Our purpose has been to explore how teachers' educate to influence their pupils' interests in biology and if outdoor education is considered to be a part of this. Also how this affects the pupils possibilities in achieving the goals in the nature science oriented curriculum.  The purpose has been examined through qualitative interviews with teachers' who are teaching in the nature oriented subjects in compulsory school, and applies outdoor pedagogy. With a phenomenographic research approach, we were able to gain a deeper insight into the teacher’s individual perceptions of the phenomenon of outdoor learning versus students' interest in the content of the biology subject. The study shows that teachers' see a great value in taking note of students' experiences and prior knowledge and proceed from them in interest-creating teaching in biology. They use reality-based experiences and authentic learning situations as a way to create interest in the subject content. Outdoor lessons are highlighted by teachers' as a way to do this, where they experience benefits by giving students' the opportunity to experience and explore in a more sensory environment. Outdoor lessons also affect their participation and commitment to teaching. The teachers' believe that the practical elements in an authentic environment have an effect on students' ability to absorb the content and remember it, which in turn gives the student a greater chance of achieving the goals in the curriculum. Based on this, we believe that a recommendation for the application of outdoor lessons should be included in the school's governing document. / Vårt huvudsyfte är att bidra till ökad kunskap om utomhuspedagogikens potentiella roll att påverka elevers intresse för biologi och hur utomhuspedagogik kan hjälpa elever mot ökad måluppfyllelse. För att få perspektiv på hur utomhuspedagogik används i förhållande till annan intresseskapande undervisning valde vi också att undersöka hur lärare mer allmänt arbetar för att påverka elevernas intresse för biologi. Syftet har undersökts genom kvalitativa intervjuer av lärare i årskurs 1-9 som undervisar i grundskolans naturorienterande ämnen, med betoning på biologi, samt som aktivt tillämpar utomhuspedagogik. Med en fenomenografisk forskningsansats kunde vi få djupare insikt i lärarnas individuella uppfattningar om just fenomenet utomhuspedagogik kontra elevers intresse för innehållet i biologiämnet.  Studien visar att lärare ser ett stort värde av att ta fasta på elevernas erfarenheter och förkunskaper och att utgå från dem i intresseskapande undervisning i biologi. De använder sig av verklighetsbaserade erfarenheter och autentiska lärsituationer som ett sätt att skapa intresse för ämnesinnehållet. Utomhuspedagogiken lyfts fram av lärarna som ett sätt att göra detta på, där de upplever fördelar genom att eleverna får möjlighet att uppleva och utforska i en sinnlig miljö. Utomhuspedagogiken påverkar också elevernas deltagande och engagemang för undervisningen. Lärarna menar att de praktiska momenten i en autentisk miljö ger effekt på elevers förmåga att ta till sig innehållet och komma ihåg det, vilket i sin tur ger elever större möjlighet att nå målen i kunskapskraven för biologi. Utifrån detta anser vi att en rekommendation för tillämpande av utomhuspedagogik borde finnas i skolans styrdokument.

Master’s thesis are concerned with the cutting ceramic materials and its ef-fective usage. The first part of the thesis is focused on the general properties of the cutting ceramics, its history, development, production and description of the various types. This part includes as well a description of the mechanic-physical properties and the potential of the usage for machining. The second part of the work solves the general evaluation of the cutting power. The main issue in the next part is the identification of cutting ceramics range and the selection accor-ding to main world producers. The fourth part deals with the assessments and the comparison of the working conditions for different types of the machined ma-terials. The technical economic assessment shows the potentials in the total pro-duction costs reduction.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Government and Public Administration

九○年代大陸女性作家的家族書寫在八○年代末的新寫實小說思潮、新歷史小說思潮以及西方女性主義文學思潮的相互激盪之下，延續新時期文學對「革命現實主義」的反叛姿態，在「追求自我」、「認識自我」的性別覺醒意識中重新審視女性的歷史，從而在「父子相繼」的傳統家族譜系之外，想像並打造「母女相連」的女性主體譜系，揭露「政治權力結構」和「性別權力結構」所暗含的偏斜與不公。對「政治權力結構」的批判是指文化大革命的「國家集體話語」對「個人自由」的限制與傷害，這部分藉由作者的敘事聲音、小說人物際遇以及承載特殊歷史意涵的意象來表現，對「性別權力結構」的反省主要在突顯父權秩序對女性的強制收編，因此塑造有別於血緣母親的代理母親、刻畫女性身體的各種造型，以及利用象徵性符號進而凝聚、團結女性們的精神力量。 本文所界定的女性家族書寫是指女性作家站在女性立場所書寫以女性為核心的家族故事，不僅積極嘗試改變、顛覆女性在父權歷史建構中的地位，並且能夠將「女性意識」、「家族敘事」和「歷史建構」融為一體，呈現女性歷史的發展過程和女性文化的演進形態，依此定義，本文選擇《玫瑰門》、《櫟樹的囚徒》和《羽蛇》作為研究分析對象，並且建立分析架構，分析架構包括「敘事面向的敘事時間、空間、視角、聲音分析」、「身體面向的女性人物主體性分析」、「文學面向的特殊意象分析」以及「史觀面向的陰性書寫策略分析」。《玫瑰門》展示的「演出型敘事模式」，用演員的登臺亮相、家具意象所潛藏的歷史象徵意義，以及「氣味」、「圖象」的感官陰性史觀，隱喻歷史的表演性質；《櫟樹的囚徒》呈現的「接力式敘事模式」，將歷史的詮釋權分配給不同世代的女性，隱喻歷史的傳承過程充滿著多元言說主體以及敘述的裂痕，因此「樹木」、「河流」、「眼睛」意象的源遠流長特質以及女性生死循環的陰性史觀，成為組織家族歷史最強而有力的書寫方式；《羽蛇》營造的「夢遊體敘事模式」，透過「羽蛇」這個實體人物和象徵符號在現實、夢境、幻境和家族歷史的自由轉換過程，「巨蚌」、「水晶燈」、「無字碑」等意象中無所不在的女性身體，以及「鮮血」和「白雪」相互抗衡的陰性史觀，投射出穿越時空的女性集體精神壓迫。 本文的研究侷限是對小說文本中的「男性人物」缺乏深刻關注，以及對小說文本的選取集中在五○年代出生作家群。研究展望是希望未來能進行「比較性研究」，交叉比較家族書寫作者和敘述內容所呈現的不同性別立場，展現更為多元的女性主體性，多向度比較家族書寫作者的社會身份以及文本中構成女性身份的各種因素，為社會學層面和心理學層面的女性研究提出貢獻，並且比較大陸和臺灣的女性作家家族書寫在不同的政治、社會環境下，開展出何種相異與相似的書寫面貌，讓女性作家的家族書寫版圖更加遼闊。

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:49:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lopezquizhpi_jc_me_ilha.pdf: 769238 bytes, checksum: 591b6116b31bf1d4b2d4b7817c38a698 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma metodologia para resolver o problema de planejamento ótimo de reativos em sistemas de potência interconectados multi-áreas, utilizando a técnica de decomposição de Dantzig-Wolfe. O problema original multi-área é separado em subproblemas (um para cada área) e um problema mestre (coordenador). A solução do problema decomposto é baseada na aplicação de programação linear sucessiva para a resolução dos subproblemas de planejamento de reativos de cada área, e o esquema de coordenação é baseado nos custos marginais de potência reativa nas barras de fronteiras. Desta forma, o problema de planejamento do sistema é resolvido usando a estratégia descentralizada por regiões ou por áreas, onde os operadores dos sistemas podem planejar a opera- ção e a expansão de seus sistemas, independentemente das outras áreas, obtendo uma solução ótima coordenada, porém descentralizada de cada área. O objetivo do modelo é proporcionar mecanismos para realizar o planejamento preservando a autonomia e confidencialidade para cada área, garantindo a economia global do sistema multi-área completo. Utilizando-se o modelo matemático e a imple- mentação computacional da metodologia proposta, apresentam-se resultados, análises e discussões de testes efetuados em 3 sistemas de 3 áreas, onde cada uma das áreas é composta por 3 sistemas iguais formados pelos sistemas IEEE30, IEEE118 e IEEE300 / In this thesis presents a methodology for solving the optimal reactive power planning problem in inter- conected multi-area electric power systems, using the Dantzig-Wolfe technique. The original multi- area problem is separated into subproblems (one for each area) and a master problem (coordinator). The solution of the decomposed problem is based on the application of sucessive linear programming for solving the reactive planning subproblems in each area, and the coordination scheme is based on the reactive power marginal costs in the border bus. Thus the planning problem system is solved using a descentralized approach by regions or areas, where de transmission system operator in each area can planning the operation and expansion of its system regardless of the other areas, obtaining a optimal solution coordinated by descentralized in each area. The purpose of the mathematical model is to provide mechanism for develope the planning preserving the autonomy and confidentiality for each area, ensuring the economy of the overal multi-area full system. Using the mathematical model and computational implementation of the methodology proposed results are presented analisys and discussion of testes performed on three systems in three areas where each area is composed of three equal systems formed by IEEE30, IEEE118, and IEEE300 bus system

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-06-21T15:14:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Vitor_de_Andrade_Coutinho-dissertacao_ppgee.pdf: 3622975 bytes, checksum: 01a22e0302dfc1890d745c6b1bffe327 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-21T15:14:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Vitor_de_Andrade_Coutinho-dissertacao_ppgee.pdf: 3622975 bytes, checksum: 01a22e0302dfc1890d745c6b1bffe327 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-23 / CNPq / O presente trabalho aborda o desenvolvimento de aproximações para a transformada dis- reta do osseno (DCT) utilizando a abordagem pruning. Devido à propriedade da ompa ta- ção de energia, a DCT é empregada em diversas apli ações de ompressão de dados. Embora algoritmos rápidos permitam omputar a DCT e ientemente, operações de multipli ação são inevitáveis. Devido a res ente demanda por métodos de baixo onsumo energéti o, novos algoritmos de usto omputa ional reduzido são ne essários. Neste ontexto, aproximações para a DCT foram propostas nos últimos anos. Tais aproximações permitem algoritmos livres de multipli ação, sem a ne essidade de operações de ponto utuante, mantendo o desempe- nho de ompressão omparável ao forne ido por métodos baseados na DCT. Uma abordagem adi ional para reduzir o usto omputa ional da DCT é a utilização de pruning. Tal té ni a onsiste em não onsiderar oe ientes dos vetores de entrada e/ou saída que apresentam menor relevân ia em termos de energia on entrada. No aso da DCT, esses oe ientes são os termos de mais alta frequên ia do vetor transformado. A apli ação de pruning a aproxima- ções para a DCT é uma área pou o explorada. O objetivo deste trabalho é apli ar a té ni a a diferentes métodos aproximados para a DCT. As transformações resultantes foram apli adas no ontexto de ompressão de imagem e vídeo e os resultados mostraram desempenho ompa- rável ao de métodos exatos a um usto omputa ional bastante reduzido. Uma generalização do on eito é apresentada, assim omo uma análise da omplexidade aritméti a. / This work introdu es approximate dis rete osine transforms (DCT) based on the pruning approa h. Due to the energy ompa tion property, the DCT is employed in several data ompression appli ations. Although fast algorithms allow an e ient DCT omputation, multipli ation operations are inevitable. Due to the in reasing demand for energy e ient methods, new algorithms with redu ed omputational ost are required. In this ontext, DCT approximations have been proposed re ently. Su h approximations allow multipli ation free algorithms whi h an avoid oating point operations, while maintaining a ompetitive performan e. A further approa h to redu e the omputational ost of the DCT is pruning. The te hnique onsists of dis arding input and/or output ve tors oe ients whi h are regarded as less signi ant. In the ase of the DCT, su h oe ients are output oe ients asso iated to higher frequen y terms. Pruned DCT approximations is a relatively unexplored eld of resear h. The obje tive of this work is the ombination of approximations and pruning to derive extremely low- omplexity DCT approximations. The resulting methods were applied in the image and vídeo ompression s enario and results showed omparative performan e with exa t methods at a mu h lower omputational omplexity. A qualitative and quantitative omparison with a omprehensive list of existing methods is presented. A generalization of the pruning on ept is presented.

Perioperative hypotension (PH), commonly a side effect of anesthesia,is one of the main mortality causes during the 30 posterior days of asurgical procedure. Novel research lines propose combining machinelearning algorithms with the Arterial Blood Pressure (ABP) waveform tonotify healthcare professionals about the onset of a hypotensive event withtime advance and prevent its occurrence. Nevertheless, ABP waveformsare heterogeneous among patients, consequently, a general model maypresent different predictive capabilities per individual. This project aimsat improving the performance of an artificial neural network (ANN) topredict hypotension events with time advance by applying personalizedmachine learning techniques, like data grouping and domain adaptation. Wehypothesize its implementation will allow us to cluster patients with similardemographic and ABP discriminative characteristics and tailor the modelto each specific group, resulting in a worst overall but better individualperformance. Results present a slight but not clinical significant improvementwhen comparing AUROC values between the group-specific and the generalmodel. This suggests even though personalization could be a good approach todealing with patient heterogeneity, the clustering algorithm presented in thisthesis is not sufficient to make the ANN clinically feasible. / Perioperativ hypotoni (PH), vanligtvis en sidoeffekt av anestesi, är en av dehuvudsakliga dödsorsakerna under de första 30 dagarna efter ett kirurgiskt ingrepp. Nya forskningslinjer föreslår att kombinera maskininlärningsalgo-ritmer med vågformen av det arteriella blodtrycket (ABP) för att förvarna sjukvårdspersonalen om uppkomsten av en hypotensiv episod, and därmedförhindra förekomsten. ABP-vågformen är dock heterogen bland patienter,så en allmän modell kan ha olik prediktiv förmåga för olika individer.I det här projektet används personaliserade maskininlärningstekniker, somdatagruppering och domänanpassning, för att försöka förbättra ett artificielltneuralt nätverk (ANN) som förutspår hytotensiva episoder. Vår hypotes är attimplementeringen kommer låta oss klustra patienter med liknande demografioch ABP-karakteristik för att skräddarsy modellen till varje specifik grupp,vilket leder till en sämre övergripande men bättre individuell prestanda. Resultaten visar små men inte kliniskt signifikanta förbättringar när AUROC-värden jämförs mellan den gruppspecifika och den allmänna modellen. Detta tyder på att även fast personalisering kan vara en bra tillnärmning till patientersheterogenitet, är inte klusteralgoritmen som presenteras här tillräcklig förklinisk användning av ANN.