Introdução: Os tumores carcinóides broncopulmonares típicos são proliferações malignas neuroendócrinas. Até bem pouco tempo eram consideradas como adenomas, isto é, tumores benignos. Porém com o avanço dos estudos anatomopatológicos, foi identificada a sua face maligna, pois apresenta as principais características das neoplasias malignas, quais sejam: metástase e invasão tecidual local. Além das metástases, estes tumores são capazes de produzir outra entidade ainda pouco estudada e conhecida que é a micrometástase. Estas correspondem a metástases menores que 2mm de diâmetro, que podem ou não se desenvolver, causando recidiva tumoral. Por sua vez as micrometástases são divididas em grupos de células tumorais, com diâmetro de 0,2 a 2mm e células tumorais isoladas, com diâmetro menor do que 0,2 mm. A literatura nos mostra que a incidência de micrometástase varia entre 10 a 90% dos pacientes em diversos tumores estudados. No caso dos carcinóides típicos temos pouca informação a respeito, sendo que a literatura nos mostra que a micrometástase em tumores carcinóides é considerada com fator de pior prognóstico. Porém não é o que observamos clinicamente, uma vez que temos o seguimento de inúmeros pacientes por mais de 10 anos, sem a recidiva tumoral em linfonodos mediastinais (seguimento clínicoradiológico). Objetivos: Verificar a presença de micrometástases em suas diversas formas, em pacientes portadores de carcinóide típico broncopulmonar, e verificar a possibilidade da predição do risco individual destas micrometástases em função de variáveis clínicas, anatomopatológicas e biomarcadores teciduais. Casuística e Métodos: Quarenta e nove pacientes portadores de carcinóide típico broncopulmonar com acompanhamento mínimo de 5 anos foram estudados. Todos foram submetidos a ressecção linfonodal por amostragem ou radical. As seguintes variáveis foram coletadas dos prontuários ou por entrevista: gênero, idade, localização do tumor em relação à carina (central ou periférico), diâmetro da lesão, comprometimento da margem cirúrgica, estadiamento TNM, ocorrência de metástases linfonodais, bem como quantidade de linfonodos acometidos por neoplasia em relação ao total dissecado, metástases à distância e tempo de sobrevivência. Os linfonodos foram analisados por coloração de hematoxilina-eosina e por imuno-histoquímica (Sinaptofisina e Cromogranina A) para pesquisa de micrometástase. Resultados: O grupo foi composto por 19 homens (38,8%) e 30 mulheres (61,2%). A idade média dos pacientes foi de 41,3 anos. Houve uma distribuição regular entre todos os lobos pulmonares acometidos. Em relação às vias aéreas, 78% dos tumores eram centrais e 22% eram periféricos. O diâmetro do maior eixo do tumor primário dos 49 pacientes variou de cinco a 80 milímetros, com mediana de 25 e intervalo interquartil 25 a 75% entre 16 e 35 milímetros. Em 54% dos casos foi realizada lobectomia pulmonar, 18% pneumonectomia, 12% bilobectomias e 16% procedimentos poupadores (segmentectomias, broncoplastias e nodulectomias). Em 12% dos casos houve comprometimento da margem cirúrgica. Em 42,8% dos casos houve imunomarcação por pelo menos um dos biomarcadores Sinaptofisina ou Cromogranina A para micrometástase. Em 18,4% dos casos foi diagnosticada macrometástase linfática, e em 1 caso ocorreu metástase hematogênica. Foram realizadas 4 baterias de testes avaliando os grupos sem e com metástases/micrometástases para se verificar a possibilidade de predição do risco individual de micrometástase. Conclusão: Foi possível encontrar micrometástases linfáticas utilizando imuno-histoquímica (Sinaptofisina e Cromogranina A). Não foi possível predizer o risco individual de micrometástases nos grupos estudados. Não houve diferença entre os grupos sem e com qualquer tipo de micrometástase. Não foi possível estabelecer correlação entre incidência de metástase e micrometástase nesta amostra populacional. / Introduction: The typical lung carcinoids are neuroendocrine tumors. Until short time ago they were considered adenomas, that is, benign tumors. Although, due to the anatomopathologic advances, it was identified its malignant behavior, once it presents the main characteristics of the malignant tumors: matastasis and local invasion. Beyond the metastasis, this tumor is able to produce another entity not yet well studied, the micrometastasis. This corresponds to metastasis shorter than 2mm in diameter that can or not develop and cause tumoral recurrence. The micrometastasis are divided in two groups: clusters, with diameter between 0,2 and 2mm, and isolated tumor cells, with diameter less than 0,2mm. The medical literature shows that the incidence of micrometastasis of different tumors has a wide variation, between 10 to 90%. In the case of the typical lung carcinoids few information is presented, and the presence of the micrometastasis worsen prognosis. On the other hand this is not what we usually see clinically, once the follow up of numerous patients of our casuistic for more than 10 years did not show the recurrence of the desease in the mediastinal lymphnodes. Objectives: Verify the presence of micrometastasis in its various forms in patients comited by lung carcinoid tumors and verify the possibility to predict the individual risk of micrometastasis from clinical and anatomopathological variables and tissue biomarkers. Casuistic and Methods: Forty nine patients with lung carcinoid tumors with follow up of at least 5 years were studied. All of them were submitted to mediastinal lymphnode dissection during the surgical procedure. The data collected was: age, gender, tumor location (central or peripherical), diameter, compromised surgical edge, TNM stage, lymphatic metastasis, hematogenic metastasis and survive. The lymphnodes were analised by Hematoxilin-Eosin and immunohistochemistry (Synaptophysin and Chromogranin A) in order to search for micrometastasis. Results: There were 19 men (38,8%) and 30 women (61,2%) with a mean age of 41,3 years. There was a regular distribution in all pulmonary lobes. There were 78% of central and 22% periferic tumors. The diameter varied between 0,5 to 80mm, with median in 25. In 54% of the cases was performed pulmonary lobectomy, in 18% pneumonectomy, in 12% bilobectomy and in 16% other procedures (bronchoplasty, wedge resection, nodulectomy). In 42,8% there was immunostaining with Synatophysin or Chromogranin A to micrometastasis. In 18,4% was diagnosed macrometastasis and in 1 case there was haematogenic metastasis. It was done 4 batteries of statistical tests to verify the possibility of prediction of the individual risk of micrometastasis. Conclusion: It was possible to find lymphatic micrometastasis using immunostaining with Synaptophysin and Chromogranin A. It was not possible to predict the individual risk of micrometastasis in the studied groups. There was no difference between the groups with or without micrometastasis. It was not possible to estabilish a correlation between the incidence of macro and micrometastasis in this population.

VIPomas are rare pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs), detected in 1 in 10 million people per year and usually present as a constellation of well-defined clinical features characterized by watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and achlorhydria (WDHA). Theses tumors secrete an excess of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and are typically diagnosed only after they have metastasized liver, lymph nodes and lungs (60% to 80%). The diagnosis is confirmed by identifying hyper secretion of VIP in a setting of the localized pancreatic tumor. Symptomatic pancreatic VIPomas are usually solitary, more than 3 cm in diameter, and occur in the tail of pancreas in 75 percent of patients. We demonstrate a rare glimpse at an unusual small size of VIPoma at its earliest clinical presentation.

No description available.

No description available.

Neuroendocrine tumours generally show an overexpression of somatostatin receptors on their cell membranes, mainly subtype 2. This is taken advantage of in diagnosis and therapy by using synthetic somatostatin analogues that can be labelled with radionuclides to visualize and treat tumours with an overexpression of somatostatin receptors. The method traditionally used for visualization is somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS) with 111In-DTPA-octreotide but this method is gradually being substituted by 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT. To evaluate patients for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, it is mandatory for the patient to be examined by both methods. In the evaluation, the tumours are graded according to the Krenning scale on the images from the SRS. Patients with sufficient tumour uptake of somatostatin analogues are eligible for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). The aim of this study was to compare the tumour’s Krenning scores from SRS to the Krenning scores, quantitative indices and TNR-values from the 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT images. This was done to investigate if the Krenning scale could be applied to PET/CT enabling the patient to undergo only PET/CT for diagnosis and evaluation prior to PRRT. This study, including 28 patients, found no strong correlation between the Krenning scores from the SRS and the scores from 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT. However, a better correlation was shown between the Krenning scores from SRS and TNR-values where the quantitative indices SUVmax and SUVmean were divided with the SUVmean of the spleen. These findings could be worth exploring further in future studies, incorporating larger number of patients.

Motivation - Depression is a mental disorder that has been associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Cardiometablic mechanisms have been implicated as possible intermediating factors in the relationship between depressive symptoms and cardiovascular disease; however this has not yet been determined in black Africans (hereafter referred to as Africans). Aim - The overarching aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between depressive symptoms and cardiometabolic risk. We therefore aimed to assess cardiometabolic function, neuroendocrine responses, inflammatory and haemostatic markers in Africans with depressive symptoms compared to those without symptoms of depression. Methodology - Manuscripts presented in Chapter 2, 3 and 4 utilised data from the cross-sectional, target population multi-disciplinary “Sympathetic activity and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Africans” (SABPA) study. The participants comprised of 200 African teachers from the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District in North-West province, South Africa. As cardiovascular disease is compromised by a positive HIV status, 19 participants were excluded from further statistical analysis. Stratification was based on the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item (PHQ-9), which has been validated in a sub-Saharan African setting. PHQ-9 scores > 10 were used to classify participants as having signs of depressive symptoms. Subjects were further stratified by gender (Manuscript 1 and 3) and cortisol responses (Manuscript 2). Cardiometabolic health measures included 24-hour blood pressure, metabolic syndrome markers, neuroendocrine markers [cortisol and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol (MHPG)], left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH),inflammatory and haemostatic markers (fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and D-dimer). Resting 12-lead ECG Cornell Product-Left ventricular hypertrophy (CP-LVH) was measured as a marker of target end-organ damage and cardiovascular dysfunction (Manuscript 1 and 2). Means and prevalence were computed through t-test and Chi-square analysis respectively. Significant differences of mean cardiometabolic measures between depressive symptom status groups were also determined by analysis of covariance (adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risk factors and additional factors as specific per manuscript). Multivariate analysis was used to demonstrate associations between left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and cardiometabolic markers in Africans with depressive symptoms (Manuscript 1 and 2) and a logistic regression analysis were performed to examine the association between depressive symptoms and inflammatory/haemostatic factors (Manuscript 3). All subjects who participated gave informed consent, the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of North-West University (NWU-0003607S6), in accordance with the principles outlined by the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki of 1975 (revised 2008). Results and conclusions of the individual manuscripts - The aim of the study was to investigate the associations between depressive symptoms and cardiometabolic function including cardiovascular dysfunction. Markers of cardiometabolic function assessed were 24 hour blood pressure measurements, metabolic syndrome markers, neuroendocrine markers [cortisol and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol (MHPG)], inflammatory and haemostatic variables (fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and D-dimer). Manuscript 1, focused on LVH as a marker of cardiovascular dysfunction and metabolic syndrome components as markers of cardiometabolic function. The aim of the study was to assess the associations between LVH and metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk markers in participants with and without depressive symptoms. Results revealed that in African men with depressive symptoms the most significant determinants of LVH were systolic blood pressure (SBP) and the percentage glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). While in African women (with depressive symptoms), this association was determined by low high-density lipoprotein (HDL-cholesterol). The study concluded that in black African men, independent of depressive symptoms, cardiometabolic factors (namely SBP and HbA1c) may be the driving significant factors in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, the data showed that depressive symptoms in African women were associated with a measure of target end organ damage, and that this association was driven by a metabolic factor. Manuscript 2, the aim of this manuscript was to examine the relationship between depressive symptoms, neuroendocrine responses [with cortisol and 3-methoxy-phenylglycol (MHPG) as markers] and cardiovascular risk, i.e. LVH. The results revealed that Africans with depressive symptoms demonstrated blunted cortisol and MHPG levels in response to acute mental stress, in comparison to those without symptoms of depression. Additionally, these low cortisol and blunted MHPG responses were associated with LVH in this ethnic group. The conclusion for this manuscript was that, blunted neuroendocrine responses linked depressive symptoms and ECG left ventricular hypertrophy in Africans. When coupled to their hypertensive status, these vasoconstrictive responses (cortisol and MHPG) may underpin the increased long-term depression and vascular disease risk in urban Africans. Manuscript 3, the aim of this manuscript was to investigate the relationship between depressive symptoms and inflammatory/haemostatic markers in a cohort of urban-dwelling black African men and women. Our data demonstrated hypercoagulation vulnerability in African men with depressive symptoms. The African men with signs of depression displayed higher plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) levels and marginally elevated D-dimer levels. It was concluded that hypercoagulation may partially be the mediating factor between depressive symptoms and cardiovascular risk in African men; a situation that may be exacerbated by hyperkinetic blood pressure. In conclusion, through the assessement of cardiometabolic function and neuroendocrine responses, it seems that Africans withdepressive symptoms are at great risk for cardiovascular related morbidity and mortality, this was particulary evident in the African men (Manuscript 1 and 3). Additionally, it appears that blunted neuroendocrine responses and hypercoagulation could be seen as possible cardiovascular risk markers in Africans with depressive symptoms. / PhD (Physiology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Motivation - Depression is a mental disorder that has been associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Cardiometablic mechanisms have been implicated as possible intermediating factors in the relationship between depressive symptoms and cardiovascular disease; however this has not yet been determined in black Africans (hereafter referred to as Africans). Aim - The overarching aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between depressive symptoms and cardiometabolic risk. We therefore aimed to assess cardiometabolic function, neuroendocrine responses, inflammatory and haemostatic markers in Africans with depressive symptoms compared to those without symptoms of depression. Methodology - Manuscripts presented in Chapter 2, 3 and 4 utilised data from the cross-sectional, target population multi-disciplinary “Sympathetic activity and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Africans” (SABPA) study. The participants comprised of 200 African teachers from the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District in North-West province, South Africa. As cardiovascular disease is compromised by a positive HIV status, 19 participants were excluded from further statistical analysis. Stratification was based on the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item (PHQ-9), which has been validated in a sub-Saharan African setting. PHQ-9 scores > 10 were used to classify participants as having signs of depressive symptoms. Subjects were further stratified by gender (Manuscript 1 and 3) and cortisol responses (Manuscript 2). Cardiometabolic health measures included 24-hour blood pressure, metabolic syndrome markers, neuroendocrine markers [cortisol and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol (MHPG)], left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH),inflammatory and haemostatic markers (fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and D-dimer). Resting 12-lead ECG Cornell Product-Left ventricular hypertrophy (CP-LVH) was measured as a marker of target end-organ damage and cardiovascular dysfunction (Manuscript 1 and 2). Means and prevalence were computed through t-test and Chi-square analysis respectively. Significant differences of mean cardiometabolic measures between depressive symptom status groups were also determined by analysis of covariance (adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risk factors and additional factors as specific per manuscript). Multivariate analysis was used to demonstrate associations between left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and cardiometabolic markers in Africans with depressive symptoms (Manuscript 1 and 2) and a logistic regression analysis were performed to examine the association between depressive symptoms and inflammatory/haemostatic factors (Manuscript 3). All subjects who participated gave informed consent, the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of North-West University (NWU-0003607S6), in accordance with the principles outlined by the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki of 1975 (revised 2008). Results and conclusions of the individual manuscripts - The aim of the study was to investigate the associations between depressive symptoms and cardiometabolic function including cardiovascular dysfunction. Markers of cardiometabolic function assessed were 24 hour blood pressure measurements, metabolic syndrome markers, neuroendocrine markers [cortisol and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol (MHPG)], inflammatory and haemostatic variables (fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and D-dimer). Manuscript 1, focused on LVH as a marker of cardiovascular dysfunction and metabolic syndrome components as markers of cardiometabolic function. The aim of the study was to assess the associations between LVH and metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk markers in participants with and without depressive symptoms. Results revealed that in African men with depressive symptoms the most significant determinants of LVH were systolic blood pressure (SBP) and the percentage glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). While in African women (with depressive symptoms), this association was determined by low high-density lipoprotein (HDL-cholesterol). The study concluded that in black African men, independent of depressive symptoms, cardiometabolic factors (namely SBP and HbA1c) may be the driving significant factors in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, the data showed that depressive symptoms in African women were associated with a measure of target end organ damage, and that this association was driven by a metabolic factor. Manuscript 2, the aim of this manuscript was to examine the relationship between depressive symptoms, neuroendocrine responses [with cortisol and 3-methoxy-phenylglycol (MHPG) as markers] and cardiovascular risk, i.e. LVH. The results revealed that Africans with depressive symptoms demonstrated blunted cortisol and MHPG levels in response to acute mental stress, in comparison to those without symptoms of depression. Additionally, these low cortisol and blunted MHPG responses were associated with LVH in this ethnic group. The conclusion for this manuscript was that, blunted neuroendocrine responses linked depressive symptoms and ECG left ventricular hypertrophy in Africans. When coupled to their hypertensive status, these vasoconstrictive responses (cortisol and MHPG) may underpin the increased long-term depression and vascular disease risk in urban Africans. Manuscript 3, the aim of this manuscript was to investigate the relationship between depressive symptoms and inflammatory/haemostatic markers in a cohort of urban-dwelling black African men and women. Our data demonstrated hypercoagulation vulnerability in African men with depressive symptoms. The African men with signs of depression displayed higher plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) levels and marginally elevated D-dimer levels. It was concluded that hypercoagulation may partially be the mediating factor between depressive symptoms and cardiovascular risk in African men; a situation that may be exacerbated by hyperkinetic blood pressure. In conclusion, through the assessement of cardiometabolic function and neuroendocrine responses, it seems that Africans withdepressive symptoms are at great risk for cardiovascular related morbidity and mortality, this was particulary evident in the African men (Manuscript 1 and 3). Additionally, it appears that blunted neuroendocrine responses and hypercoagulation could be seen as possible cardiovascular risk markers in Africans with depressive symptoms. / PhD (Physiology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

No description available.

Patients with cancer transitioning from completing their final cancer treatments to survivorship are particularly at risk for experiencing psychosocial stress, and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) has referred to these cancer patients as “lost in transition.” In this study, patients with cancer in their transition phase after completing their final radiation treatment were defined as cancer survivors (CS). CS must deal with chronic stressors such as the fear of cancer recurrence as well as the resumption of their roles in their family and work lives. Chronic stress impacts the nervous system and increases secretion of stress hormones (e.g. cortisol) from the endocrine system, which in turn influences immune function. These systems are particularly relevant for CS since research has shown associations between abnormal cortisol patterns and increased mortality in breast CS and immune dysfunction in CS can increase susceptibility to infections. The theoretical framework of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), which describes the interactions between the psychosocial, neuroendocrine and immune systems, guided the choice of outcomes for this study. The IOM has identified a lack of theory-driven interventions for managing psychosocial stress in CS. We reviewed the literature and identified two major types of PNI-based psychosocial interventions for cancer patients, namely cognitive-behavioral and complementary medical. One promising brief and inexpensive psychosocial intervention was expressive writing, which involved participants disclosing their deepest thoughts and feelings regarding their cancer in four 20-30 minute writing sessions over four consecutive days. We conducted a two-arm randomized controlled trial to determine the efficacy of an online expressive writing (EW) intervention delivered to CS who were 2-12 months post-radiation treatment completion. The results of this study revealed that EW was effective in regulating stress in our sample of CS over a period of six weeks as measured by lowered salivary cortisol levels and lowered self-reported fear of cancer recurrence. Online EW is a low-cost and convenient approach for delivering stress-management interventions for CS during survivorship. However, coordinated efforts are needed from health researchers, professionals and policy makers to define standardized approaches for testing psychosocial interventions and using PNI biomarkers to help develop evidence-based psychosocial cancer-care for CS during survivorship.

<p>In this study, metastasizing serotonin-producing ileocaecal carcinoid tumours (MSPCs) were examined for biological characteristics that could be used to define clinically relevant subgroups within this patient population. Possible targets for new treatment options were also explored.</p><p>It was found that MSPCs share several biological characteristics such as expression of serotonin, tachykinins (TKs), chromogranin A, islet autoantigen-2 and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). TKs and serotonin were demonstrated in the same endocrine tumours in the gut and lung. IA-2 expression was shown to be up-regulated in MSPCs, possibly in connection with active hormone secretion. CTGF expression was high in tumour areas adjacent to extensive stroma expressing alpha-smooth muscle actin. This indicated myofibroblast differentiation, which may be associated with fibrosis-related complications prevalent in patients with MSPCs. When compared with other endocrine tumours, MSPCs behaved as a relatively homogeneous group, though within the MSPC population several subgroups could be defined. Patients with tumours displaying either a solid growth pattern and/or a Ki67 index ≥1% had a less favourable prognosis than those who did not. Another group of patients, who had increased plasma TK concentrations, were more likely to suffer from severe diarrhea. This information should be considered when discussing clinical treatment and when undertaking tumour biological studies. New treatment possibilities, such as drugs that specifically target TK receptors and antibodies to CTGF, are also discussed.</p><p>In conclusion, MSPCs comprise a clinically relevant tumour group with similar biological features that are distinct from other endocrine tumours. Subgroups of patients within this patient category can be defined which may be relevant when establishing prognosis and when selecting future treatment modalities.</p>