTIFS.Développer des biomarqueurs OCT et IRM pour le diagnostic, le pronostic et le suivi des patients atteints de maladies inflammatoires du SNC.MATERIELS et METHODES.Notre IRM est de champ magnétique 3 teslas (Achieva, Philips, Best, Pays Bas). L'appareil OCT est de 4éme génération (Heidelberg Spectralis, Allemagne). (1) Nous avons développé une séquence en tenseur de diffusion (DTI) de la moelle épinière cervicale en acquisition coronale et (2) évalué les corrélations entre les paramètres DTI et le handicap clinique d'une cohorte de patients SEP. (3) Nous avons comparé la séquence 3D-Double Inversion Récupération (DIR) à la séquence 2D-STIR FLAIR coronal pour la détection des hypersignaux inflammatoires du nerf optique.Sur le plan OCT, (4) nous avons participé à une étude multicentrique pour la validation de critères de qualité OCT. (5) Nous avons réalisé une étude OCT comparative de patients SEP, NMOSD et de sujets sains, afin de mettre en évidence des paramètres OCT différenciant les 2 maladies, parmi lesquels l'épaisseur de la pRNFL (globale ou en secteurs) et des couches maculaires (logiciel de segmentation HEYEX). (6) Nous avons évalué la longueur de l'hypersignal DIR du nerf optique comme potentiel biomarqueur de la perte axonale rétinienne évaluée en OCT.RESULTATS.(1) Les paramètres DTI (fraction d'anisotropie [FA], diffusivité moyenne [MD] et radiale [rD]) étaient significativement différents entre les sujets SEP et sains. Chez les sujets SEP, la FA diminue, la MD et la rD augmentent.(2) Dans la SEP, la FA mesurée au sein de la moelle épinière cervicale (C2-C6) était modérément corrélée au handicap clinique du patient mesuré par le score EDSS et les scores fonctionnels pyramidal, sensitif et sphinctérien._x000D_(3) La séquence 3D-DIR était plus précise que le 2D STIR FLAIR pour la détection d'un hypersignal inflammatoire du nerf optique (Se 95%, Sp 94%) et montrait une concordance inter-observateur plus élevée (kappa = 0.96).(4) La concordance inter-observateur des critères de qualité OCT OSCAR-IB était substantielle (kappa = 0.7).(5) Nous mettons en évidence une atrophie rétinienne post ON comparable entre la SEP et la NMOSD. Les patients SEP présentent une atrophie maculaire et de la pRNFL temporale sur les yeux sans névrite optique. Nos résultats suggèrent une possible atrophie maculaire infraclinique chez les sujets NMOSD. Les corrélations entre OCT et handicap visuel étaient bonnes et nombreuses. Dans la NMOSD, les corrélations entre OCT et handicap clinique étaient moins nombreuses et liée à la présence d'un handicap visuel.(6) Nous avons mis en évidence une bonne association (p<0.0001) entre la longueur de l'hypersignal DIR du nerf optique, l'épaisseur de la pRNFL, le volume des couches maculaires internes et le handicap visuel. Près de 40% des yeux indemnes de NO présentaient un hypersignal du nerf optique.CONCLUSIONS.Nous avons développé une séquence DTI analysant la moelle épinière cervicale, applicable en routine et de façon prospective. Les corrélations entre la FA ou la MD et le handicap restent toutefois modérées [...] / BACKGROUND.Inflammatory diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) are mainly represented by multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). Both diseases may be associated with slight to severe clinical disability. There is a need for developing imaging biomarkers which could be used for diagnostic purposes and as potential therapeutic biomarkers. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are robust and reproducible tools enabling us to measure axonal loss in vivo.OBJECTIVES.To develop OCT and MRI biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis and follow-up of inflammatory diseases affecting CNS.METHODS.Our MRI is a 3 teslas MRI (Achieva, Philips, Best the Netherlands) devoted to research at CHRU de Lille. The OCT tool is a 4th generation spectral-domain OCT (Heidelberg Spectralis, Germany).(1) We firstly developped a coronal diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) sequence for cervical spinal cord and (2) applied it to a large MS cohort in order to evaluate potential DTI/clinical disability correlations. (3) We interested in 3D-Double Inversion Recovery (DIR) sequence for the detection of T2 optic nerve hypersignal and compare its diagnosis accuracy with coronal 2D STIR-FLAIR sequence.Considering OCT, (4) we participated to a multicenter study for validating OCT quality criteria by measuring inter rater agreement. (5) We made a comparative OCT study in MS, NMOSD and healthy controls (HC), in order to describe potential OCT parameters differentiating both diseases. OCT parameters will be peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layers thickness (pRNFL; global and values per quadrants) and macular layers thickness evaluated by HEYEX segmentation software. (6) We investigated the length of optic nerve DIR hypersignal as a potential biomarker for retinal axonal loss measured by OCT.RESULTS.(1) The DTI parameters (fractional anisotropy [FA], mean diffusivity [MD], radial diffusivity [rD]) were significantly different between HC and MS patients. FA was reduced. MD and rD were increased.(2) In MS, FA within cervical spinal cord (C2-C6) was moderately correlated with physical disability measured by EDSS, pyramidal, sensory and bowel/urinary functional scores.(3) 3D-DIR sequence was more accurate than 2D STIR FLAIR for the detection of optic nerve hypersignal (Se 95%, Sp 94%) and showed the higher inter-rater agreement (kappa = 0.96).(4) The inter-rater agreement for OSCAR-IB quality criteria for retinal OCT was substantial (kappa = 0.7).(5) We found comparable post ON atrophy between MS and NMOSD and significant macular and temporal pRNFL atrophy in MS non ON eyes. We suggested possible subclinical macular atrophy in NMOSD. Correlations were good and numerous between OCT parameters and visual disability in both diseases. In NMOSD, correlations between OCT and clinical disability were fewer and more related to visual disability.(6) We found good associations (p<0.0001) between optic nerve DIR hypersignal length, pRNFL thicknesses, inner retinal layers volumes and visual disability. A subclinical radiological involvement of non ON eyes was found in 38.5%.CONCLUSION.We developed a DTI sequence for cervical spinal cord analysis which seems applicable in routine and in a prospective follow-up. However, correlations between FA or MD and clinical disability remain moderate.OCT may help to differentiate NMOSD and MS by focusing on the non ON eyes (temporal pRNFL atrophy more severe in MS). Moreover we discuss the possibility of subclinical retinal degenerative process in NMOSD.We showed the 3D-DIR interest in optic nerve inflammatory lesion detection. 3D-DIR sequence which has largely been considered as a marker of demyelination, may be more pathologically specific (i.e retinal axonal loss) by focusing on a specific part of the CNS (i.e optic nerve). Optic nerve DIR hypersignal may be a new biomarker of retinal axonal loss.

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