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M.Com. (Business Management) / The purpose of applicability of private sector, situation in South this study is to determine value-for-money-auditing in with specific reference to Africa. The methodology which has been followed, consists of a literature study of the theories and concepts of value-for-money-auditing as well as an empirical study to determine the perceptions of South African management with regard to value-for-money-auditing. The following substantial findings are identified as a result of the empirical study: Firstly, that South African management is well aware of the possibilities of value-for-money-auditing. A lack of knowledge is not the reason why this kind of audit is not performed in the private sector. Secondly, management does regard value-for-money audits as feasible, but they have neither the time nor the manpower to invest in a value-for-money-audit. Thirdly, this study has shown that the external auditor also does not have the mar:power· or the knowledge at his disposal to perform an effective value-for-money-audit. The independence of the external auditor is of no importance in management's decision on the most suitable per son to perform a value-for-money-audit. The limited application of value-for-money-auditing in the private sector may be attributed to the following: • Inadequate guidelines, exposure drafts and statements with regard to value-for-money-auditing • The inability of the external auditor to perform a value-for-money-audit as a result of the nature of his training; • The perception of private sector management that the external auditor is not the most suitable person to perform a value-for-money-audit. This presents a challenge to the external audit profession to alleviate the above-mentioned shortcomings through further research and studies to enhance value-for-money-auditing in the private sector.

The diploma thesis deals with the audit of the hotel industry. At the beginning of the thesis is described the characteristics of hotel and tourism development in the Czech Republic. The second chapter deals with external audit and the audit process, the next chapter is focused on internal audit. Subsequently, both audits are compared and basic differences between them are defined. The practical part is focused on analysis of the current situation of audit in the hotel industry. One of the objectives of the analysis is to find out how many hotels in Prague must have audit the financial statements by the auditor. The final part of this chapter provides the data obtained from the questionnaire survey on the topic of internal audit in the hotel industry

Digitaliseringen har en fundamental betydelse för näringslivet och möjliggör presentation av fullständig information i realtid. Digital teknik bidrar till att stora mängder data kan samlas in, tolkas, tillämpas och utvecklas, vilket resulterar i radikala utvecklingsmöjligheter. Digitaliseringen är ett viktigt steg i revisionens utvecklingsprocess och leder till användning av digitala verktyg och automatiserade tekniker i revisionsarbetet. Forskare har uppmärksammat digitaliseringens påverkan på revisionen, däremot finns en avsaknad av forskning gällande hur det påverkar revisionens tillförlitlighet och revisionsrisken. Det bidrog till att identifiera studiens problemformulering som är: Vilken påverkan har digitaliseringen på revisionen samt hur påverkar det revisionens tillförlitlighet och revisionsrisken? Studiens syfte var att beskriva och förstå digitaliseringens påverkan på revisionen samt hur det påverkar revisionens tillförlitlighet och revisionsrisken. Den metodologiska utgångspunkten bestod i interpretivism med inriktning på hermeneutik, en abduktiv ansats och en kvalitativ metod. Insamling av information bestod av litteratur i form av tidigare forskning inom ämnesområdet, medan insamling av empirisk data grundades i personliga intervjuer med fyra auktoriserade revisorer, tre programutvecklare, en informatikexpert och en företrädare för branschens tillsynsmyndighet. Studien resulterade i att digitaliseringen har en positiv påverkan på revisionen genom dess möjligheter till effektivisering, realtidsinformation och en mer heltäckande revision. Effektiviseringen kan leda till att frigöra tid till analyser, bedömningar och rådgivning. Tillämpning av digital teknik gör att traditionella processer kan utvecklas, vilket möjliggör att revisionen kan inkludera granskning av hela populationer, snarare än stickprov. Följden av ett alltmer digitaliserat arbetssätt är därför en ökad tillförlitlighet i revisionen. Automatiserade processer och kontroller kan resultera i att avvikelser enklare kan identifieras, vilket kan bidra till att minska revisionsrisken. Det är och kommer i framtiden vara viktigt att revisorns kompetens kan kombineras med digitala verktyg och automatiserade processer för att skapa bättre förutsättningar för revisionen. / The digitalization has a fundamental importance for the business world and enables presentation of complete information in real-time. Digital technics contributes to allow that large amounts of data can be collected, interpreted, applied and developed, which result in radical development opportunities. The digitalization is an important step in the audit development process and leads to the use of digital tools and automatized technics in the audit work. Researchers have paid attention to the impact of digitalization on the audit. However, there is an absence of research in the field regarding how it impacts the audit reliability and the audit risk. That contributed to identify the study’s research question which is: Which impact does the digitalization have on the audit and how does it impact the audit reliability and the audit risk? The purpose of this study was to describe and understand the impact of digitalization on the audit, as well as how it impacts the audit reliability and the audit risk. The methodological starting point consisted of interpretivism with focus on hermeneutics, an abductive approach and a qualitative method. The collection of information consisted of literature in form of previous research within the field, while the collection of empirical data is based on personal interviews with four authorized auditors, three program developers, one informatics expert and one representative of the industry’s supervisory authority. The study resulted in that the digitalization has a positive impact on the audit due to its possibilities for efficiency, real-time information and a more comprehensive audit. The efficiency can lead to free time for analyzes, judgements and advisory. The use of digital technics makes that traditional processes can evolve, which enables that the audit can include review of entire populations, rather than sampling. The consequence of an increasingly digitalized way of working is therefore an increased reliability in the audit. Automatized processes and controls can result to make the identification of deviations more easy, which can contribute to reduce the audit risk. It is and will in the future be important that the auditor’s competence can be combined with technology tools and automatized processes to create better prerequisites for the audit.

Auditors have come under increased scrutiny over the past several years about the growing number of client failures without a warning in the form of a going-concern modified (GCM) audit opinion. Statement on Auditing Standards No. 59 requires auditors to evaluate whether substantial doubt exists on an audit client’s ability to continue as a going concern (AICPA 1988). My dissertation consists of three essays. For the three essays, I empirically investigate issues related to GCM audit opinions and executive characteristics. Specifically, I examine the impact of executive tenure and gender on the issuance of GCM audit opinions. In addition, my dissertation addresses two other unique issues. Given that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act represents an important watershed event in the history and regulation of the accounting profession, I provide evidence about auditors’ propensities to issue GCM audit opinions in the post-SOX period. Further, I also expand extant research in this area by using multiple outcomes and thus go beyond the traditional use of bankruptcy alone as a tool to evaluate auditors’ GCM opinion. The results indicate that, after controlling for other financial characteristics, GCM audit opinions are significantly more likely for firms that have CFOs with short tenure and/or for firms with a female CFO or CEO. However, when examining the association between executive characteristics and two types of reporting errors, the results vary with the type of reporting error. Overall, the results provide evidence that executive characteristics are associated with auditors' reporting decisions.

The diploma work is focused on the internal audit issue. The goal of the work is on a basic of theoretical knowledge and practical experience to explain and describe the internal audit and the internal auditor job. The work is divided into the theoretical and practical part. The theoretical one is focused on the internal audit history, internal auditor character and profession, internal audit quality assessment and compare internal audit with the external audit. The practical one is focused on the internal audit unit in the business company and at first describes the internal audit regulatory frame and after that is already focused on the internal auditor job from audit planning, over the audit performance and audit report, to the monitoring of corrective measures.

V teoretické části přibližuji funkci auditu, metodiku auditu, odpovědnost auditora, výroky auditora, mezinárodní auditorský standard 520. V praktické části prezentuji vlastní analytické postupy použitelné při provádění auditu.

The main objective of this diploma thesis is to analyze websites of electronics retailers. An initial analysis is followed by evaluation of the determined results and designing the right solutions. The diploma thesis is divided into a theoretical and a practical section. The theoretical section is focused on consumer behavior and the aspects of well-developed websites, which are visibility, usability, accessibility, technical and graphic design. These elements are the basis for the compilation of methodology, which is then used for analyzing websites. The practical section includes a detailed audit of five selected websites. It also contains user testing by randomly selected respondents. The detailed analysis is followed by a summarization of the results of individual companies. The output of the thesis is an overview of the quality of tested companies' websites. The main contribution of this thesis is an overall analysis and concrete design improvement of the electronics retailers' websites.

The goal of this diploma thesis, which is related to the nature, interconnections and differences of external and internal audit, is to bring interested persons closer to the reason for inception of external and internal audit and to define their position and importance in 21st century. Approximation of both audit's contents and going, with regard to their goals, is naturally also a part of work. A piece of work is particularly devoted to external and internal auditor's personality and thus to personal and professional demands for such profession. Not forgotten is the legal adaptation of both audits and it is explain, which audit is under more strict adaptation and why. In the thesis conclusion is located an external-internal auditor comparison summary, together with practical part with examples, that are helpful for better understanding risks of auditor profession and with such disciplines and why internal audit is confused with them.

Data Analytics is one of the fast-developing applications of IT in organizations worldwide. This Master's thesis examines data analytics in the context of internal and external audit. Principal aim of the thesis is to identify the opportunities for data analytics application in both audit disciplines. Secondary goal is to design a data-analytical procedure, apply it to actual business data and thus demonstrate the benefits of employing data analytics. The thesis builds on a summary of theoretical sources of the relevant area, followed by a survey conducted by the author. The survey maps current state of data analytics usage in both internal and external audit in the Czech Republic. The added value of this thesis is, apart from the identification of audit areas in which it is beneficial to use data analytics, the design of an analytical procedure and its application. Another benefit is the survey revealing current state of the art and the insights of interviewed auditors, pointing to both benefits and problems of data analytics application to the performance of the audit profession.