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The disciplinary anxiety that has emerged between art history and visual culture studies increasingly dominates academic research and institutional practice both in global and South African contexts. The research posed here explores the contested relationship between the discipline of art history and the newly-emerging field of visual culture studies. For, despite the fact that art history has already transformed itself due to ideological pressures, this transformation is evidently no longer sufficient to ward off the visual cultural onslaught. Since the disciplinary boundaries between art history and visual culture studies intersect - or, more aptly, collide - this research examines whether these two fields are complementary or antagonistic endeavours. The proliferation of multitudes of ambiguous visual images, perpetuated by the rise of new media technologies, has complicated image production and consumption. As a result, a critique of all image-making technologies - including art - has gained momentum in light of the increasing entanglement of images with human existence. In particular, this research argues that art history can no longer maintain its allegiance to hierarchical distinctions between images, nor can it rely on traditional art historical methodologies only in its analysis and interpretation of images. This research proposes that art history visual culture studies can critically analyse the ideological functions of images in our postmodern era more appropriately than traditional art history is able to do. / Dissertation (MA (Visual Arts))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Visual Arts / unrestricted

Ce mémoire fait l'analyse du phénomène de réactualisation des collections fermées et de ses stratégies en se basant sur trois études de cas : le Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, le Kettle's Yard Museum & Gallery et la New Art Gallery Walsall. Restreintes par des législations, ces institutions ont développé différentes stratégies leur permettant de réinscrire le contenu de leurs collections fermées à l'intérieur d'enjeux actuels. Dans un premier temps, de la présentation de nos trois études de cas sont apparues des caractéristiques que nous avons réunies pour exposer l'idée de collection fermée et souligner sa valeur esthétique, historique et artistique : les restrictions testamentaires, la vision du collectionneur, l'expérience du visiteur, le type d'accrochage et la mise en exposition des œuvres et des objets. Ces caractéristiques nous ont permis de cerner le contexte à l'intérieur duquel les conservateurs, les directeurs et les commissaires d'exposition interviennent pour réactualiser les paramètres temporels, narratifs et spatiaux de la collection fermée. L'idée de collection fermée est également développée à l'aide de propositions connexes provenant de 1'histoire de l'art et de la culture. Dans un deuxième temps, quatre des principales stratégies de réactualisation ont été dégagées de nos trois cas de figure : la construction d'une nouvelle architecture basée sur la collection fermée, la mise en place de programmes d'artistes en résidence, la création de programmes d'expositions temporaires et l'accumulation d'œuvres à l'intérieur d'une collection parallèle. Ces stratégies permettent une ouverture et une réorganisation des paramètres narratifs, spatiaux et temporels de la collection fermée à partir du présent actuel tout en respectant les restrictions protégeant son intégralité. L'analyse de ces stratégies permet non seulement de marquer les paramètres de la collection fermée sur lesquels la réactualisation s'opère, mais également de mettre en évidence les valeurs esthétiques et conceptuelles des projets d'artistes, architecturaux, d'exposition et de collection menés autour de la collection fermée. Dans un troisième temps, nous avons questionné la constitution et le fonctionnement temporel de la collection fermée et du phénomène de réactualisation pour pointer les changements qui s'opèrent dans le temps sur la collection fermée. De sa constitution par le collectionneur à sa relecture à partir des interventions du présent en passant par son legs restrictif, la collection fermée subit des changements malgré l'immobilité de sa mise en exposition. Enfin, notre recherche ouvre sur de nouvelles hypothèses. La réactualisation serait rendue possible à l'heure actuelle en relation avec une nouvelle conception de l'histoire basée sur une vision anachronique du temps. Cette vision anachronique et son potentiel pour la discipline de l'histoire de l'art développés par Georges Didi-Huberman (2000) nous ont permis d'explorer le phénomène de réactualisation non seulement dans la gestion muséologique des collections qu'il implique, mais également d'en traiter par rapport à la constitution de l'histoire de l'art et du rapport instauré avec le passé. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Collection fermée, Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Kettle's Yard Museum & Gallery, New Art Gallery Walsall, réactualisation, exposition

Religious motifs in the works of the Art Group "Die Pilger" Abstract: The topic of this Thesis is the German-Czech art group called Die Pilger which was active mainly in Prague between 1920-1923. Its main specific feature was a strong focus on religious motifs among which Bible themes prevailed. However, religious motifs were not portrayed in a historical manner but the group often used unusual modern means of expression. However, the religious focus of the group was not proclaimed anywhere, nor did it correspond to all the work produced by the members of the group. The thesis focuses on the religiously motivated creation of the group and analyses what specific themes the artists have chosen. The aim, however, is not to list the depictions and their frequency, but to interpret individual ways of processing the given motif and through it to define the relationship of the group to these motifs and the reasons for their use. Semiotics seems to be the most appropriate examination method to apply in this case which allows you to move away from the historical burden of works and focus only on their content. The second part of the thesis analyses the narrative that is associated with the group and which significantly influences the way we perceive the work of the group. In addition to the interpretation of...

ORIBOMBO: Arte da Pós-Modernidade A presente dissertação de mestrado propõe-se a apresentar o Oribombo como arte da pós-modernidade, trazendo a questão do hibridismo do Oribombo, à situação da arte atual, onde se verificam hibridismos de toda natureza, incentivados pela total liberdade. O artista não se prende mais à ideologias e limitações que ditavam as concepções artísticas do passado, inclusive do passado recente. Liberdade é a palavra de ordem da pós-modernidade. Liberdade que se manifesta em todos os segmentos da sociedade. E na arte, uma consequência do livre fazer, é que os hibridismos são constantes, acontecendo de forma natural. As modalidades artísticas são exploradas simultaneamente, abrindo um leque de possibilidades durante o processo de criação. No caso do Oribombo, as modalidades artísticas que se mostraram plasticamente mais interessantes, foram a pintura, gravura, escultura e a colagem. Outra consequência da total liberdade adquirida pelos artistas da pós-modernidade, é que em certos momentos, indaga-se se tudo que é produzido com o título de arte é arte realmente. Essa discussão é muito ampla, mas a premissa de que arte é a produção de um artista, é a que mais ecoa, não somente no meio artístico, como também, entre pensadores e escritores, que direcionaram suas atenções ao desenrolar da história da arte. Os fazeres e conhecimentos artísticos são indispensáveis ao artista plástico visual, sendo assim, as modalidades artísticas que foram fundidas no processo de criação do Oribombo são seculares, mas, a liberdade com que foram tratadas é uma questão pós-moderna. / This dissertation proposes to introduce Oribombo as art of postmodernity, bringing the question of hybridity of Oribombo, the situation of contemporary art, where there are all kinds of hybridisms, encouraged by complete freedom. The artist is not attached to the ideologies and more limitations that dictate the artistic conceptions of the past, even the recent past. Freedom is the slogan of the postmodernity. Freedom that is manifested in all segments of society. And in art, one of the consequences of free artistic making is the hybridism, and it is a constant, happening naturally. The artistic modalities are explored simultaneously, opening up a range of possibilities during the creation process. In the case of Oribombo, the artistic modalities that were artistically more interesting, were the painting, the printmaking, the sculpture and the collage. Another consequence of complete freedom gained by artists of the postmodernity, is that at certain times, inquires if everything is produced with the title art is really art. This discussion is very ample, but the premise that art is the production of an artist, is the one that resonates, not only in the artistic world but also among thinkers and writers, that directed their attention to the course of art history. The doings and artistic knowledge are indispensable to the visual artist. The artistic modalities that were merged into the creation process Oribombo are secular, but the freedom with which they were treated is a postmodern matter.

ORIBOMBO: Arte da Pós-Modernidade A presente dissertação de mestrado propõe-se a apresentar o Oribombo como arte da pós-modernidade, trazendo a questão do hibridismo do Oribombo, à situação da arte atual, onde se verificam hibridismos de toda natureza, incentivados pela total liberdade. O artista não se prende mais à ideologias e limitações que ditavam as concepções artísticas do passado, inclusive do passado recente. Liberdade é a palavra de ordem da pós-modernidade. Liberdade que se manifesta em todos os segmentos da sociedade. E na arte, uma consequência do livre fazer, é que os hibridismos são constantes, acontecendo de forma natural. As modalidades artísticas são exploradas simultaneamente, abrindo um leque de possibilidades durante o processo de criação. No caso do Oribombo, as modalidades artísticas que se mostraram plasticamente mais interessantes, foram a pintura, gravura, escultura e a colagem. Outra consequência da total liberdade adquirida pelos artistas da pós-modernidade, é que em certos momentos, indaga-se se tudo que é produzido com o título de arte é arte realmente. Essa discussão é muito ampla, mas a premissa de que arte é a produção de um artista, é a que mais ecoa, não somente no meio artístico, como também, entre pensadores e escritores, que direcionaram suas atenções ao desenrolar da história da arte. Os fazeres e conhecimentos artísticos são indispensáveis ao artista plástico visual, sendo assim, as modalidades artísticas que foram fundidas no processo de criação do Oribombo são seculares, mas, a liberdade com que foram tratadas é uma questão pós-moderna. / This dissertation proposes to introduce Oribombo as art of postmodernity, bringing the question of hybridity of Oribombo, the situation of contemporary art, where there are all kinds of hybridisms, encouraged by complete freedom. The artist is not attached to the ideologies and more limitations that dictate the artistic conceptions of the past, even the recent past. Freedom is the slogan of the postmodernity. Freedom that is manifested in all segments of society. And in art, one of the consequences of free artistic making is the hybridism, and it is a constant, happening naturally. The artistic modalities are explored simultaneously, opening up a range of possibilities during the creation process. In the case of Oribombo, the artistic modalities that were artistically more interesting, were the painting, the printmaking, the sculpture and the collage. Another consequence of complete freedom gained by artists of the postmodernity, is that at certain times, inquires if everything is produced with the title art is really art. This discussion is very ample, but the premise that art is the production of an artist, is the one that resonates, not only in the artistic world but also among thinkers and writers, that directed their attention to the course of art history. The doings and artistic knowledge are indispensable to the visual artist. The artistic modalities that were merged into the creation process Oribombo are secular, but the freedom with which they were treated is a postmodern matter.

This study aims to highlight the art critic Stig Johansson's position during two historical moments: 1962-63 and 1972. The theoretical and methodological framework is mainly derived from Pierre Bourdieu’s understanding of the art field and the art critic's role and mission within that specific field. Art criticism is an important text source for expanded knowledge of how the discussion of contemporary art has been conducted. In the first chapter of the thesis, I describe some of the investments that preceded Johansson’s role as art critic. These efforts are to be regarded as field-specific as they were preparing Johansson with the kind of social capital that won recognition in the art field. In the second part of the essay, I distinguish between the art critical genre and mission. Instead of limiting the study to art reviews, which is usually associated with the genre of art criticism, the thesis also include material such as debate articles and notices. The study of these different text types contribute to an increased understanding of how art criticism practice actually worked, and what was to be included in such practices during these historical periods. The third chapter is based on an empirical study and focus on three selected themes: the new, the political and the art critic role. The fourth part consists of a text analysis based on Malcolm Gee’s strategies for persuasion in art criticism. A presentation and discussion of the art critical material, and hence the position Johansson takes, contributes to an increased understanding of the negotiations that characterized the art field during the periods in question. The thesis contributes to a nuanced perspective on the production of meaning through problematizing positions and values in the Swedish art field during two important historical moments.