Self-etching primers (SEP) have recently simplified the orthodontic bonding process and questions have arisen regarding their reliability and efficiency. The goal of this study was to assess the importance of a pumice prophylaxis prior to bonding with SEP (Transbond Plus, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA) in reducing bond failures. Thirty orthodontic patients volunteered to participate in this split-mouth prospective clinical trial. A pumice prophylaxis experimental group and a non-pumice control group of teeth were randomly assigned in a contralateral quadrant pattern within each patient. A total of 508 teeth were bonded and monitored over 3 months for bond failures. There were 35 total failures (6.9%) with 6 (2.4%) in the pumice group and 29 (11.4%) in the non-pumice group. Bond failures were compared as a total number between groups and also as the number of patients who experienced bond failures with each method using Chi-square analysis. There were statistically significant differences both in the total number of bond failures (P < .001) and in the number of patients with bond failures between groups (P < .01). A significantly lower and clinically acceptable bond failure rate was demonstrated when using Transbond Plus SEP after pumice prophylaxis. This study produced strong evidence to suggest the need for pumice prophylaxis in orthodontic bonding when using SEP.

The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets to enamel in four bonding protocols: SEP without prior pumicing (None), Pre-etch and SEP without prior pumicing (Pre-etch), control: SEP with prior pumicing (Pumice), and Pre-etch and SEP with prior pumicing (Both). 80 extracted bovine incisors were randomly divided into 4 groups of 20, and brackets were bonded under the different experimental conditions. Debonding force was measured with an Instron universal testing machine. A two-way ANOVA comparing the four groups indicated that there was a significant difference in debonding force (P = 0.001). The SEP without prior pumicing group (17.69 ± 7.18 MPa) was statistically different from the SEP group with prior pumicing (25.82 ± 6.84 MPa). There was no statistical difference found among the other groups. Differences in the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) were analyzed by chi-square. ARI scores differed significantly (P =0.0048).

Despite the growing importance of science and technology in society, school students consider these subjects irrelevant and hard to learn. Teachers must therefore know how to teach science in ways that enhance students’ understanding and interest. This thesis explores various aspects of the teaching and learning of chemical bonding, an important topic in school chemistry that is primarily taught using models. Research has shown that students find chemical bonding difficult to understand, and that the use of models in science education contributes to this difficulty. I therefore investigated teachers’ knowledge of how to teach chemical bonding and ways of developing it to improve students’ understanding. To this end, I analysed chemistry textbooks and teachers’ lesson plans, and conducted semi-structured interviews with teachers about their teaching of chemical bonding. This revealed that the representations of chemical bonding used in textbooks and by teachers can cause students difficulties. The teachers were generally unaware of how these representations might affect students’ understanding, implying that their pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) could be improved. To explore ways of incorporating research findings into teaching practice and developing teachers’ PCK, I conducted a learning study in which three secondary science teachers together explored and reflected on their own teaching practice. CoRe, a method for creating detailed descriptions of what, how, and why specific content is taught, was used to enhance the reflections and make the teachers’ PCK explicit. As a result, the teachers developed their representations of chemical bonding, became more aware of students’ understanding, and were better able to motivate their actions and choices of content and strategies. This thesis shows how professional development can bridge the gap between research and teaching practice, and how teachers’ PCK can be developed to improve students’ understanding. / Many complex real-world phenomena can only be understood using models that make the abstract visible and provide explanations, predictions, descriptions, or simplifications. However, research has shown that students have difficulties understanding models used in science education in general, and particularly chemical bonding models. This thesis examines various aspects of the teaching and learning of chemical bonding, and its presentation in textbooks and by teachers. It is shown that the representations used by teachers and in textbooks can cause students to have difficulties in understanding, which teachers were generally unaware of. Teachers rarely justify their choices specifically to overcome students’ difficulties, suggesting that their knowledge of how to teach chemical bonding could be improved. A learning study in which teachers collaboratively explored and reflected on their own teaching practice significantly improved their presentation of chemical bonding, their awareness of students’ understanding, and their ability to justify their choices. Overall, this work shows that there is a gap between research and teaching practice, and that effective ways of incorporating research results into teaching practice are needed to improve teaching and learning in chemistry.

6,6’-Dimethoxygossypol (DMG) is a natural product of the cotton variety Gossypium barbadense and a derivative of gossypol. Gossypol has been shown to form an abundant number of clathrates with a large variety of compounds. One of the primary reasons why gossypol can form clathrates has been because of its ability to from extensive hydrogen bonding networks due to its hydroxyl and aldehyde functional groups. Prior to this work, the only known solvate that DMG formed was with acetic acid. DMG has methoxy groups substituted at two hydroxyl positions, and consequently there is a decrease in its ability to form hydrogen bonds. Crystallization experiments were set up to see whether, like gossypol, DMG could form clathrates. The following results presented prove that DMG is capable of forming clathrates (S1 and S2) and two new polymorphs (P1 and P2) of DMG have been reported.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a resistência de união (RU) e a interface adesiva de pinos de fibra de vidro multifilamentados e convencionais em canais radiculares achatados. Molares inferiores foram escaneados por meio de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico para a seleção de 22 raízes distais com canais radiculares achatados, levando em consideração a relação de diâmetro maior/menor entre 2,5 e 4,0 e de circularidade < 0,35. Foi realizado o preparo biomecânico com instrumento Reciproc R50 e obturação pela técnica de condensação lateral com cimento AH Plus. As raízes foram distribuídas em dois grupos (n=11) de acordo com o protocolo restaurador utilizado: raízes com preparo do conduto radicular e cimentação de pinos de fibra de vidro convencionais (WhitePost DC #0,5, FGM, Joinvile, SC, Brasil), e raízes sem preparo do conduto radicular e cimentação de pinos de fibra de vidro multifilamentados Comet Tail® #4 (Synca, Repentigny, Quebec, Canadá). Os pinos foram submetidos a tratamento de superfície com ácido fluorídrico 10% e cimentados com cimento RelyX U200 de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante. Após a cimentação dos pinos, os dentes foram seccionados transversalmente em slices de 1 mm de espessura, obtendo-se 2 slices de cada terço (cervical, médio e apical). Os slices mais cervicais de cada terço foram utilizados para avaliar a RU, por meio do teste de push-out com velocidade de 0,5 mm/min, e posterior análise do padrão de falha em estereomicroscópio. Os slices mais apicais de cada terço foram selecionados para análise da interface pino/cimento/dentina em microscopia eletrônica de varredura com aumentos de 100, 1000, 2000 e 4000X. Os dados de RU e adaptação da interface cimento/dentina foram submetidos aos testes de distribuição normal (Kolmogorov-Smirnov e Shapiro-Wilk) e homogeneidade (Levene). Os resultados de RU foram expressos em valores médios (e desvios-padrão) e comparados entre grupos utilizando os testes ANOVA dois fatores com pós-teste de Tukey e os resultados da adaptação da interface foram expressos em porcentagem e comparados entre grupos por meio dos testes Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis, seguido do teste de Dunns, com nível de significância de 5%. A análise de variância dois fatores evidenciou diferença estatisticamente significante para o fator tipos de pino de fibra de vidro (convencional e multifilamentado), sendo que o pino convencional (2,61 ± 1,30) apresentou os maiores valores de resistência de união quando comparado ao pino multifilamentado (1,59 ± 1,54) (P=0,008), no entanto, não houve diferença estatística para o fator terços radiculares (P=0,621) e nem para a interação dos fatores tipos de pino x terços radiculares (P=0,266). O padrão de falhas mostrou predominância de falhas adesivas mistas para os pinos convencionais e adesivas à dentina para os pinos multifilamentados. Já a análise da interface cimento/dentina por MEV, mostrou melhor adaptação do material restaurador no terço cervical para os pinos convencionais e nos terços médio e apical para os pinos multifilamentados. Conclui-se que os pinos de fibra de vidro multifilamentados apresentaram menores valores de resistência de união em relação aos pinos convencionais, com maior prevalência de falhas adesivas à dentina e melhor adaptação da interface adesiva nos terços médio e apical / The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength (BS) and the adhesive interface of multifilament and conventional glass fiber posts in flat-oval root canals. Mandibular molars were scanned by cone beam computed tomography for the selection of 22 distal roots with flat-oval root canals, with major / minor diameter ratio between 2.5 and 4.0 and <0.35 roundness. Biomechanical preparation with Reciproc R50 instrument and filling by lateral condensation technique with AH Plus sealer were performed. The roots were distributed in two groups (n = 11) according to the restorative protocol used: post space preparation with burs and conventional fiberglass post cementation (WhitePost DC # 0.5, FGM, Joinvile, SC, Brazil), or no post space preparation and #4 Comet Tail® multifilament fiberglass posts cementation (Synca, Repentigny, Quebec, Canada). The posts surface were treated with 10% hydrofluoric acid and cemented with RelyX U200 resin cement according to the manufacturer\'s recommendations. After the posts cementation, the teeth were sectioned transversely into 1 mm thick slices, obtaining 2 slices from each third (cervical, middle and apical). The cervical slices of each third were used to evaluate the BS by push-out test with 0.5 mm / min crosshead speed, followed by the analysis of the failure pattern by stereomicroscope. The apical slices of each third were selected for analysis of the post / resin cement / dentin interface by scanning electron microscopy with the following magnifications 100, 1000, 2000 and 4000X. The BS and adaptation of the resin cement / dentin interface data were submitted to normal distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk) and homogeneity (Levene) tests. The BS results were expressed as mean values (and standard deviations) and compared between groups using two-way ANOVA with Tukey\'s post-test and interface adaptation results were expressed as percentages and compared between groups using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis, followed by Dunn\'s test, with a significance level of 5%. The two-way analysis of variance showed a statistically significant difference between the fiberglass posts types (conventional and multifilament), and the conventional posts (2.61 ± 1.30) had the highest bond strength values when compared to the multifilament (1.59 ± 1.54) (P = 0.008), however, there was no statistically significant difference for the root thirds (P = 0.621) and for the interaction between the factors (P = 0.266). The failure pattern showed a predominance of mixed adhesive failures for the conventional posts and adhesive to dentin failures for the multifilament posts. The cement / dentin interface analysis by SEM showed a better adaptation of the restorative material in the cervical third for the conventional and in the middle and apical thirds for the multifilament posts. It can be concluded that the multifilament fiberglass posts had lower bond strength values compared to conventional posts, with a higher prevalence of adhesive to dentin failures and better adhesive interface adaptation for the middle and apical thirds

The knowledge on the conformations of amino acids is essential to understand the biochemical behaviors and physical properties of proteins. Comprehensive computational study is focused to understand the conformational landscape of three aromatic amino acids (AAAs): tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine. Three different density functionals (B3LYP, M06-2X and wB97X-D) were used with two basis sets of 6-31G(d) and 6-31+G(d,p) for geometry optimizations of the conformers of AAAs followed by the vibrational frequencies. The goal was to identify the right choice of density functional theory (DFT) level for conformational analysis of amino acids by comparing the computational data against the available experimental results. Calculated infrared (IR) frequency values indicated that wB97X-D/6-31+G(d,p) level is less favorable than other DFT levels in case of O-H and N-H stretching frequencies for the conformers of AAAs. The C=O stretching frequencies at different computational levels were in good agreement with the experimental results. Interactions of AAAs (tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine) and two cyclic amino acids (histidine and proline) individually with two finite-sized graphene sheets (C62H20 and C186H36) were explored using M06-2X/6-31G(d) level. Computational investigations of the binding of amino acids with graphene provide knowledge for designing of new graphene-based biological/biocompatible materials. Selected conformers for each amino acid with different orientations on the surface of graphene were examined. The purpose of computational study on graphene-amino acids interactions was to identify the preferred conformer of amino acid to bind on graphene as well as to find the influence of amino acid binding on the band gap of graphene. Different conformers of AAAs generally prefer parallel orientation through π-π interactions to bind with graphene. However, bent orientation is more preferred over parallel to bind on the surface of graphene in case of conformer having relative energy approximately equal to 5 kcal/mol for all three AAAs. Histidine generally exhibits higher binding affinity than proline to form complex with graphene. The binding energies in the aqueous medium were slightly lower than those obtained in the gas phase with some exceptions. The adsorption of amino acids did not affect the band gap of graphene.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar a influência do tratamento ácido realizado em superfície metálica de cobalto-cromo sobre a resistência de união metalocerâmica (RUMC), que é um dos critérios fundamentais para o sucesso da restauração protética. A partir de uma matriz de teflon, foram confeccionadas 120 tiras em resina acrílica Duralay (25 mm x 3,0 mm x 0,5 mm), que foram em três grupos experimentais, de acordo com a liga de cobalto-cromo (Keragen, Remanium 2001 e StarLoy C) utilizada na fundição. Em seguida, as tiras metálicas obtidas foram usinadas e jateadas com óxido de alumínio 100 µm. e subdivididas em quatro grupos (n=10), de acordo com o tratamento de superfície realizado, totalizando 12 grupos experimentais. Para o grupo controle (C), nenhum tratamento adicional foi realizado. O grupo T1 foi tratado adicionalmente com ácido clorídrico a 37% (HCl 37%) por 10 minutos, T2 com HCl 37% por 20 minutos e T3 com HCl 37% por 30 minutos. Após a realização do tratamento, os espécimes foram imersos em álcool isopropílico, limpos em ultrassom e secos em temperatura ambiente. Na sequência foi aplicada a cerâmica (IPS inline), composta por duas camadas de opaco e duas de dentina. Os espécimes foram submetidos ao teste de flexão de três pontos, em máquina de ensaios mecânicos para obtenção dos valores de carga de ruptura (MPa). Dada a distribuição normal dos dados, foi realizada análise estatística por meio da Análise de Variância de dois fatores, seguida pelo teste de Bonferroni (=0,05). Entre as ligas metálicas, não houve diferença significante (p=0,088). Entre os tratamentos (p=0,023) o grupo T3 (61,57 ± 12,19) apresentou valores estatisticamente maiores que o grupo controle (51,96 ± 13,54). Não houve diferenças entre os grupos T1 (57,82 ± 13,22) e T2 (57,91 ± 10,08). Também não houve interação entre a liga metálica e o tratamento de superfície realizado (p= 0,106). Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que o tratamento da superfície metálica com ácido clorídrico a 37% por 30 minutos favoreceu a união da cerâmica às ligas de Co-Cr / The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the acid treatment performed on the metallic surface of cobalt-chromium on metal ceramic bond strength (MCBS), which is one of the fundamental criteria for prosthetic restorations success. One-hundred and twenty strips of Duralay acrylic resin (25 mm x 3.0 mm x 0.5 mm) were made from a Teflon matrix, which were cast into three different cobaltchromium alloys (Keragen, Remanium 2001 and StarLoy C) and subdivided into four groups (n = 10), according to the surface treatment performed. Afterwards, the metal strips obtained were machined and sandblasted with 100 m aluminum oxide. For control group (C), no additional treatment was performed. The T1 group was further treated with 37% hydrochloric acid (37% HCl) for 10 minutes, T2 with 37% HCl for 20 minutes and T3 with 37% HCl for 30 minutes. After the acid treatment, specimens were immersed in isopropyl alcohol, cleaned in ultrasound and dried at room temperature. Posteriorly, ceramic (IPS inline) was applied, composed of two layers of opaque and two layers of dentin. Specimens were submitted to three-point bending test in a mechanical test machine to obtain rupture loading values (MPa). The results were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA (=0.05) and Bonferroni post-hoc test. Among dental alloys, there was no significant difference (p=0.088). Among treatments (p=0.023), T3 group (61.57 ± 12.19) had values statistically higher than control group (51.96 ± 13.54). There were no differences between T1 (57.82 ± 13.22) and T2 (57.91 ± 10.08) groups. There was also no interaction between dental alloy and the surface treatment performed (p=0.106). In conclusion, metal surface treatment with 37% hydrochloric acid for 30 minutes favored bonding between ceramic and Co-Cr alloys

La généralisation du procédé d’assemblage par collage au sein des structures aérospatiales, aéronautiques et automobiles est confrontée au besoin d’évaluation non destructive quantitative des assemblages. Le procédé de test d’adhérence par choc laser (LASAT) répond à cette problématique par la sollicitation calibrée des joints collés et l’utilisation de diagnostics non-destructifs pour déterminer l’état résiduel des joints suite à cette sollicitation qui doit décoller les joints faibles et préserver l’intégrité structurelle des assemblages corrects. La détermination des paramètres laser optimaux pour mettre en œuvre ce test d’épreuve non-destructif (ND-LASAT) est réalisée par l’application d’une méthodologie bien définie. Cette dernière implique la caractérisation par une approche expérimentale et numérique de l’assemblage considéré, suivie d’une phase d’optimisation. La diversification des configurations d’interaction-laser matière impliquées dans ces configurations optimisées nécessite de disposer d’outils numériques pour prédire les chargements appliqués aux joints collés. Dans cette étude, le développement et la validation de modèles intégrés dans un code multi-physique répond à ce besoin. Un effort particulier a été porté sur l’évaluation de la précision des chargements simulés. Enfin, la démonstration du procédé ND-LASAT sur trois différents assemblages collés a été réalisée, validant ainsi la méthodologie et la chaine numérique développées dans cette étude. / Bonding process generalization within aerospace, aeronautical and automotive structures faces the need of quantitative non-destructive evaluation of assemblies. Laser shock adhesion test (LASAT) meets this requirement by applying a calibrated stress to bonded joints and using non-destructive diagnostics to determine the post-shock state of the joint. The calibrated stress must disbond weak joints and keep correct assemblies intact. Optimal laser parameters determination aims at implementing this non-destructive proof test (ND-LASAT). It is achieved through application of a well-defined methodology, which implies the concerned assembly characterization by an experimental and numerical approach, followed by an optimization step. Optimization implies diversification of laser-matter configurations. Use of numerical tools for predicting loadings applied to bonded joints is then required. Models development within a multi-physics code is proposed and validated here to respond to this need. A significant effort has been made for evaluating models’ precision. Experimental demonstration of ND-LASAT process is achieved on three different bonded assemblies, and thus validating both methodology and numerical chain developed in this study.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of aqueous solutions of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) in different concentrations on bond strength to eroded dentin up to 6 months, using normal dentin as a control. METHODS: Exposed flat dentin of extracted third molars was only ground with 600-grit SiC paper/1 minute (normal dentin - N), or subsequently eroded by a regular-cola soft-drink (eroded dentin - E). N and E were acid-etched, washed, dried and rehydrated with 1.5 μL, respectively, of distillated water (control - NC / EC); of 0.004% CHX (N0.004% / E0.004%); or of 2% CHX (N2% / E2%). Adper Single Bond 2 was applied in all specimens and resin composite buildups were constructed with Filtek Z350. Specimens were sectioned in beams, which were tested (μTBS) immediately or after 6 months of aging. RESULTS: Microtensile bond strength to eroded dentin was always significantly lower than that to normal dentin. Application of tested CHX solutions did not exert a significant effect immediately; however, after aging, the 2% CHX prevented abrupt bond strength loss both to eroded and normal dentin. / Revisión por pares

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar em Microscopia Ótica (MO), Espectroscopia micro-Raman (µR) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), a interface adesiva em dentina proporcionada por três sistemas adesivos aplicados in vivo e in vitro. Na condição in vivo, pacientes com primeiros prémolares superiores hígidos indicados para extração, por razões ortodônticas, foram utilizados. Cavidades classe I com 0,5mm além da junção esmalte-dentina foram realizadas, nos dentes, com broca carbide 245 em alta rotação. Foram, então aplicados três sistemas adesivos diferentes foram aplicados, de acordo com as instruções dos respectivos fabricantes: Single Bond (SB-3M), Clearfil SE Bond (CSEB-Kuraray) e One Up Bond-F (OUB-Tokuyama). Aplicados esses, as cavidades foram restauradas incrementalmente com resina composta TPH Spectrum (Dentsply). Em seguida os dentes foram extraídos e armazenados em solução de timol a 0,1%. In Vitro, os mesmos procedimentos foram realizados em pré-molares extraídos. Após os dentes foram levados à uma máquina de cortes e seccionados, com auxílio de um disco de corte em espécimes contendo a interface, com dimensões 2mmx2mmx6mm de comprimento, sendo 2 espécimes para cada dente. Um dos espécimes foi levado a um micrótomo de tecido duro onde fatias com espessura de 5µm foram obtidas e coradas com Tricromo de Goldner. As fatias foram, então, analisadas em um microscópio óptico com aumento de 100 vezes. Nesta técnica a dentina mineralizada se cora de verde, o colágeno não infiltrado de vermelho e o sistema adesivo de beje translúcido. Após o mesmo espécime foi utilizado para análise em espectroscopia micro-Raman. O espécime adjacente foi desidratado em seqüência ascendente de etanol e analisado em microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados da MO para o sistema SB mostraram a presença de uma grande área corada de vermelho, indicando colágeno exposto ou não devidamente infiltrado pelo sistema adesivo para ambas as situações porém, in vivo, esta camada se mostrou maior. Para o sistema CSEB esta camada se corou de roxa, consistente ao longo de toda interface, indicando também a presença de colágeno disponível para reação com o corante, para ambas as situações. Para o sistema OUB esta camada também se corou de roxa, porém in vivo esta se mostrou mais fina e irregular que in vitro. Em MEV o sistema SB apresentou uma camada híbrida granular e porosa para ambas as situações. In vitro esta se mostrou mais espessa e regular ao longo da interface ao contrário da condição in vivo. Grandes diferenças foram observadas em relação aos tags de resina, onde in vivo, se apresentaram mais finos e curtos. Para o sistema CSEB a camada híbrida se mostrou mais fina quando comparada ao sistema SB porém, mais homogênea e compacta ao longo da interface para ambas as situações. Grandes diferenças foram observadas em relação aos tags de resina onde in vivo foram significativamente em menor número, curtos e finos. Para o sistema OUB in vitro a camada híbrida se apresentou fina porém, homogênea em sua extensão com a presença de longos tags. In vivo a camada híbrida se apresentou bastante fina e até difícil de se detectar. O tags se apresentaram quase inexistes ou muito dobrados devido à pobre polimerização desse sistema. As análises em µR para o sistema SB mostraram uma maior contribuição do sistema adesivo nos dois primeiros micrometros da interface, ao passo que, no restante da mesma, houve pouca contribuição dos monômeros adesivos na proteção do colágeno. Para o sistema CSEB a interface se mostrou bastante fina (1µm), para ambas as condições, porém com contribuição, no complexo hibridizado, dos componentes adesivos, colágeno e mineral. Para o sistema OUB in vitro, os espectros também indicaram a presença de uma interface fina, em torno de 1µm, mas também com contribuição dos componentes adesivos, colágeno e mineral. In vivo, esta não pôde ser detectada pelo Raman por ser inexistente ou ser mais fina que a resolução do Raman (1 µm). Realizada as análises da interface em ambas condições experimentais, com os diferentes sistemas adesivos utilizados, conclui-se que: a condição in vivo proporcionou uma interface de menor qualidade para todos os sistemas. O sistema CSEB aparentemente proporcionou uma melhor qualidade de interface e o sistema OUB a pior. O uso dessas três técnicas integradas permitiu uma análise completa, qualitativa e quantitativa da interface adesiva produzida por esses três sistemas, em ambas as condições testadas. / The aim of this research was to analyze in Light Microscopy (LM), micro-Raman Spectroscopy (µR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the dentin-adhesive interface produced by three different bonding systems applied in vivo and in vitro. In in vivo condition patients with the first upper premolars, to be extract for orthodontic reasons, were used. Class I cavities with 0.5mm below the dentin-enamel junction were performed, with carbide bur in high speed. Following, three different bonding systems were applied in accordance with their manufacturer instruction: Single Bond (SB-3M), Clearfil SE Bond (CSEB-KURARAY) and One Up Bond-F (OUBTokuyama), and the cavities restored, incrementally, with composite resin TPH Spectrum (Dentsply). After restoration the teeth were extracted and stored in 0,1% tymol solution. In vitro, the same procedures were performed in extracted upper premolars. Following, the teeth were taken to a cutting machine and cross-sectioned with as diamond saw in specimens with 2mmX2mmx6mm dimensions, being 2 specimens for each tooth. One of the specimen was taken to a hard tissue microtome were 5µm slabs were obtained and stained with Goldner´s Tricrome. The slabs were analyzed in a Light Microscope with 100 times magnification. In this technique, the mineralized dentin is stained green, the collagen is stained red and the bonding system a pale orange. After, the same specimen was used for micro-Raman analysis. The adjacent specimen was dehydrated in ascendant ethanol sequence and analyzed in scanning electron microscopy. The LM results for SB showed the presence of a large area stained red for both conditions, indicating the presence of exposed or non protected collagen by the bonding system. This area was larger in vivo than in vitro. For CSEB this layer war purple stained and consistent along the interface for both situations, indicating, also, collagen available to react with the staining. For OUB this layer was also purple however, in vivo, this layer was thinner and inconsistent than in vitro. In SEM analysis, SB bonding system presented a porous hybrid layer for both situations. In vitro this layer was thicker and regular along the interface and, in vivo, thinner and irregular. Big differences were observed related to the resin tags. In vivo they were thinner and shorter. For CSEB the hybrid layer was thinner when compared with SB however, more homogeneous and compact along the interface for both situations. Big differences were observed related to the resin tags. In vivo, they were significantly in fewer amounts, shorter and thinner. For OUB in vitro, the hybrid layer was thin, however, homogeneous and with long tags. In vivo, the hybrid layer was very thin, almost undetectable. The resin tags were almost non-existent or bended due to poor polymerization of this system. In micro-Raman analysis for SB showed a greater contribution of the bonding system in the first two micrometers of the interface was detected and, in the rest of the interface, there was few contribution of the resin monomers in the collagen protection. For CSEB the interface was thin (1µm), for both conditions, however, with contribution, in the hybridized complex, of the adhesives components, collagen and mineral. For OUB in vitro, the spectras also indicated the presence of a thin interface, among 1µm, but also, with contribution of the bonding components, collagen and mineral. In vivo, the interface could not be detected by the Raman, for being inexistent, or by the fact to be thinner than the Raman resolution (1µm). After all these analysis of the bonding interface, for both conditions, and with these different bonding systems, it can be concluded that: in vivo condition produced a less-quality interface for all the system. CSEB apparently produced a better-quality interface and OUB the worst. The use of these three techniques together allowed a complete analysis, qualitative and quantitative, of the dentin-bonding interface produced by these three bonding systems, for both situations.