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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
731

"Estudo comparativo da resistência de união e da interface entre sistemas adesivos e a dentina de molares decíduos humanos" / A comparative study of bond strength and interfacial morphology between adhesives systems and primary human molars dentin.

Ruschel, Henrique Castilhos 02 February 2006 (has links)
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência de união à dentina de primeiros e segundos molares decíduos de sistemas adesivos baseados no condicionamento ácido total e autocondicionantes e analisar a interface de união adesiva sob microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Amostras de dentina de 35 a 65% de distância pulpar (dentina intermediária) foram obtidas do terço médio das faces vestibular e lingual/palatina de 108 molares decíduos, mediante corte com disco diamantado de dupla-face, sob refrigeração. Posteriormente, as superfícies dentinárias foram polidas com lixas de carboneto de silício de granulação 400 e 600. Cinco sistemas adesivos foram empregados nas amostras dos primeiros e segundos molares (n=15/grupo): Adper Single Bond; Prime & Bond NT; AdheSE; Clearfil SE Bond; Adper Prompt L-Pop. Os corpos de prova foram confeccionados com a resina composta Filtek Z250, com uma área de adesão de 2 mm de diâmetro. Após 24 hs de armazenagem em água destilada a 37ºC, fez-se o ensaio de tração a 0,5 mm/min. Na análise da interface de união adesiva entre sistema adesivo e dentina, 50 amostras foram preparadas com os mesmos materiais descritos acima (n=5/grupo). Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre primeiros (16,02±5,23 MPa) e segundos (16,03±5,05 MPa) molares (ANOVA:p=0,2721). Os valores médios em MPa obtidos para os sistemas adesivos testados foram de 14,32±3,57 (Adper Single Bond), 15,65±3,70 (Prime & Bond NT), 19,47±7,09 (AdheSE), 17,14±5,35 (Clearfil SE Bond) e 14,22±3,20 (Adper Prompt L-Pop). O sistema adesivo AdheSE apresentou o maior valor e diferença estatisticamente significante com os demais grupos (Tukey=3,47), com exceção do Clearfil SE Bond, com o qual não diferiu estatisticamente. Nas demais comparações não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas significativas. A análise ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura demonstrou a formação de camada híbrida e “tags" em todos os sistemas adesivos e nos dois tipos dentários / The aim of this study was to evaluate bond strength of self-etching and total-etching adhesive systems to dentin of first and second primary molars and to analyze the adhesive interface under scanning electron microscopy. Dentin samples pulp distant 35% to 65% (intermediate dentin) were obtained from buccal and lingual surfaces at the middle third of the crown of 108 primary molars by sectioning with a diamond-impregnated disc under water cooling. Dentin surfaces were polished with 400 and 600-grit silicon carbide paper under running water. Five adhesive systems were tested on the first and second primary molar surfaces (n=15/group): Adper Single Bond; Prime & Bond NT; AdheSE; Clearfil SE Bond; Adper Prompt L-Pop. Inverted, truncated cones of resin composite (Filtek Z250) were built with a 2.0 mm bonding diameter. After 24-hour storage in distilled water at 37°C, the specimens were submited to the tensile test at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. To analyze adhesive interface 50 samples were prepared with the same protocol described above (n=5/group). No differences between first (16.02±5.23 MPa) and second (16.03±5.05 MPa) primary molars bond strength values could be observed (ANOVA:P=0.2721). Bond strength mean values registered in MPa obtained were 14.32±3.57 (Adper Single Bond), 15.65±3.70 (Prime & Bond NT), 19.47±7.09 (AdheSE), 17.14 ±5.35 (Clearfil SE Bond) and 14.22±3.20 (Adper Prompt L-Pop). AdheSE adhesive system presented the greatest bond strength values statistically different to the other groups (Tukey=3.47), while no statistically significant difference was observed for Clearfil SE Bond. In the other comparisons no differences were found. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed the presence of hybrid layer and tags in all adhesive systems on both dentin types
732

Base-promoted benzylic carbon-hydrogen bond activation and benzlic carbon-carbon bond activation with rhodium (III) porphyrin: scope and mechanism. / CUHK electronic theses & dissertations collection

January 2011 (has links)
Choi, Kwong Shing. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.
733

Etude de réalisation de scellement des MEMS par l’alliage eutectique Al-Ge / study of the bonding of MEMS by Al-Ge eutectic alloy

Lumineau, Victor 13 December 2018 (has links)
Les microsystèmes électromécaniques (MEMS) sont une des révolutions issues de la microélectronique de ces dernières années qui ont permis l’apparition de nouveaux objets connectés à leur environnement tels que les smartphones. Pour répondre entre autres à la problématique de miniaturisation, ces capteurs doivent être assemblés avec les transistors qui les pilotent via des procédés d’intégration en trois dimensions. Les études de la littérature montrent que la brasure à base d’alliage eutectique Al-Ge permet de répondre de ce besoin. Dans le procédé de scellement eutectique Al-Ge, les constituants de l’alliage sont déposés sur au moins une des deux surfaces à coller. La fusion puis la solidification de la brasure va donner lieu à une structure eutectique et fermer mécaniquement l’interface pour former un assemblage. Cependant, des points cruciaux restent encore à approfondir, notamment la fuite de l’alliage liquide en dehors de la zone à coller ainsi que l’apparition de trous à l’interface de scellement.Le but de cette thèse est donc d’étudier dans un premier temps les phénomènes physiques (mouillage, solidification, diffusion) qui déterminent la qualité finale des assemblages. Dans un second temps, ces résultats sont mis à profit pour développer des procédés de scellement hermétiques et avec une bonne tenue mécanique pour l’encapsulation des MEMS. L'étude porte sur l'influence des paramètres tels que la température, l’épaisseur et l’état surfacique des couches, mais également sur les mécanismes de réactivité aux interfaces entre l'alliage liquide et les substrats. / Electromechanical microsystems (MEMS) are one of the main revolutions of microelectronics in recent years. It has permitted the emergence of new objects connected to their environment such as smartphones. To answer the problem of miniaturization, these sensors need to be assembled with their control transistors by three-dimensional packaging. Existing studies show that Al-Ge eutectic bonding meets these criteria. In this process, the constituents of the alloy are deposited on at least one of the two wafers. The melting and then the solidification of the solder will result in a eutectic structure which mechanically closes the interface to form an assembly. However, there are still some issues to be addressed, in particular the leakage of the liquid alloy outside of the bonding area and the presence of voids at the sealing interface.The first goal of this thesis is to study the physical phenomena (wetting, solidification, diffusion) that determine the final quality of the assemblies. Secondly, these results are used to develop hermetic sealing processes, with a high mechanical strength for the packaging of MEMS. The study focuses on the influence of parameters such as temperature, thickness and oxidation of the surfaces, but also on the mechanisms of interfacial reactivity between the liquid alloy and substrates.
734

Etude de l'influence des propriétés mécaniques des surfaces sur l'énergie de collage direct / Study of the influence of mechanicals properties of surfaces on the direct bonding energy

Desomberg, Jérôme 30 October 2018 (has links)
De nos jours, l’industrie de la microélectronique cherche à développer des composants toujours plus performants tout en réduisant la consommation d’énergie. Les solutions planaires ayant atteint leurs limites, desstructures 3D furent développées afin d’empiler verticalement les circuits. Cela nécessite une parfaite maitrise des différents procédés d’assemblage au sein desquels le collage direct de couches minces d’oxyde de silicium déposées par PECVD constitue une alternative intéressante en ce sens qu’elle permet l’élaboration à basse température de structures intégrant des couches isolantes composées d’oxyde de silicium.Le collage direct d’oxyde de silicium obtenu par voie thermique fut largement étudié par le passé. Cependant, l’utilisation d’oxyde de silicium obtenu par voie de dépôt PECVD fut jusqu’ici peu répandu dans les structures collées. L’objet de notre étude fut d’évaluer les particularités de l’oxyde de silicium déposé dans le cadre du collage direct ainsi que les mécanismes spécifiques mis en jeu lors du scellement de l’interface de collage. Le collage direct s’effectuant par la mise en contact de ces surfaces à température ambiante, puis étant généralement suivi d’un recuit de consolidation, des mécanismes particuliers auront lieu dans le volume de l’oxyde ainsi qu’à l’interface de collage permettant de différencier le comportement des oxydes déposés en collage.Dans cette étude, nous avons assemblés différentes configurations d’oxydes et montré l’influence primordiale de l’eau sur le collage direct. Il est apparu que, dès la température ambiante, cette dernière impactait déjà le collage en modifiant les propriétés physicochimiques et mécaniques de la subsurface de l’oxyde. A plus haute température, l’eau migre du volume de l’oxyde vers l’interface de collage permettant la fermeture de l’interface de collage en exacerbant les propriétés de l’oxyde précités. L’eau résultant de la fermeture de l’interface de collage est alors soit stockée à l’intérieur de cavités se formant à l’interface de collage, soit évacuée dans la subsurface de l’oxyde suivant la typologie de celui-ci. Il a également été montré que l’oxydedéposé disposait d’un profil de concentration d’eau relativement équilibré et qu’il pouvait contenir une quantité importante d’eau. Ces constations ont permis l’élaboration de structures bicouches optimisées pour le collage direct. La compréhension de ces différents mécanismes apporte un nouvel éclairage dans l’utilisation des procédés de collage direct pour les applications du futur. / Nowadays, the microelectronics industry is seeking to develop ever more efficient components while reducing energy consumption. Planar solutions having reached their limits, 3D structures were developed to vertically stack the circuits. This requires a perfect control of the different assembly processes in which the direct bonding of thin layers of silicon oxide deposited by PECVD constitutes an interesting alternative in the sense that it allows the elaboration at low temperature of structures integrating insulating layers composed of silicon oxide.The direct bonding of silicon oxide obtained by thermal oxidation has been widely studied in the past. However, the use of deposited PECVD silicon oxides has not been so far widespread in bonded structures. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the particularities of the silicon oxide deposited in the direct bonding framework as well as the specific mechanisms involved during sealing of the bonding interface. Since direct bonding takes place by bringing these surfaces into contact at room temperature and then generally followed byconsolidation annealing, special mechanisms will take place in the oxide volume and at the bonding interface to differentiate the behaviour of the PECVD deposited silicon oxides in bonding.In this study, we assembled different oxide configurations and showed the primordial influence of water on direct bonding. It appeared that, from the ambient temperature, the water was already impacting the bonding by modifying the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the oxide subsurface. At higher temperatures, the water migrates from the oxide volume to the bonding interface allowing the closing of the bonding interfaceby exacerbating the above oxide properties. The water resulting from the closing of the bonding interface is then either stored inside cavities forming at the bonding interface or discharged into the oxide subsurface dependingon the type of oxide. It was also shown that the deposited oxide had a relatively balanced water concentration profile and could contain a significant amount of water. These findings have led to the development of two-layerstructures optimized for direct bonding. Understanding these different mechanisms provides new insights into the use of direct bonding processes for future applications.
735

Weak Hydrogen Bonds to Molecular Nitrogen and Oxygen as Experimental Benchmarks for Quantum Chemistry

Oswald, Sönke 28 February 2019 (has links)
No description available.
736

Efeito do modo de aplicação no desempenho de adesivos autocondicionantes simplificados à dentina / Effect of application mode on the performance of simplified self-etch adhesives to dentin

Serrano, Alexandra Patricia Mena 23 March 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:22:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandra Serrano.pdf: 5795461 bytes, checksum: d55b3e436e3ca0014b131ab661ce7049 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different application modes on the immediate and 6-month resin-dentin bond strength and silver nitrate uptake. Three one-step self-etch adhesive systems (One Coat 7.0 [OC], Coltène Whaledent; Clearfil S3 Bond [CS], Kuraray and FuturaBond NR [FB], Voco) were applied in a flat superficial dentin surface of thirty human molars under slight [S] or vibratory [V] application modes. Composite build-ups (Opallis, FGM) were constructed incrementally. After water storage at 37 °C for 24 h, teeth were sectioned to obtain sticks with cross-sectional area of 0.8 mm2 to be tested in tension (0.5 mm/min) either immediately [IM] or after 6 months [6M] of water storage. Two bonded sticks from each tooth at each storage time were immersed in a 50% (w/v) solution of silver nitrate (24 h), photo-developed (8 h) and analyzed under SEM. The silver nitrate uptake was measured using the ImageTool 3.0 software. The data from each adhesive were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). The adhesives OC and CS showed higher resin-dentin bond strength values and lower silver nitrate deposition in the immediate time and vibratory application groups. For FB, no significant difference was observed between the two modes of application in the respective storage periods. The vibratory application mode can improve the resin-dentin bonds, reduce the silver nitrate uptake and retard the degradation of the resin-dentin bonds of Clearfil S3 Bond and One Coat 7.0 adhesives. / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação vibratória de adesivos autocondicionantes simplificados na resistência de união à dentina e nanoinfiltração, tanto no tempo imediato como após 6 meses de armazenamento em água. A superfície oclusal de trinta terceiros molares foi desgastada até obtenção de uma superfície plana de dentina. Três sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes de 1 passo (One Coat 7.0 [OC], Coltène Whaledent; Clearfil S3 Bond [CS], Kuraray e FuturaBond NR [FB], Voco) foram aplicados de forma suave (SU) ou vibratória (VB) (n=5). Após a construção de coroas de resina composta (Opallis, FGM), os espécimes foram armazenados durante 24 h em água destilada a 37 °C. Ao término deste período os espécimes foram cortados longitudinalmente nas direções “x” e “y” para conseguir palitos com seção transversal de 0,8 mm2. Os espécimes foram testados sob tração (0,5 mm/min) no tempo imediato [IM] ou após 6 meses de armazenamento em água [6M]. Dois espécimes de cada dente nos respectivos períodos de armazenamento foram imersos por 24 h em uma solução 50% por peso, revelados (8 h) e analisados em microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A quantidade de penetração de nitrato de prata na interface adesiva foi medida no software ImageTool 3.0. Os dados de cada adesivo provenientes de cada teste foram submetidos a uma análise de variância de dois fatores (Forma de Aplicação vs. Tempo) e teste de Tukey (α=0,05) para contraste das médias. Maiores valores de resistência de união e menor deposição de nitrato de prata foram observados no tempo imediato e nos grupos de aplicação vibratória para os adesivos OC e CS. FB apresentou baixos valores de resistência de união independente do tipo de aplicação. Pode-se concluir que a aplicação vibratória pode aumentar os valores de resistência de união dos adesivos One Coat 7.0 e Clearfil S3 Bond retardando o processo de degradação destas interfaces.
737

AVALIAÇÃO DO EFEITO DO PROTOCOLO ADESIVO NA RESISTÊNCIA DE UNIÃO DE CIMENTOS RESINOSOS EM COMPÓSITOS CAD/CAM

Hilgemberg, Bruna 22 February 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-07-24T13:33:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Bruna Hilgemberg.pdf: 2456286 bytes, checksum: 1f094c1efd8bce8788da73b56ecf38e8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-24T13:33:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Bruna Hilgemberg.pdf: 2456286 bytes, checksum: 1f094c1efd8bce8788da73b56ecf38e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes protocolos adesivos na resistência de união de diferentes compósitos CAD/CAM por meio do teste de microcisalhamento (μSBS). Para esse experimento, três tipos de compósitos CAD/CAM foram utilizados: 1) [Lava™ Ultimate CAD/CAM Restorative (3M ESPE) - LU], 2) [Brava block CAD/CAM (FGM)- BR] e 3) [Vita Enamic (Vita Zanhfabrik) - VE]. Quarenta e cinco secções retangulares (10 × 10 × 6 mm) de compósitos CAD/CAM foram utilizados para a avaliação de microcisalhamento, esses blocos foram distribuídos de acordo com as variáveis: Compósitos CAD/CAM (1- LU, 2-BR, 3- VE) vs. sistema de cimentação [1- Prime & Bond Elect (PBE) + Enforce, 2- Scotch Bond Universal (SBU) + Rely X Ultimate, 3- Ambar Universal (AU) + All cem, 4- Silano sem MDP + Enforce, 5- Silano sem MDP + Rely X Ultimate, 6- Silano sem MDP + All Cem, 7- Silano com MDP + Enforce, 8- Silano com MDP + Rely X Ultimate, 9- Silano com MDP + All cem], resultando em 27 grupos experimentais. O sistema adesivo foi aplicado e matrizes de Tygon foram preenchidas com cimento resinoso e fotoativadas. Os espécimes foram armazenados em água (37 °C por 24h) e submetidos ao teste de μSBS, seus resultados foram submetidos ao teste de ANOVA 2-fatores seguido pelo teste de Bonferroni, α = 5%). Quinze secções retangulares adicionais foram avaliados em Microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV/EDS) para a análise da morfologia e composição após tratamento de superfície conforme recomendação de cada fabricante. Para os três cimentos utilizados, maiores valores de μSBS foram observados na superfície VE, seguido do LU e do BR respectivamente. A diferença significativa entre os sistemas de cimentação foi observada apenas no compósito VE, que apresentou maiores valores de μSBS, com exceção dos grupos silano com MDP + All Cem, silano sem MDP + Rely X Ultimate e SBU + Rely X Ultimate. Foi encontrado para todos os grupos, pouca ou nenhuma porcentagem de falha coesiva em cimento, maior porcentagem de falha adesiva/mista, com exceção dos grupos VE/AU e VE/silano com MDP/All Cem, VE/silano sem MDP e VE/SBU/Rely X Ultimate e VE/AU e VE/silano com MDP/ Enforce, em que foi encontrado maior porcentagem de falha coesiva em compósitos CAD/CAM. Todos os compósitos apresentaram irregularidades após o tratamento de superfície na análise de MEV, porém maior irregularidade foi observada na superfície do VE, seguido do LU e do BR respectivamente. A análise por EDS, confirmou a composição de cada compósito CAD/CAM e após o tratamento de superfície, houve diminuição da porcentagem de sílica e zircônia apenas para LU. Pode-se concluir que a efetividade do protocolo de cimentação está relacionada ao tipo de compósito CAD/CAM e suas diferentes composições e que independente do protocolo de cimentação, o VE apresentou os melhores valores de resistência ao microcisalhamento em comparação aos outros compósitos CAD/CAM avaliados. / The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different adhesive protocols on the bond strength of different CAD / CAM composites by means of the micro-shear test (μSBS). For this experiment, three types of CAD / CAM composites were used: 1) [Lava ™ Ultimate CAD / CAM Restorative (3M ESPE) - LU], 2) [Brava block CAD / CAM (FGM) Vita Enamic (Vita Zanhfabrik) - VE]. Forty-five rectangular sections (10 × 10 × 6 mm) of CAD / CAM composites were used for the evaluation of micro-shear, these blocks were distributed according to the following variables: CAD / CAM composites (1 LU, 2-BR, 3 - VE) vs. (1) Prime & Bond Elect (PBE) + Enforce, 2- Scotch Bond Universal (SBU) + Rely X Ultimate, 3- Ambar Universal + All Cem, 4- Silane without MDP + Enforce, 5- Silane without MDP + Rely X Ultimate, 6- Silane without MDP + All Cem, 7- Silane with MDP + Enforce, 8- Silane with MDP + Rely X Ultimate, 9- Silane with MDP + All Cem], resulting in 27 experimental groups . The adhesive system was applied and Tygon matrices were filled with resin cement and photoactivated. The specimens were stored in water (37 ° C for 24h) and submitted to the μSBS test, their results were submitted to the 2-factor ANOVA test followed by the Bonferroni test, α = 5%). Fifteen additional rectangular sections were evaluated in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM / EDS) for analysis of morphology and composition after surface treatment as recommended by each manufacturer. For the three cements used, higher values of μSBS were observed on the VE surface, followed by LU and BR respectively. The significant difference between the cementation systems was observed only in the composite VE, which presented higher values of μSBS, except for the silane groups with MDP + All Cem, silane without MDP + Rely X Ultimate and SBU + Rely X Ultimate. A higher percentage of adhesive / mixed failure was found for all groups, except for the VE / AU and VE / silane groups with MDP / All Cem, VE / silane without MDP and VE / SBU / Rely X Ultimate and VE / AU and VE / silane with MDP / Enforce, in which a higher percentage of cohesive failure was found in CAD / CAM composites. All the composites presented irregularities after the surface treatment in the SEM analysis, but greater irregularity was observed on the surface of the VE, followed by the LU and the BR respectively. The EDS analysis confirmed the composition of each CAD / CAM composite and after the surface treatment, the percentage of silica and zirconia was reduced only for LU. It can be concluded that the effectiveness of the cementation protocol is related to the type of CAD / CAM composite and its different compositions and that regardless of the cementation protocol, the VE presented the best values of micro-shear strength compared to other CAD / CAM composites evaluated.
738

Chemical Concepts and X-ray Technologies challenged by Charge Density

Schürmann, Christian Joseph 16 January 2019 (has links)
No description available.
739

Dentina afetada por cárie : avaliação e desenvolvimento de adesivo experimental

Schiroky, Priscila Raquel January 2016 (has links)
A Odontologia minimamente invasiva tornou-se possível em decorrência do atual avanço alcançado na Odontologia adesiva, e a remoção seletiva do tecido cariado passou a ser recomendada para dentes com lesões de cárie profunda. Tal preparo cavitário preserva a dentina afetada por cárie (DAC), camada mais interna da dentina cariada que é remineralizável. Entretanto, esse substrato apresenta propriedades mecânicas inferiores e diversos estudos relatam uma resistência de união reduzida. O objetivo do presente estudo foi revisar sistematicamente a literatura quanto a resistência da união dos sistemas adesivos à DAC quando comparada à dentina hígida (DH), assim como a influência das variáveis metodológicas dos estudos in vitro. Além disso, desenvolver e caracterizar uma resina adesiva com a incorporação de um fosfato de cálcio, assim como avaliar o potencial de induzir deposição mineral em dentes com DAC. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science e LILACS. Foram incluídos estudos laboratoriais que investigaram a resistência de união à microtração imediata e longitudinal de sistemas adesivos À DAC natural ou artificial, utilizando DH como controle. Oito artigos preencheram os critérios de inclusão, e uma metaregressão foi realizada para a associação das variáveis independentes do modelo com o desfecho de resistência de união. O modelo final com 5 variáveis explicou 75,6% da variabilidade entre os grupos. Todas as variáveis independentes apresentaram influência significativa no desfecho, e a DAC resultou em menor resistência de união. Sendo assim, uma resina adesiva com a incorporação de α-fosfato tricálcico (αTCP) foi desenvolvida e caracterizada. Para a formulação das resinas adesivas, 66,66% em peso de BisGMA, 33,33% em peso de HEMA e um sistema fotoiniciador foram misturados. O αTCP foi adicionado a 2% em peso, originando a resina adesiva teste. Uma resina sem adição de carga foi utilizada como controle. As resinas adesivas foram caracterizadas quanto à taxa de polimerização e grau de conversão, e degradação em solvente. Sessenta dentes permanentes extraídos com lesões de cárie profunda foram submetidos à remoção seletiva do tecido cariado e restaurados utilizando uma das duas resinas adesivas. As amostras foram avaliadas por meio de ensaios imediatos e longitudinais (no decorrer de 6 meses, armazenadas em SBF) de resistência de união à microtração, avaliação da deposição mineral por espectroscopia Raman e dureza Knoop. A dureza Knoop inicial da resina adesiva teste foi maior quando comparada à controle, e não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação ao percentual de variação da dureza Knoop após a imersão em solvente. O grupo teste apresentou maior taxa de polimerização e não houve diferença entres os grupos para o grau de conversão. Não houve diferença entre os grupos para a resistência de união imediata e longitudinal, e ambos os grupos mantiveram estável a resistência de união após 6 meses. A análise da interface em relação à deposição mineral mostrou que houve aumento do conteúdo mineral para os dois grupos. Em relação à dureza Knoop, houve um aumento nos valores após 3 meses, entretanto não houve diferença entre os grupos dentro das diferentes profundidades para cada tempo. Conclui-se que não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação à deposição mineral. / The minimally invasive dentistry became possible due to the current advancement in adhesive dentistry, and the selective removal of carious tissue has been recommended for teeth with deep carious lesions. Such cavity preparation preserves the caries-affected dentin (CAD), the inner layer of carious dentin that is remineralizable. However, this substrate presents low mechanical properties and many studies reported reduced bond strength. The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of adhesive systems to (CAD) when compared to sound dentin (SD), as well as on the influence of methodological variables of in vitro studies. Also, to develop and characterize an adhesive resin with the incorporation of a calcium phosphate, as well as evaluate the potential to induce mineral deposition in teeth presenting CAD. The electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science and LILACS were systematically searched. Were included in vitro studies that assessed the immediate and aged microtensile bond strength of adhesive systems to natural or artificially created CAD in comparison to SD. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in a linear meta-regression of microtensile bond strength. The fully adjusted model with 5 methodological variables explained 75.6% of the variability among groups. All methodological variables were associated with microtensile bond strength, and bond strength to CAD was lower than to SD. Thus, an adhesive resin with the incorporation of α-tricalcium phosphate (αTCP) was developed and characterized. To formulate the experimental adhesive resins, 66.66 wt% BisGMA, 33.33 wt% HEMA and a photo-initiator system were mixed. The αTCP at 2 wt% was added, yielding the test adhesive resin. An adhesive resin without filler was used as control. The adhesive resins were characterized regarding polymerization kinetics and degree of conversion, and softening in ethanol. Sixty extracted human posterior permanent teeth with deep carious lesions were submitted to selective removal of carious tissue and restored using one of the two adhesive resins. Samples were evaluated by immediate and longitudinal (6 months, storage in SBF) following tests: microtensile bond strength, mineral deposition by Raman spectroscopy and Knoop hardness. The test adhesive resin showed higher initial Knoop hardness than the control one, and there was no difference between the groups for the percentage of variation of Knoop hardness after solvent immersion. The test group showed increased polymerization rate, and there was no difference between groups for degree of conversion. There was no difference between the groups for immediate and longitudinal microtensile bond strength, and the microtensile bond strength of both groups remained stable after the 6 months. The interface analysis regarding mineral deposition showed an increasing in mineral content for both groups. For Knoop hardness, there was an increase after 3 months, however the groups where not significantly different considering depth and time. It could be concluded that there was no difference between control and test adhesive resin for mineral deposition.
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Sistemas adesivos a base de acrilamidas : síntese, caracterização e desenvolvimento / Acrylamides adhesive system : synthesis, characterization and development.

Rodrigues, Stefani Becker January 2016 (has links)
O objetivo deste estudo foi sintetizar e caracterizar monômeros metacrilamidas, desenvolver, caracterizar e avaliar as propriedades de sistemas adesivo convencional de três passos. Foram sintetizadas bis(metacrilamida)s e tris(metacrilamida) e caracterizadas por espectroscopia de Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) de 1H e 13C, por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência com Espectrometria de Massas (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) e Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial Modulada (MDSC). Quatro bis(metacrilamidas), (1) N,N’-(propane-1,3-diyl)bis(N-ethyl-2-methylacrylamide), (2) N,N’-(octane-1,8-diyl)bis(2-methylacrylamide), (3) N,N’-(butane-1,4-diyl)bis(2-methacrylamide) e (4) N,N’-(1,4 phenylene)bis(2-methylacrylamide)monômero (1), (2), (3) e (4), e uma tris(metacrilamida) TMA, foram sintetizadas. Pela análise de FTIR-ATR foram observadas as bandas correspondentes ao estiramento do grupo C=O (1660 cm-1), C=C (1610 cm-1), N-H (3300 cm-1) e C-N (1520 cm-1). As análises de RMN identificaram a presença das ligações duplas referentes aos grupos metacrilamidas em deslocamentos químicos entre 5,3 e 5,8 ppm para 1H e entre 120 e 140 ppm para 13C.Os valores de massa exata m/z foram: 267,2068, 281,2222, 225,1595, 245,1283 e 351,2385 g/mol para os monômeros (1), (2), (3), (4) e TMA, respectivamente. A cinética de polimerização do TMA e dos adesivos experimentais contendo 2-hidroxietil acrilamida (HEAA) ou 2-hidroxietil metacrilato (HEMA) com as seguintes formulações foram investigadas por meio de DSC-PCA, n=3: TMA33%/HEAA66%, TMA50%/HEAA50%, TMA66%/HEAA33%, TMA50%/HEMA50%, BisGMA/HEAA/TMA e BisGMA/HEMA.Características e propriedades mecânicas das resinas adesivas BisGMA/HEAA/TMA e BisGMA/HEMA foram avaliadas por resistência coesiva (UTS, n=5), degradação em solvente (ΔKHN, n=5), ângulo de contato (n=5), microtração (μTBS, n=20) e análise de fratura. Um primer a base de acrilamidas foi desenvolvido (H2O/HEAA/AMPS) (2-acrylamida-2-methilpropano ácido sulfônico) para ser utilizado no grupo experimental com metacrilamidas. Os valores de pH e ângulo de contato do primer experimental foram comparados com o primer do ScotchBond Multi-purpose (grupo controle). O monômero (1) resultou em um monômero amarelo claro de baixa viscosidade, entretanto, não apresentou foto ou termopolimerização. A energia de ativação determinada pelo método de Kissinger foi – 165,8 kJmol-1; -182,7 kJmol-1 e -156,7 kJmol-1 para os monômeros (2), (3) e (4), respectivamente. Sistemas adesivos convencionais de três passos a base de metacrilamidas e a base de metacrilatos foram desenvolvidos. Resinas adesivas contendo somente HEAA e TMA (TMA33%/HEAA66%, TMA50%/HEAA50%, TMA66%/HEAA33%) apresentaram grau de conversão abaixo de 40% após 40 s de fotoativação. Alto grau de conversão (acima de 60%) só foi encontrado para as resinas adesivas BisGMA/HEAA/TMA e BisGMA/HEMA e sem diferença significativa entre elas, p>0,05. Os valores de UTS (BisGMA/HEMA- 67,7 ±5 MPa e BisGMA/HEAA/TMA- 60,5 ±7 MPa), μTBS (BisGMA/HEMA- 57 ± 14 MPa e BisGMA/HEAA/TMA- 53,1 ±15 MPa) e ângulo de contato (BisGMA/HEMA- 39,5 ±9 e BisGMA/HEAA/TMA- 46,7 ±15) não apresentaram diferença estatística, p>0.05. O primer experimental apresentou um valor pH mais baixo (2,7) bem como de ângulo de contato (18,5 ±5) em relação ao comercial (pH-4 e θ-33,5 ±4). A síntese proposta para os monômeros (1), (2), (3), (4) e TMA foi caracterizada nesse trabalho. Um primer somente com acrilamidas foi desenvolvido e a presença do novo monômero TMA na resina adesiva BisGMA/HEAA permitiu a formulação de um sistema adesivo convencional de três passos sem a presença do monômero HEMA. / The aim of this study was synthesized and characterizes methacrylamides monomers, development, characterizer and evaluated the properties of 3-step etch-and-rise adhesive system. Bis(methacrylamide)s and tris(methacrylamide) were synthesized. The monomer structures were confirmed by 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), Ultra-high liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC). Four bis(methacrylamide)s monomers (1) N,N’-(propane-1,3-diyl)bis(N-ethyl-2-methylacrylamide), (2) N,N’-(octane-1,8-diyl)bis(2-methylacrylamide), (3) N,N’-(butane-1,4-diyl)bis(2-methacrylamide) and (4) N,N’-(1,4 phenylene)bis(2-methylacrylamide) and one tris(methacrylamide), TMA, were synthesized. All IR spectra of the monomers showed the C=C axial deformation at 1610 cm-1. The 1H NMR spectra the olefinic hydrogens were observed at 5.3 an 5.8 ppm and in the 13C NMR, the vinylic carbons at 120 and 140 ppm. The exact m/z values were: 267.2068, 281.2222, 225.1595, 245.1283 and 351.2385 g/mol for monomers (1), (2), (3), (4) and TMA respectively. Monomer (1) not presented photo (DSC-PCA) or thermal polymerization. The activation energy determined using Kissinger methodology was: - 165.8 kJmol-1; -182.7 kJmol-1 and -156.7 kJmol-1 for monomers (2), (3) and (4), respectively. 3-step adhesive systems with methacrylamides and methcrylates were development. Kinetics of photopolymerization of TMA and experimental adhesive resin containing 2-hydroxyethylacrylamide (HEAA) or 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) in the following formulations: (TMA 33%/HEAA 66%, TMA 50%/HEAA 50%, TMA66%/HEAA33%, TMA50%/HEMA50%, BisGMA66%/HEAA24%/TMA10% and BisGMA66%/HEMA33%) were investigated through DSC-PCA. Characteristics and mechanical properties for BisGMA 66%/HEAA 24%/TMA 10% and BisGMA 66%/HEMA 33% adhesives were evaluated with ultimate tensile strength (UTS, n=5), softening in solvent (ΔKHN, n=5), contact angle (n=5), microtensile bond strength (μTBS, n=20) and failure analysis. A primer was also formulated with H2O/HEAA/AMPS (2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid) and the pH and contact angle value were verified and compared to commercial ScotchBond primer. Adhesive resin with HEAA and TMA (TMA33%/HEAA66%, TMA50%/HEAA50%, TMA66%/HEAA33%) showed lower conversion and polymerization rate after 40 s of light activation. Higher conversion (up to 60%) was found for BisGMA/HEAA/TMA and BisGMA/HEMA adhesive resin without significant difference between adhesive resin, p>0.05. UTS (BisGMA/HEMA- 67.7 ±5 MPa e BisGMA/HEAA/TMA- 60.5 ±7 MPa), immediate μTBS (BisGMA/HEMA- 57 ± 14 MPa e BisGMA/HEAA/TMA- 53.1 ±15 MPa), ΔKHN (BisGMA/HEMA- 56 ± 7 e BisGMA/HEAA/TMA- 64 ±4) and contact angle (BisGMA/HEMA- 39.5 ±9 e BisGMA/HEAA/TMA- 46.7 ±15) showed no statistical difference, p>0.05. The experimental primer presented more acidity pH (2.7) and lower contact angle (18.5 ±5) when compared to commercial primer (pH- 4 e θ- 33.5 ±4). A new acrylamide based-primer was formulated and the presence of the new tris(methacrylamide) monomer (TMA) was enable the preparation of a 3-step etch-and-rise adhesive system without HEMA monomer.

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