The thesis focuses on the operational risk, its identification, measurement and regulatory requirements associated with it. It defines what is the role of internal audit, departments that perform its function and relationship to the organizational structure of the company. Similarly, it is depict the relationship between internal and external audit. These facts are set in the context of operational risk. In the form of comparison are confronted four major banking institutions operating on the Czech market. The aim is to find out how banks manage operational risk, what tools are used for the quantification and how the whole process involve internal audit services and, finally, how they deal with regulatory requirements on capital.

Poor audit quality has historically led to huge consequences for the society. A low audit quality is often related to a low auditor independence, which can be caused by the auditor's incentive to maximize personal gain. In attempts to strengthen the auditor independence and thereby the audit quality, several audit regulations have been issued, where the mandatory audit rotation has been the subject to intensive debate. Although the previous research on audit rotation and audit quality is extensive, few studies investigate the contingency aspects of the relationship more specifically firm visibility. The purpose of the study is to explain how audit firm rotation and audit partner rotation relate to audit quality and how this relationship is contingent on firm visibility. The study is conducted quantitatively using a positivistic deductive approach. Hypotheses are developed from existing theories and literature in the area. These are later tested by translating concepts into measurable variables. Audit quality has been measured through the proxy variable discretionary accruals which was estimated by two variants of the modified Jones model. The sample consisted out of 58 large-cap firms listed on the Stockholm OMX stock exchange, constituting a total of 580 firm years. The results of this study suggest that neither audit partner rotation nor audit firm rotation has an influence on audit quality. Furthermore, these relationships are not found to be contingent on firm visibility. The study’s findings contribute to existing debate on mandatory audit rotation. However, the results need to be interpreted with certain caution as we cannot be certain that discretionary accruals measured audit quality as it was intended to do.

The purpose of this dissertation was to examine how managers' judgments from an internal auditor's recommendation are influenced by some aspects of newer data sources and the related visualizations. This study specifically examined how managers' judgments from an internal auditor's recommendation are influenced by the (1) supportiveness of non-financial data with the internal auditor's recommendation and (2) evaluability of visual representations for non-financial data used to communicate the recommendation. This was investigated in a setting where financial data does not support the internal auditor's recommendation. To test my hypotheses, I conducted an experiment that uses an inventory write-down task to examine the likelihood that a manager agrees with an internal auditor's inventory write-down recommendation. This task was selected as it requires making a prediction and both financial and newer non-financial data sources are relevant to inform this judgment. The study was conducted with MBA students who proxy for managers in organizations. Evaluability of visual representations was operationalized as the (1) proximity of financial and non-financial graphs, and (2) type of non-financial graph as requiring a length judgment or not. This dissertation contributes to accounting literature and the internal auditing profession. First, I contribute to recent experimental literature on data analytics by providing evidence that newer non-financial data sources will be integrated into managers' judgments even when financial data is inconsistent. However, I also identified that the effectiveness of appropriate agreement with an internal auditor's recommendation depends on the evaluability of the visualizations for non-financial data. Second, I expand on the literature that examines managers' agreement with recommendations from internal auditors by examining an unexplored yet relevant context of using newer non-financial data sources and communicating these results. Specifically, I identified how the evaluability of visual representations for non-financial data interacts with the supportiveness of non-financial data with the internal auditor's recommendation to create differences in managers' agreement with the recommendation. I also identified confidence in the internal auditor's recommendation as an explanatory variable in some situations. My findings also have practical value for the internal auditing profession to understand the importance of appropriate visualizations in audit reporting.

The presented thesis is a case study that explores the findings of a gender (equality) and work- life balance audit of Krajský úřad Kraje Vysočina (The Regional Authority of the Vysočina Region). The thesis presents the auditor's report along with further glossary of the audit process and poses the question whether the audit truly focuses on equality or whether it is more of a human resources management tool that serves to better the organization's internal processes.

Background and Problem: The audit expectation gap is an interesting phenomenon whereseveral academics and researchers have studied this subject in the audit environment. However,in relation to the research conducted on the audit expectation gap in the private sector, a lack ofresearch exists on the audit expectation gap in the public sector. The importance ofunderstanding and realising the audit expectation gap in the public sector relies on the threatthe gap has on the legitimacy and trust of the national audit offices and public auditors. Purpose: This research study aims to explore the audit expectation gap in the public sector.The study seeks to investigate what manifests the audit expectation gap between the SwedishNational Audit Office and the society of Sweden. In addition, the study aims to moreoverunderstand the reasons for making the audit expectation gap emerge. Method: The study includes two different research methods aimed to explore the differentperceptions of the public auditors and the society concerning the roles and responsibilities ofpublic state auditors. Semi-structured interviews with auditors from the Swedish National AuditOffice were conducted to comprehend their perception of public auditors. In comparison,content analysis on a published news article of the Swedish National Audit Office was observedto comprehend the Swedish society’s perceptions of public auditors. The two research methodswere then analysed and compared to explore if an audit expectation gap exists between thedifferent perceptions. Findings: The findings provide an understanding of different contributors causing an auditexpectation gap to emerge between the Swedish National Audit Office and Swedish society.The findings suggest that the audit expectation gap can be a consequence of the public lack ofknowledge in the office, poor performance or failure to adhere to core ethical principles byeither the individual auditor or office or the efficiency of the standard and its sufficiency toprovide with high-quality auditing. When such situations or circumstances emerge, the findingsindicate that an audit expectation gap is manifested between the Swedish National Audit Officeand the Swedish society.

This thesis provides an overview of discovering and recovering hidden profits in accounts payable of a selected enterprise. Theoretical part explains the basic concepts of audit analysis and accounts payable department procedures. Practical part brings out results of audit analysis, formulation of investigated errors, recommendations for the prevention of leakage of money and improving the financial performance of the selected enterprise. The audit analysis is based on the accounting database of an enterprise with its data analyzed by audit techniques and financial insights.

Regleringen gällande revisorsrotationen syftar till att stärka revisorers oberoende men tidigare forskning har dock påvisat diverse påföljder som kan anses som både negativa och positiva för revisorernas arbete. Således förekommer det många oeniga resultat angående revisorsrotationens olika effekter i den tidigare forskningen.   Syftet med denna studie är att förklara revisorsrotationens effekter utifrån ställningstagandet hos revisorer i olika byråtillhörigheter och professionella karriärer. För att uppnå syftet har litteratur som behandlar revisorsrotationen, byråtillhörighet och revisorsprofessionen använts. Utifrån den tidigare forskningen har   studien   utformat   åtta    hypoteser   som behandlar    revisorsrotationens   ekonomiska   effekter, förtroendeeffekter och kvalitetseffekter. För att testa hypoteserna användes en webbaserad enkätundersökning riktad till revisorer som arbetar på små och stora revisionsbyråer i Sverige.     Denna studie påvisar att revisorer med längre erfarenhet inom revisionsbranschen har en mer negativ syn på rotationens förtroendeeffekter. Studien bekräftar även att revisorerna anser att regleringen överlag är nödvändig för revisionsbranschen vilket även stöds av den tidigare forskningen. Däremot kunde studien inte påvisa någon skillnad i ställningstagandet hos revisorer i olika byråtillhörigheter. Likaså kunde ingen skillnad påvisas mellan revisorer med olika långa professionella karriärer och rotationens ekonomiska effekter och kvalitetseffekter.   Studiens viktigaste bidrag är uppmärksammandet av revisorsrotationens effekter för revisionsbyråer och deras klientföretag. På så sätt blir revisionsbyråerna mer medvetna om rotationens påföljder vilket innebär att de eventuellt kan införa åtgärder för att hantera dessa. Studien kan även visa sig relevant för klientföretagen då studien bidrar med ökade kunskaper om hur regleringen påverkar revideringen av deras räkenskaper. / Mandatory audit rotation aims to improve auditor’s independence however previous research has shown that the regulation can cause both advantages and disadvantages on the audit profession. Researchers are therefore in a disagreement over whether or not the effects caused by the regulation are considered to be favourable or damaging to auditors.   The purpose of this study is to explain mandatory audit rotation based on audit firm affiliation and auditors’ professional careers. A considerable amount of previous literature and research papers have been examined in order to reach the purpose of this study. Eight hypotheses have been defined based on earlier research within the subject. The hypotheses deal with the three main effects caused by the regulation, namely effects related to economics, public assurance and quality. A survey was used to test the study’s hypotheses and the selected respondents were auditors in Sweden.     The results of the study show that more experienced auditors have a more negative view on the regulations effects related to public assurance. The study also confirms that auditors general view is that the regulation is necessary and important. On the other hand, the study could not prove that auditors within different firm affiliations have different views on the regulation.   This study contributes to an increased understanding of how mandatory audit rotation effects auditors and their clients. By increasing the audit professions understanding and knowledge about the regulation audit firms can focus on taking action to handle the effects in a more efficient way.

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Yes / At present there is no established national minimum data set (MDS) for generic wound assessment in England, which has led to a lack of standardisation and variable assessment criteria being used across the country. This hampers the quality and monitoring of wound healing progress and treatment. The article aims to establish a generic wound assessment MDS to underpin clinical practice. The project comprised 1) a literature review to provide an overview of wound assessment best practice and identify potential assessment criteria for inclusion in the MDS and 2) a structured consensus study using an adapted Research and Development/University of California at Los Angeles Appropriateness method. This incorporated experts in the wound care field considering the evidence of a literature review and their experience to agree the assessment criteria to be included in the MDS. The literature review identified 24 papers that contained criteria which might be considered as part of generic wound assessment. From these papers 68 potential assessment items were identified and the expert group agreed that 37 (relating to general health information, baseline wound information, wound assessment parameters, wound symptoms and specialists) should be included in the MDS. Using a structured approach we have developed a generic wound assessment MDS to underpin wound assessment documentation and practice. It is anticipated that the MDS will facilitate a more consistent approach to generic wound assessment practice and support providers and commissioners of care to develop and re-focus services that promote improvements in wound care. / NHS England

Published Article / This article discusses the developments and factors that impact on the external audit function, and analyses the role that an effectively functioning audit committee can play in supporting the external auditor's independence and effectiveness. This is done through a literature review of external audit and audit committee developments, and is supported by empirical evidence obtained from assessing the annual reports and from questionnaires sent to the audit committee chairs of the Top 40 listed companies in South Africa. The main findings of the study are that audit committees at the largest listed companies in South Africa are taking responsibility for overseeing the external audit function, but that the disclosure thereof in annual reports was found to be lacking. These findings are of significance as they provide support for the recommendations of King III (effective from 1 March 2010) that all companies should form audit committees and that external audit should be given oversight responsibilities in this regard.