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131	Nitrogen fixation by pasture legumes : effects of herbicides and defoliation Fajri, Abolhassan. January 1996 (has links) (PDF) Bibliography: leaves 209-254. Experiments detailed in this thesis, evaluate the impact of various herbicides and herbicide mixtures on the growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation of annual pasture legumes, the efficacy of the herbicides for weed control, and the potential role of mechanical defoliation to replace herbicides, leading to lower cost and more sustainable farming systems. Legumes Nitrogen Fixation Plants, Effect of herbicides on Defoliation Pastures Weed control
132	Nitrogen fixation and cycling in a mixture of young red alder and Douglas-fir Tang, James Y. 08 October 1997 (has links) Graduation date: 1998 Douglas fir -- Ecophysiology Red alder -- Ecophysiology Nitrogen -- Fixation
133	Oxidative fixation of dinitrogen by photocatalysis. Karriem, Fatiema. 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.MsoPapDefault {mso-style-type:export-only / margin-bottom:10.0pt / line-height:115% / } @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in / margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in / mso-header-margin:.5in / mso-footer-margin:.5in / mso-paper-source:0 / } div.Section1 {page:Section1 / } --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> / Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal" / mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0 / mso-tstyle-colband-size:0 / mso-style-noshow:yes / mso-style-priority:99 / mso-style-qformat:yes / mso-style-parent:"" / mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt / mso-para-margin-top:0in / mso-para-margin-right:0in / mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt / mso-para-margin-left:0in / line-height:115% / mso-pagination:widow-orphan / font-size:11.0pt / font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif" / mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri / mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin / mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman" / mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast / mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri / mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin / mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman" / mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi / } </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt / line-height: 115% / font-family: &quot / Times New Roman&quot / ,&quot / serif&quot / ">The heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of dinitrogen to nitrate, NO3 and/or nitrite, no2 using peroxy species of titanium (IV) in aqueous suspensions has been investigated. The photocatalysts used were titanium peroxide and Degussa p25 TiO2 pretreated with H2O2. These photocatalysts were investigated by SEM and FTIR spectroscopy. <span style="">&nbsp / </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <span style="font-size: 12pt / font-family: &quot / Times New Roman&quot / ,&quot / serif&quot / "><o:p></o:p></span></p> </p> Titanium TiO2 as a photocatalyst Nitrogen fixation Nitrogen in agriculture.
134	Nitrogen fixation among marine bacterioplankton H Boström, Kjärstin January 2006 (has links) While bacterioplankton indisputably control vital biogeochemical paths in the cycling of carbon and nutrients in the world’s oceans, our knowledge about the functional and genetic diversity of bacterioplankton communities is negligible. In this thesis, molecular and more traditional microbiological methods were used to study the specific function of N2-fixation and in a general sense diversity of marine bacterioplankton species. Most oceans are nitrogen limited and, therefore, adaptive to bacterioplankton capable of N2-fixation. Recent studies have found nifH genes (coding for the nitrogenase enzyme) related to diverse heterotrophic bacteria in oceanic seawater samples indicating that, along with cyanobacteria, also heterotrophic bacteria benefit from N2-fixation. Here, molecular and cultivation methods were used to examine diazotrophic bacterioplankton in the Baltic Sea. We successfully isolated heterotrophic N2-fixing bacteria belonging to the γ-proteobacterial class by means of low-nitrogen plates and semi-solid diazotrophic medium tubes. The isolates required low-O2 conditions for N2-fixation. Using Real-time PCR it was found that heterotrophic bacterioplankton carrying the nifH gene was abundant (3 x 104 nifH gene copies L seawater-1) at locations in the Southwest Baltic proper. With the aim to identify the main N2-fixing organisms in Baltic Proper surface waters, a clone library of nifH gene transcripts (RNA) was generated. Clone inserts were exclusively related to Aphanizomenon sp. and Nodularia sp. Using quantitative real-time PCR it was found that the nifH gene expression from Nodularia sp. was highly variable between stations in the Baltic Proper but was 10-fold higher during mid summer relative to early summer and fall. A diel study showed a 4-fold increase in Nodularia transcript concentrations at early to mid day relative to rest of the day. Real-time PCR was found to be a powerful and highly sensitive method for measuring gene expression. Since nucleic acids are a prerequisite for molecular analyses of bacterioplankton dynamics a protocol to extract DNA from seawater samples was developed with the aim to maximize the yield of high-quality DNA. Each step in the protocol was important for the efficiency of extraction. The obtained extraction efficiencies were up to 92% for seawater samples and up to 96% for isolates. The protocol provides a guideline for DNA extraction from seawater samples for other studies. In a global sampling campaign (9 locations from polar, tropical and temperate regions) we sampled DNA from surface water and constructed 16S rRNA gene libraries to investigate diversity and biogeography of bacterioplankton. Approx. 80% of the sequences found were similar to sequences already deposited in GenBank, indicating that a large fraction of the marine bacterioplankton already has been sampled, which in turn suggests a limited global bacterioplankton diversity. This thesis have improved our knowledge about the composition and nifH gene expression of the diazotrophic bacterioplankton community in the Baltic Sea and contribute significantly to the discussion on global marine bacterioplankton diversity and biogeography. / Östersjön är ett av världens största brackvattensystem. Den ekologiska balansen i detta hav är hotad på grund av övergödning. Mycket arbete har därför fokuserats på att reducera utsläppen av näringsämnen, speciellt kväve. Dessa ansträngningar kan dock motverkas av bakterier som har förmåga att omvandla luftens kväve till metaboliskt användbart ammonium (kvävefixering). På sommaren är Östersjöns primärproduktion begränsad av kväve, med följden att det årligen uppstår massiva blomningar av kvävefixerande bakterier, framför allt cyanobakterier. Dessa är främst Aphanizomenon och Nodularia, men inte endast de fototrofa cyanobakterierna har förutsättningar att fixera N2. NifH gener (genen som kodar för nitrogenas) bärs också av heterotrofa bakterioplankton, vilket har visats i studier i främst Atlanten och Stilla havet. Med hjälp av två olika odlingsmetoder lyckades vi isolera heterotrofa kvävefixerande bakterier tillhörande klassen γ-proteobakteria från Östersjön. Svårigheten med att finna dessa bakterier ligger i att de kräver en miljö med mycket låg syrehalt för att kunna fixera kväve. Resultaten från denna studie ledde oss vidare till att undersöka vilka organismer som uttrycker nifH genen (och då troligen även fixerar kväve) i Östersjön. En av de bakterier som isolerats kunde påvisas med Realtids PCR i ett relativt stort antal (3 x 104 nifH genkopior per liter) vid en av de ursprungliga provtagningsstationerna. För att söka rätt på de olika organismtyper som uttrycker nifH skapades ett klonbibliotek baserat på mRNA extraherat från havsvatten. Det visade sig då att alla de närmare 100 kloner som sekvenserades tillhörde antingen Aphanizominon eller Nodularia. De heterotrofa bakteriernas nifH genuttryck var troligen i jämförelse med dessa cyanobakterier alltför lågt för att kunna detekteras. Realtids PCR mätningar av Nodularias nifH genuttryck visade på en stor variation mellan de olika provtagningsstationerna samt mellan de olika provtagningstillfällena. Vi fann dock en kraftig ökning under juli med en nedgång igen i augusti. En dygnscykelstudie visade att Nodularia nifH genuttrycket ökade under förmiddagen med en topp mitt på dagen för att sedan minska igen. Detta troligen med anledning av att den energikrävande kvävefixeringsprocessen sker under de ljusa timmarna då cellen får energi från fotosyntesen. I de molekylärbiologiska metoderna som används för att få information om identitet och aktivitet hos skilda organismer krävs att DNA och RNA kan extraheras från prover tagna i naturliga vattenmiljöer. Även om antalet bakterier tillsynes är högt, så är mängden DNA och RNA per liter havsvatten relativt låg, därför krävs ett väl fungerande protokoll för denna extraktion. I en inledande studie i denna avhandling optimerades en metod för att utvinna DNA. Ett antal sådana protokoll finns publicerade men dessa har ofta lågt utbyte. Det nya protokollet har hög effektivitet, vilket gör att små provvolymer kan användas (2 ml jämfört med tidigare flera liter) och därmed ökar hanterbarheten. Vi visar i denna studie att varje steg 7 i DNA-extraktionsprotokollet är viktigt för att ge en hög effektivitet. Detta protokoll kan med fördel användas som vägledning för många olika typer av studier. På grund av att många havsbakterier inte kan bilda kolonier och alltså inte växa på traditionella medier har det varit svårt att få en klar bild av artrikedomen. Molekylärbiologin har dock gjort det möjligt att identifiera bakterier med hjälp av 16S rRNA genen, en enorm mängd gensekvenser från världens alla hav har inkommit till den gemensamma databanken (GenBank). År 2002 gjordes en studie där man sammanställde informationen i denna databank, för att få en bild av artrikedomen i världshaven. Resultatet av denna studie var att det i världshaven fanns färre bakterietyper än vad många forskare har spekulerat i. I denna avhandlig har vi utfört en studie där vi gjorde en stor global provtagning för att se om denna undersökning överensstämde med den datainformativa. Provtagning från nio lokaliteter gjordes i de tempererade, tropiska och polarhaven. Ett genbibliotek från varje lokal gjordes och kloner sekvenserades. Resultatet visar i likhet med den datainformativa undersökningen på en begränsad artrikedom. 80% av gensekvenserna fanns redan i databanken, vilket tyder på att de flesta arter redan har blivit funna. Dessutom visade det sig att få av bakterierna återfanns på alla ställen och många återfanns endast på ett ställe. Utöver detta visade det sig att det fanns en ökad artrikedom ju närmare ekvatorn man kom, vilket tidigare har visats för större organismer. Studierna i denna avhandling har ökat förståelsen för hur sammansättningen av det kvävefixerande bakteriesamhället i Östersjön ser ut samt bidragit till diskussionen om den globala artrikedomen bland bakterioplakton och dess utbredning. Bacterioplankton Nitrogen fixation Bakterioplankton Kvävefixering Cyanobakterier Kvävefixerande bakterier Microbiology Mikrobiologi
135	The effect of preplant nitrogen fertilization and soil temperature on biological nitrogen fixation and yield of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Shuler, Philip E. 19 July 1991 (has links) The usefulness of preplant nitrogen (N) in establishing alfalfa in colder production areas has not been well characterized. This study was conducted to determine the effect of preplant N and soil temperature on yield, percent N derived from biological nitrogen fixation (PBNF), and shoot N concentration in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. 'Vernema'. Field experiments were conducted in 1987 and 1988 at Powell Butte, OR, to determine the effect of five levels of preplant N (0, 10, 20, 40, 60 kg ha⁻¹) on yield and shoot N concentration of alfalfa. Growth chamber experiments were conducted from 1989 through 1991 to examine the effect of five levels of preplant N (0, 10, 20, 40, 80 kg ha⁻¹) and three day/ - night soil temperatures (18/12°C, 24/16°C, 27/21°C) on yield, PBNF, and shoot N concentration of alfalfa. In field experiments, preplant N had no effect on shoot N concentration in either year. In 1987 there was no effect of preplant N on dry matter yield. Application of 20-40 kg N ha⁻¹ preplant N increased dry matter yield in 1988. In growth chamber experiments, the highest rate of dry matter accumulation occurred at a soil temperature of 24/16°C. At 18/12°C and 24/16°C, 40 kg ha⁻¹ preplant N resulted in increased shoot and root dry matter yield. At 18/12°C, 80 kg ha-¹ preplant N increased PBNF 14% relative to the zero N control. There was no effect of preplant N on PBNF in plants grown at 24/16°C and 27/- 21°C. The rates of shoot N accumulation were similar at 18/12°C and 24/16°C, and were higher than at 27/21°C. Shoot N concentration was not affected by preplant N treatments. The use of 20-40 kg ha⁻¹ preplant N may result in increased yield without decreasing PBNF when: 1) soil temperature remains below 15°C for at least two weeks after planting, and 2) soil nitrate level is less than 16 mg kg⁻¹. Proper assessment of the use of preplant N in alfalfa establishment requires a careful consideration of both soil temperature and soil N availability. / Graduation date: 1992 Alfalfa Nitrogen -- Fixation Plants, Effect of nitrogen on Soil temperature
136	Saharan dust and phosphatic fidelity: A three dimensional biogeochemical model of Trichodesmium on the West Florida shelf Lenes, Jason M 01 June 2006 (has links) The availability of iron within the surface waters of the broad, oligotrophic West Florida shelf (WFS) controls periodic blooms of the pelagic marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium. Summer delivery of iron (Fe), in the form of Saharan dust, alleviates this growth constraint, shifting limitation to the efficiency of phosphorus (P) cycles. Florida's rivers drain Miocene phosphorus deposits to supply the WFS with freshwater nutrient supplies at molar dissolved inorganic nitrogen/phosphate (DIN/PO4) ratios of less than 6. These diazotrophs draw upon ubiquitous stocks of dissolved nitrogen gas, once stimulated by Fe-deposition within P-replete waters of the West Florida shelf. An extensive in situ data set collected between 1998-2001 (NEGOM / ECOHAB / HyCODE) provided plankton taxonomy, hydrographic, nutrient, DOM, pigment, and optical properties on the shelf. A three-dimensional numerical model was constructed to analyze the impact of iron fertilization of the diazotroph Trichodesmium and the resultant effect upon the elemental cycles of N, P, and Fe. Based on the results of the coupled physical and ecological models, wet deposition of Fe-rich Saharan dust was necessary to stimulate enough nitrogen fixation to support the toxic red tide (Karenia brevis) of ~20 micrograms chl per liter found in October 1999. Ultimately, the magnitude and longevity of the Trichodesmium population, and therefore 'new' nitrogen production, was controlled by both phosphorus and iron availability. Nitrogen fixation Phosphorus Iron Ecosystem Modeling American Studies Arts and Humanities
137	Characterization of a non-heterocystous subtropical marine cyanobacterium that produces a unique multicellular structure and facilitates dinitrogen fixation Li, Zhongkui, 1963- 29 August 2008 (has links) A previously un-described filamentous non-heterocystous cyanobacterium was isolated from the South China Sea. Molecular phylogenetic analyses together with morphological observations suggested that this organism should be assigned a new specific epithet. It was designated as Leptolyngbya nodulosa Li et Brand. Filaments were enclosed in a sheath, and were unusual in their flattened appearance as seen in cross section and in the frequent occurrence of a void space (as seen by transmission electron microscopy) between the trichome and the sheath. A distinctive feature of L. nodulosa was the presence, under low light intensities, of previously un-described multicellular structures (nodules). A L. nodulosa nodule consists of a portion of a filament folded and twisted into a distinct unit surrounded by a firm continuous sheath. Nodules were highly variable in size and shape, and occurred at irregular intervals along the filament. They disappeared from filaments of cultures grown at relatively high light intensities. L. nodulosa cultures could be grown indefinitely in media devoid of any source of combined nitrogen. Acetylene reduction assays showed that L. nodulosa cultures fix dinitrogen in the dark period of a diurnal cycle under microoxygenic conditions. The addition of DCMU ([3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea], an inhibitor of Photosystem II) to a culture of L. nodulosa induced much higher rates of dinitrogenase activity and altered the cycle of activity such that most acetylene reduction occurred during the light. Measurements of dinitrogenase activity in the presence of chloramphenicol (an inhibitor of protein synthesis) indicated that dinitrogenase is synthesized in darkness and destroyed in the subsequent light period. In the presence of DCMU, a much higher dinitrogenase activity is measured, but in this case only in the light. Neither the dark-mediated dinitrogenase in the absence of DCMU nor the light-mediated activity in the presence of DCMU could be sustained for more than two days without a photoperiodic light/dark cycle. Dinitrogenase activity occurred only in non-axenic cultures of L. nodulosa. A single nifH gene, with an identical sequence in axenic and non-axenic cultures, was isolated. The requirement of heterotrophic bacteria for dinitrogenase activity in L. nodulosa is not yet understood. Leptolyngbya nodulosa Cyanobacteria--South China Sea Nitrogen--Fixation
138	Ecophysiological studies of N2 fixation in grain, shrub and tree legumes and biodiversity of bacteria nodulating Cowpea and Soyabean in Africa. Pule-Meulenberg, Flora. January 2010 (has links) D. Tech. Biotechnology and Food Technology. / Assesses the symbiotic dependency of grain and shrub / tree legumes as well as shrub/tree legume species adaptation to different rainfall regimes within five agroecological zones in Botswana, leaves of the test species were sampled. Crops -- Ecophysiology. Plant ecophysiology. Nitrogen -- Fixation. Legumes -- Biotechnology -- Africa.
139	Characteristics of nitrogen fixation in microbial mats from the South Texas Gulf Coast and in a cyanobacterial strain isolated from mats Yu, Jingjie 01 November 2011 (has links) Mature microbial mats from sandy intertidal beaches of the Texas Gulf coast demonstrated substantial levels of nitrogenase activity. Two species of non-heterocystous cyanobacteria, a Hydrocoleum and a Microcoleus, dominated the upper green layer of mature mats. Subsurface layers of cyanobacteria, but not mature mats, appeared during dry seasons. These "proto-mats" contained almost exclusively Microcoleus and demonstrated neither nitrogenase activity nor detectable nitrogenase reductase (Fe-protein). Hydrocoleum, identified from its morphology and 16s rDNA, was isolated and cultivated as unialgal cultures. Similar diel patterns of nitrogenase activity and Fe-protein expression were found in intact mature mats and in isolated Hydrocoleum cultures. Primers and a probe specific for the Hydrocoleum nifH gene, along with q-rtPCR measurements, demonstrated similar levels, but slightly different patterns, of expression in intact mature mats and cultures of isolated Hydrocoleum. Increased levels of nifH transcripts and Fe-protein in Hydrocoleum cultures appeared before the end of the light period of a diel cycle, and the light period was required for nitrogenase activity in the subsequent dark period. Levels of nifH transcripts stayed very low and nitrogen fixation stopped when cultures were maintained under continuous darkness. The pattern of nitrogenase activity in Hydrocoleum cultures was not affected by elimination of ambient O₂, increasing or decreasing temperature in a range from 20 ˚C to 35 ˚C, or light intensity. However, the level of nitrogenase activity did vary with environmental conditions. Highest nitrogenase activities were observed when assays were conducted in an aerobic rather than an anaerobic environment, at 25 ˚C rather than a higher or lower temperature, and illuminated with bright (~ 900 [mu]E/m²s¹), rather than less intense light. Average levels of nifH transcripts were positively correlated with levels of nitrogenase activity. Isolated cultures of Hydrocoleum formed mat-like structures in undisturbed flasks, suggesting that Hydrocoleum may be an early colonizer of intertidal sand for mat formation. However, observations of subsurface proto-mats indicate that Microcoleus is more likely to serve as the foundation for cyanobacterial mats, with Hydrocoleum later providing structural integrity and nitrogen availability. A process of successional development of microbial mats from the South Texas Gulf Coast is hypothesized. / text Nitrogen fixation Microbial mats Hydrocoleum nifH expression Mat formation
140	Effects of heat and salt stress on nitrogen fixation in cowpeas and mung beans Miller, Maribeth Schlinkert January 1980 (has links) No description available. Nitrogen -- Fixation. Plants -- Effect of heat on. Plants -- Effect of salt on.

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