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Negotiations between Charles I and the Confederation of Kilkenny lasted from January, 1643, until his death in January, 1649, and were carried on from time to time in Paris and Rome as well as Dublin, Kilkenny and Oxford. Charles required troops, arms and money to enable him to defeat the English Parliament and the Scots: the Confederates desired religious freedom and political concessions. The operations of Charles' several agents were rarely co-ordinated; the Confederacy was split into factions. It is the primary object of this thesis to provide a full account of their complex transactions against the background of the war in England and the struggle for Catholic supremacy in Ireland. In view of its unique importance and the accessibility of numerous original sources, many of which are now in print, the history of the Confederation has been strangely neglected. The only would-be major work to have appeared, Professor T.Coonan's The Irish Catholic Confederacy and the Puritan Revolution (1934), is partisan, weak on relations with England, and based almost entirely on published material. In this thesis, use of the abundant sources available, including a number that are unprinted, and due attention to the English side of affairs make it possible to reconstruct several key episodes for the first time and to throw further light on disputed or imperfectly known problems. At the same time, received views of Charles' methods and character and of the Confederates' political inexperience, disunity, and failure to formulate a coherent policy are confirmed and expanded. The machinery used in the negotiations and the parts played in them by Henrietta Maria in Paris, Kenelm Digby in Rome, and the various Royalist agents in Ireland, are described in detail. An attempt is also made to assemble all the accessible evidence relevant to the Earl of Glamorgan's well-known mission, to discuss the theories put forward to explain his powers, and to suggest a novel and possibly definitive interpretation.

Grâce aux statuts de métiers parisiens de la fin du Moyen Âge, il est possible d'approcher la place réservée aux femmes dans le milieu artisanal. Ce type d'étude a bien été mené, mais toujours pour un siècle en particulier ou un seul secteur d'activités. La présente étude analyse en revanche les règlements de métiers sur la longue durée, du XIII e au XVIe siècle, et confronte tous les groupes d'artisans peu importe leur genre et leur rôle. En examinant tous les articles des statuts replacés dans leur contexte historique, il est possible de démontrer que la présence des femmes dans les métiers change et que son rôle se modifie au cours de la période. Cette étude évolutive des statuts de métiers repose sur une analyse quantitative et qualitative des continuités et des ruptures du travail de l'artisane. Les caractéristiques du travail des femmes sont conformes à celles que connaissaient la plupart des villes européennes. Toutefois à Paris, à partir du XVe siècle, les difficultés grandissantes résultant entre autres de l'augmentation de la population, les changements économiques et une méfiance grandissante envers les femmes, ont entraîne les métiers à émettre des statuts qui deviennent plus répressifs pour contrôler cette nouvelle compétitivité. Mais cette fermeture valait aussi bien pour les hommes que pour les femmes. Finalement, le résultat le plus intéressant est celui de l'influence de la famille est ce qui permet d'expliquer plus précisement la place et le rôle de la femme dans les métiers.

This thesis examines the central figures of the mid-eighteenth century book trade and places them within the broader historical moment by exploring booksellers as individuals in Hanoverian society as well as principal actors in the proliferation of printed material during the mid-century period. It argues that booksellers of the mid-eighteenth century were instrumental in cultivating the widespread fascination with books within Hanoverian society. During the mid-eighteenth century period, Britons enjoyed an unprecedented array of readily available titles, and this dramatic increase in published material available for consumption owed much to the activities of the booksellers in the literary marketplace. The lapse of the Licensing Act in 1695 made it considerably easier for Britons of the middling ranks to set up book businesses, resulting in an increasingly competitive book trade throughout the eighteenth century. By the 1730s, the trade was in a state of flux, the initial cohort of post-1695 booksellers was leaving the trade, creating a particularly lucrative market for newcomers. In the years that followed, many new booksellers, including Robert Dodsley and Andrew Millar, established successful shops founded on business principles. The activities of these booksellers shifted principles of the book trade from the literary merits to the profitability of a title. Through publishing catalogues and advertisements, booksellers promoted books as fashionable commodities and offered features that emphasized the novelty of each edition, such as paper, art, and additional chapters. Profitability permeated the mid-eighteenth century trade, as it shaped the manner in which booksellers marketed their titles to the literate and book-buying public, as well as the way booksellers understood their own copyright property. Appeals for further protection of their non-traditional forms of property culminated in the landmark Donaldson v. Becket legal decision of 1774 that abolished the traditional concept of perpetual copyright and resulted in further changes in the book trade of the last quarter of the eighteenth century. In addition to its influence on concepts of property, the commercial book trade encouraged Britons, including women, to both produce and to consume literature. In transforming the literary marketplace, booksellers of the mid-eighteenth century fostered the development of a discerning book buying public craving literary commodities of all sorts.

<p> Authors often explore the details of identity and body politics through their writing. Czech author Milan Kundera&rsquo;s novel <i>The Unbearable Lightness of Being</i> deals heavily with the marginalized and oppressed body, considering how such bodies function, how they perceive themselves, how they are perceived by others, and how such bodies are, by nature, a defiance of an established hegemony. The novel considers the exiled body and how such exile can deliver freedom, cause further marginalization, or craft an ambivalent mixture of the two. The oppressed and marginalized body, as understood through literature, acts not just as a mirror of society but also as an avenue for navigating a subject as dense as identity and body politics.</p><p>

Magister Legum - LLM / South Africa

The confiscation of émigré property reveals the many different, conflicting ways that property was used in Revolutionary France. Studying the question of property and the process of émigré confiscation from the perspectives of law, politics, administration, social relations, and economic activity, the dissertation shows that as the Revolutionary leadership reduced the legal limits of property to a right held by individuals, they continued to rely on other relationships secured by property in their vision of the revolutionized polity. Still, this vision conflicted with the ways that citizens used property to secure relationships and create wealth. The project contextualizes a core piece of global political and economic systems in the historical contingency from which it emerged, offering a new way to think about the French Revolution. / History

Starting in the mid-thirteenth century, kings, bishops, and local rulers throughout western Europe repeatedly ordered the banishment of foreigners who were lending at interest. The expulsion of these foreigners, mostly Christians hailing from northern Italy, took place against a backdrop of rising anxieties over the social and spiritual implications of a rapidly expanding credit economy. Moreover, from 1274 onward, such expulsions were backed by the weight of canon law, as the church hierarchy—inspired by secular precedents—commanded rulers everywhere to expel foreign moneylenders from their lands. Standing threats of expulsion were duly entered into statute-books from Salzburg to northern Spain. This dissertation explores the emergence and spread of the idea of expelling foreign usurers across the intellectual and legal landscape of late medieval Europe. Building on a wide array of evidence gathered from seventy archives and libraries, the dissertation examines how the idea of expulsion expressed itself in practice, how its targets came to be defined, and how the resulting expulsion orders were enforced—or not. It shows how administrative procedures, intellectual categories and linguistic habits circulated and evolved to shape the banishment not only of foreign usurers, but of other targets as well, most notably the Jews. By reconstructing these expulsions and their accompanying legal and theological debates, this dissertation weaves together broad themes ranging from the circulation of merchants and manuscripts to conflicting overlaps in political jurisdictions and commercial practices; from the resilience of Biblical exegesis to the flexibility of legal hermeneutics; and from shifts in political thought and church doctrine to definitions of foreignness and the limits of citizenship. It reveals the impact of expulsion on the geography of credit in the later Middle Ages and sheds new light on the interpenetration of law and economic life in premodern Europe. Above all, in treating expulsion as contagious and protean, this dissertation frames late medieval Europe as a society in which practices of expulsion that had fallen into abeyance since late antiquity once again reasserted themselves in European practice and thought. / History

The Victorian period is famously characterized by its massiveness, with the vast extent of the British Empire, the enormous size of the nineteenth-century city and the massive scale of the three-volume novel. Yet the Victorians were fascinated with miniature objects, which seemed in their small scale to belong to another world. Each miniature object prompted a unique imaginative fantasy of intimacy (the miniature painting), control (the toy), wonder (the microscope and the fairy) or knowledge (the miniature book). In each case, the miniature posited the possibility of reality with a difference, posing the implicit question: What if? This dissertation traces the miniature across a range of disciplines, from aesthetics and art history to science and technology, and from children’s culture to book history. In so doing, it shows how the miniature points beyond the limits of scientific knowledge and technical capabilities to the outer limits of the visual and speculative imagination. In novels, the miniature introduces elements of fantasy into the framework of realism, puncturing the fabric of the narrative with the internal reveries and longings of often-silent women and children. Miniature objects thus function less as realist details than as challenges to realism. In charting the effect of the miniature, both as a portal into the Victorian imagination and as a challenge to narrative realism, this dissertation puts the techniques of material history to new use. It aims not to describe the world of the Victorians but to show how the Victorians imagined other worlds. / English

My dissertation examines the emergence of photographic portraiture as a vehicle for illuminating the experience of European exiles and their cultural migrations under the threat of fascism. I anchor my study in the works of three women European émigrés, each of whom produced a series of portraits while in exile: the German-born French Gisèle Freund (1908-2000), the Austrian-born American Lisette Model (1910-1983), and the German-born American Lotte Jacobi (1896-1980). Despite different working trajectories and methods, each photographer grounds her work in an idiom of traditional portraiture that was subject to testing, revision, preservation, and critique. My dissertation demonstrates that exile granted these artists a double vision, leading them to turn to the human figure to address the end of European modernism (and its attendant form of subjectivity) and to assess the new mass culture and subjectivity on the rise in the United States. Chapter One considers Gisèle Freund's volte-face from the portrayal of collectivities in interwar Frankfurt to the depiction of individual faces of French intellectuals in color during her period of exile. I describe this abrupt turn to individuality and color - the latter of which was an emblem of American mass culture - as Freund's attempt to address the joint failures of leftist politic in Weimar Germany and the French Popular Front in its fight against fascism's spectacularization of culture. Chapter Two discusses how Lisette Model adapted the caricature style in her portraits, using it as a means to critique the French bourgeoisie in interwar Europe. This is followed by a discussion of how the photographer later used the caricature style to articulate the conditions of the American lumpenproletariat in 1930s and 1940s New York. Chapter Three reads Lotte Jacobi's close-up portraits of the mass-mediated personalities in Weimar Germany as a symptom of the transition from a bourgeois culture of secrecy and autonomy during the nineteenth century to a culture of spectacle in the twentieth. This is followed by a consideration of the aesthetic and commercial “failure” of Jacobi's work in the American visual market during her time of exile, which I argue resulted from a lack of mnemonic space in post-war America. As a whole, this dissertation addresses how the gaze of exiled photographers created new ways to conceptualize the representation of the human form as the specific instrument for transmitting exiles' experiences of dislocation and continuity. / History of Art and Architecture