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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Modélisation du fonctionnement d’un gyrolaser He-Ne de très haute précision / Modelling the operation of a very high precision He-Ne ring laser gyro

Macé, Jean-Sébastien 21 July 2014 (has links)
Les gyromètres laser He-Ne sont des senseurs inertiels dont la fiabilité et la précision sont reconnues depuis le milieu des années 1980. Leur grande sensibilité leur permet de mesurer des vitesses de rotation avec une précision qui atteint 10⁻³ °/ h dans le domaine aéronautique. Cependant, du fait d’un fonctionnement complexe basé sur une physique riche et variée, ses performances sont fortement dépendantes des conditions de fonctionnement et de toute modification du processus de fabrication. Dans ce cas, un travail de modélisation prend tout son sens, puisqu’il permet, outre une compréhension claire et précise des différents phénomènes physiques, un accès à des études paramétriques non envisageables expérimentalement. La modélisation globale du fonctionnement d’un gyrolaser He-Ne a ainsi été l’objectif principal de la collaboration entre la société Sagem (groupe Safran), un des leaders mondiaux dans le domaine des senseurs inertiels, et le Laboratoire de Physique des Gaz et des Plasmas (LPGP). Cette modélisation est « multiphysique » du fait de la diversité des domaines que couvre la physique du gyrolaser (Plasma, Physique Atomique, Lasers). C’est pourquoi nous avons développé trois modèles spécifiquement adaptés à chaque domaine. Le premier décrit la modélisation de la colonne positive du plasma de décharge dans une approche fluide. Ce modèle permet une description quantitative du plasma et l’accès aux grandeurs telles que la densité électronique et la fonction de distribution en énergie des électrons. Ces grandeurs sont les entrées nécessaires au second modèle qui traite la cinétique des états excités du plasma He-Ne. Un modèle collisionnel-radiatif à 1 dimension radiale (1D-CRM) a ainsi été développé. L’aspect 1D se justifie par l’importance des phénomènes de transport d’atomes et de rayonnement pouvant influer sur le profil radial de l’inversion de population du laser. Le transfert radiatif par auto-absorption des transitions radiatives résonantes a notamment été modélisé en résolvant l’équation de Holstein-Biberman à partir d’une méthode Monte-Carlo. Cet aspect constitue un élément majeur de ce travail de thèse. La diffusion des atomes excités du mélange He-Ne a également été prise en compte en résolvant l’équation de diffusion avec différentes conditions au bord à la surface du capillaire.A partir des populations et des taux cinétiques de peuplement et dépeuplement calculés par 1D-CRM, l’amplification laser dans la cavité a été modélisée dans le cadre d’une approche Maxwell-Bloch à 2 niveaux (NADIA) en incluant la saturation inhomogène du gain c’est-à-dire en tenant compte de la vitesse des atomes émetteurs dans la direction de propagation des faisceaux lasers. La cinétique de NADIA a été optimisée et les processus de transports dans l’espace des phases ont également été implémentés. Ce modèle a été utilisé pour étudier les performances du gyrolaser liées au milieu amplificateur et pour dériver les paramètres physiques nécessaires au développement d’un simulateur du gyrolaser.Dans ce simulateur, un modèle physique simplifié dérivé de NADIA, a été couplé à des modules « systèmes » dans le but de reproduire en sortie le signal opérationnel d’un gyrolaser. Ceci nous a permis de réaliser des études paramétriques sur les grandeurs caractérisant les performances d’un gyrolaser notamment le biais dynamique et le Random-Walk. Nous montrons en particulier que les performances de notre simulateur sont en bon accord avec celles observées en conditions opérationnelles. De plus, nos résultats montrent que ce simulateur est également un outil puissant pour l’analyse de données expérimentales. / Ring laser gyros (RLG) are inertial sensors whose reliability and accuracy have been recognised since the mid-1980s. Their high sensitivity enables them to measure angular velocity with an accuracy of 10⁻³ °/ h in aeronautics. However, because of a complex functioning based on a rich and varied physics, their performances are highly dependent on the working conditions and on any modification in the manufacturing process. In this case, a numerical modelling is pertinent since it allows both a clear understanding of the ring laser physics and parametric studies which are not experimentally feasible. The global modelling of a He-Ne RLG has been the main objective of the collaboration between Sagem (Safran group), which is one of the world leader in the inertial sensors field, and the Gas and Plasma Physics Laboratory (LPGP).This modelling is “multi-physics” since RLG physics involves several disciplines (plasma, atomic and laser physics). Therefore we have developed three models specifically adapted to each field. The first one describes the modelling of the positive column of the glow discharge following a fluid approach. This model allows a quantitative description of the plasma and gives access to fundamental quantities like the electron density or the electron energy distribution function. These quantities are the required inputs for the second model which treats the kinetics of the excited states inside the He-Ne plasma. For this, a collisional-radiative model in a radial geometry (1D-CRM) has been developed. The radial geometry is justified by the importance of the transport processes of atoms and radiations which can influence the radial profile of the population inversion. Notably, the radiative transfer by self-absorption of the resonant radiative transitions has been modelled by solving the Holstein-Biberman equation by a Monte-Carlo method. This aspect is a major component of this PhD work. Diffusion of excited atoms inside the plasma has also been taken into account by solving the diffusion equation with different boundary conditions at the capillary surface. From the populations and the kinetic rates computed by 1D-CRM, the laser amplification inside the cavity has been modelled using a two-level Maxwell-Bloch approach (NADIA) taking into account the inhomogeneous gain saturation, which means to consider the thermal speed of the atoms in the direction of propagation of the laser beams. The kinetics of NADIA has been optimized and transport processes in the phase space have also been implemented. This model has been used to study the performances of the RLG linked to the amplifying medium and to derive the physical parameters needed for the development of a simulator.Concerning this simulator, a simplified physical model from NADIA has been coupled to system modules in order to reproduce the operating signal of a RLG. This allows to conduct parametric studies on the quantities defining the RLG performance in particular the dynamic bias and the so-called “Random Walk”. We showed notably that the results of our simulator are in good agreement with experimental measurements in operating conditions. Moreover, our results show that this simulator is a powerful tool for analysing experimental data.
52

Experimental study and numerical simulations of the spectral properties of XUV lasers pumped by collisional excitation / Etude expérimentale et simulations numériques des propriétés spectrales de lasers X pompés par excitation collisionnelle

Meng, Limin 20 December 2012 (has links)
La caractérisation spectrale détaillée des lasers XUV générés dans des plasmas est un enjeu important des projets actuels de développement qui visent à augmenter la puissance crête de ces sources. En effet les propriétés spectrales de ces lasers conditionnent d'autres propriétés importantes, telle que la durée minimum accessible (limite de Fourier). La plus courte durée actuellement démontrée expérimentalement est de 1 picoseconde. La technique d'injection d'un plasma de laser XUV avec une impulsion femtoseconde de rayonnement harmonique d'ordre élevé offre des perspectives très prometteuses pour réduire la durée d'impulsion jusqu'à quelques 100 femtosecondes, pourvu que l'on sache maintenir une bande spectrale de gain suffisamment large.Les lasers XUV pompés par excitation collisionnelle dans des ions néonoïdes et nickeloïdes ont été développés dans des plasmas chauds créés aussi bien par décharge électrique rapide que par différents types de lasers de puissance. On a ainsi accès à une large variété de sources lasers XUV, qui diffèrent par les caractéristiques du faisceau émis, mais aussi par les paramètres du plasma (densité, température) dans la zone de gain. On peut donc s'attendre à des propriétés spectrales différentes. Le but du travail que nous présentons est d'étudier les propriétés spectrales des différents types de lasers XUV collisionnels existants, et d'évaluer leur capacité à amplifier des impulsions de durée inférieure à 1 picoseconde, dans un mode injecté.La caractérisation spectrale des lasers XUV est expérimentalement difficile parce que la résolution spectrale nécessaire (∆λ/λ ~10-5) n'est pas accessible avec les meilleurs spectromètres actuels. Dans notre étude, nous avons atteint cette résolution en mesurant la cohérence temporelle de la source à l'aide d'un interféromètre à division de front d'onde, spécifiquement conçu pour ces mesures, à partir desquelles largeur spectrale peut être déduite.Nous avons caractérisé trois types de lasers XUV collisionnels, développés dans trois laboratoires différents: pompage transitoire dans le molybdène nickeloïde, pompage par décharge électrique dans l'argon néonoïde et pompage quasi-stationnaire dans le zinc néonoïde. Dans chaque cas la cohérence temporelle a été mesurée précisément. De plus nous avons étudié l'effet de la saturation de l'amplification et (pour le Ni-like Mo) l'influence du mode injecté. Nous avons également étudié le comportement temporel du laser transitoire Ni-like Mo à l'aide d'une caméra streak X ultra-rapide. Nos mesures spectrales sont comparées à des résultats de simulations numériques prenant en compte les différents mécanismes d'élargissement ainsi que les effets de transfert radiatif. Nous avons étudié l'évolution du profil spectral avec l'amplification et la saturation, et nous avons évalué les limites de Fourier correspondantes.Le temps de cohérence le plus court (ie la largeur spectrale la plus grande) est mesuré pour le laser XUV quasi-stationnaire, qui correspond au plasma qui a la plus forte densité et la plus forte température ionique. / Improving the knowledge of the spectral and temporal properties of plasma-based XUV lasers is an important issue for the ongoing development of these sources towards significantly higher peak power. The spectral properties of the XUV laser line actually control several physical quantities that are important for applications, such as the minimum duration that can be achieved (Fourier-transform limit). The shortest duration experimentally achieved to-date is ~1 picosecond. The demonstrated technique of seeding XUV laser plasmas with a coherent femtosecond pulse of high-order harmonic radiation opens new and promising prospects to reduce the duration to a few 100 fs, provided that the gain bandwidth can be kept large enough.XUV lasers pumped by collisional excitation of Ni-like and Ne-like ions have been developed worldwide in hot plasmas created either by fast electrical discharge, or by various types of high-power lasers. This leads to a variety of XUV laser sources with distinct output properties, but also markedly different plasma parameters (density, temperature) in the amplification zone. Hence different spectral properties are expected. The purpose of our work was then to investigate the spectral behaviour of the different types of existing collisional excitation XUV lasers, and to evaluate their potential to support amplification of pulses with duration below 1 ps in a seeded mode.The spectral characterization of plasma-based XUV lasers is challenging because the extremely narrow bandwidth (typically ∆λ/λ ~10-5) lies beyond the resolution limit of existing spectrometers in this spectral range. In our work the narrow linewidth was resolved using a wavefront-division interferometer specifically designed to measure temporal coherence, from which the spectral linewidth is inferred. We have characterized three types of collisional XUV lasers, developed in three different laboratories: transient pumping in Ni-like Mo, capillary discharge pumping in Ne-like Ar and quasi-steady state pumping in Ne-like Zn. Besides the accurate measurement of the temporal coherence of the laser in each case, we have studied the spectral behaviour when the laser is operated in the saturation regime and (in Ni-like Mo) when it is seeded with high-order harmonic radiation. We have also investigated the temporal behaviour of the Ni-like Mo transient XUV laser, using an ultrafast X-ray streak camera. Our linewidth measurements are compared with detailed numerical calculations including relevant broadening mechanisms as well as radiative transfer effects. The evolution of the spectral profile with amplification and saturation was studied for different plasma parameters, and corresponding Fourier-transform limit duration were evaluated.The shortest temporal coherence (ie the largest bandwidth) is measured for the quasi-steady state pumping XUV laser, which operates at the highest density and ionic temperature.
53

Theoretical Investigation Of Laser Produced Ni-like Sn Plasma

Yurdanur, Elif 01 September 2006 (has links) (PDF)
In this thesis, theoretical investigation of nickel-like tin plasma is presented. X-ray production in a plasma medium produced by a laser beam is reviewed. Applications mostly, lithography are discussed. Two different schemes for x-ray lasing, namely, quasi-steady state and transient collisional excitation are explained and compared. The computer codes that are used for plasma, especially for laser produced plasma and x-ray laser including hydrodynamic codes, ray-trace codes and collisional radiative codes are discussed. The code used in this work, EHYBRID, is considered in more detail. An experimental setup which can allow x-ray lasing is designed for different plasma and laser parameters are analyzed by means of EHYBRID code. Results are briefly discussed and as a future work the realization of the related experiment is mentioned.
54

Geological and geophysical characterization of accretionary and collisional systems : the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and the Bohemian Massif

Guy, Alexandra 14 December 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Large-scale accretionary and collisional crustal orogenic architecture is studied combining structural geology, lithostratigraphy, geochronology and magmatic petrology with gravity, magnetic and seismic data. This multidisciplinary approach allows characterizing the structure and composition of the orogenic crust in two accretionary-collisional systems. The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) constituting one third of the Asia continent and the Bohemian Massif are two Palaeozoic orogens formed by accretion followed by collision. It is proposed that the CAOB formed by successive Paleozoic accretion of oceanic and continental fragments followed by a late Palaeozoic to early Mesozoic N-S convergence of North Chinese and Siberian Cratons. The comparison between the potential fields and the geological data reveals an incorrect compartmentalization into different lithostratigraphic terranes. In contrast to geology the geophysical approach allows the analysis of the crustal structures on a complete thickness of crustal column. This thesis presents a compilation of geological data combined with unique gravity and magnetic results which are integrated into a preliminary model for the architecture of the continental crust. Conversely, an important collection of complementary data is available for the Bohemian Massif, allow more precise 3D geophysical forward modeling. In this area, geophysical data reveal the occurrence of an allochtonous lower crustal layer with a felsic composition. This indicates that the Variscan orogenic crust actually resulted from the accretion of contrasted crustal fragments.
55

Estudo integrado do Granito Corre-Mar, SC. geologia estrutural, petrologia, geocronologia e geoquímica isotópica

Martini, Amós January 2014 (has links)
O estágio pós-colisional Neoproterozoico no sul do Brasil é marcado por intenso magmatismo granítico controlado por zonas de cisalhamento transcorrentes, relacionadas ao Cinturão de Cisalhamento Sul-brasileiro (CCSb). O CCSb controlou a ascensão e o posicionamento de magmas crustais e mantélicos. Neste contexto, O Granito Corre-mar (GCM) representa uma pequena intrusão posicionado em uma zona de baixa deformação localizada entre dois importantes segmentos do CCSb: as Zonas de Cisalhamento Major Gercino e Itajaí- Perimbó. O GCM possui um diagnóstico par de foliações subevetical que forma um par S-C sinistral, presente em todas as intrusões, independentemente do tamanho, e foi posicionado em um sistema conjugado, onde um cisalhamento sinistral de direção NNE, e uma extensão na direção NW-SE, gerando espaço ao longo da direção NE. Deformação de estado sólido associada ao cisalhamento NNE é atestado por microestruturas como recristalização de feldspatos e caudas de recristalização assimétricas. A abertura é atribuída à dinâmica regional destral transcorrente das zonas de cisalhamento Major Gercino e Itajaí-Perimbó, sendo que o posicionamento foi controlado essencialmente pela componente de estensão NW-SE. A idade de cristalização em zircão U-Pb LAMC- ICP-MS do GCM de 615 ± 4 Ma, muito próxima a outros granitos regionais, como as idades de 611 Ma do Granito Serra dos Macacos (GSM) e de 620 Ma do Granito Rio Pequeno (GRP) sugere que esses três corpos graníticos são sincrônicos. As fortes feições de deformação presents no GCM, diferentemente dos granitos Neoproterozoicos próximos, demonstra que o espaço, mais do que o tempo, pode explicar a diferença dos padrões estruturais identificados no GCM. Assinaturas geoquímicas e de isótopos de Sr-Nd, como caráter levemente peraluminoso, altos conteúdos de K, altas razões de ETRL/ETRP, moderados conteúdos de Rb, Nb, Zr e ETR em relação à SiO2, juntamente com baixas razões de 86Sr/87Sri e valores de εNdt fortemente negativos, indicam que o GCM é derivado de fontes crustais antigas, possivelmente relacionadas à rochas quartzofeldspáticas ortognáissicas Paleoproterozoicas do Complexo Camboriú. A relaçãodas das idades das heranças Arqueanas a Paleoproterozoicas do GCM com as idades dos eventos de migmatização identificados no Complexo Camboriú, além da relação das idades de cristalização de ~615-611 Ma dos granitos crustais da área com o último evento de migmatização em 640-610, reforça a conexão genética entre eles. As idades TDM paleoproterozoicas, as assinaturas geoquímicas e isotópicas, a cristalização e as idades de heranças do GCM e do GSM atestam que eles representam pulsos graníticos contemporâneos e comagmáticos, com uma conexão genética com o evento de migmatização Neoproterozoico do Complexo Camboriú. / The Neoproterozoic post-collisional stage in south Brazil is marked by intense granitic magmatism controlled by transcurrent shear zones all related to the Southern Brazilian Shear Belt (SBSB). The SBSB controls the ascent and emplacement of crustal and mantle magmas. In such scenario, the Corre-mar Granite (CMG), represent a small intrusion emplaced in a low strain zone located between two important segments of the SBSB: the Major Gercino and Itajaí-Perimbó Shear Zones. The CMG have a diagnostic subvertical foliation pair that form a sinistral S-C pair, present in all intrusions regardless of their size, and was emplaced within a conjugate system, where sinistral NNE shearing and NW-SE extension were both active, generating space along the NE direction. Solid state deformation associated to the NNE shearing is attested by microstructures as feldspar recrystallization and asymmetric recrystallization tails. The opening is attributed to the regional dextral transcurrent dynamics of the Major Gercino and Itajaí-Perimbó shear zones and magma emplacement was essentially conditioned by the NW extension component. The zircon U-Pb LA-MC-ICP-MS crystallization age of CMG at 615 ± 4 Ma, very close to other regional granites, as the 611 Ma Serra dos Macacos (SMG) and 620 Ma Rio Pequeno Granite (RPG) points these three granitic bodies as quite synchronous. The strong deformation features present in the CMG, as opposed to the other nearby Neoproterozoic granites (RPG and SMG) demonstrate that space, rather than time, must be called upon to explain the difference in the structural patterns identified in the CMG. Geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic signatures, as slight peraluminous character, high-K contents, high LREE/HREE ratios, moderate Rb, Nb, Zr, and REE contents to regular SiO2, together with low 86Sr/87Sri and the strongly negative εNdt values indicate that the CMG is derived from old crustal sources possibly related to the Paleoproterozoic Camboriú Complex quartz-feldspatic orto-gneissic rocks. The match of the Archean to Paleoproterozoic inheritance ages of the CMG with the migmatization event ages identified in the Camboriú Complex and moreover the match of the crystallization ages of ~615-611 Ma of the crustalderived granites with the last migmatization event at 640-610 Ma reinforces the genetic link between them. The Paleoproterozoic TDM ages, the geochemical and isotopic signatures, the crystallization and inheritance ages resemblance of the CMG and the SMG attest that they represent comagmatic and contemporaneous granitic pulses with a genetic connection with the Neoproterozoic migmatization event in the Camboriu Complex.
56

O Complexo máfico-ultramáfico Mata Grande, São Sepé, RS : petrologia e geocronologia

Simões, Matheus Silva January 2014 (has links)
O Complexo Máfico-Ultramáfico Mata Grande (CMG), localizado no município de São Sepé, porção NW do Escudo Sul-Rio-Grandense, é uma intrusão máfico-ultramáfica com cerca de 5 km2 que mantém contatos através de falhas normais com gnaisses do Complexo Cambaí ao SW e ao SE, e com as rochas sedimentares da Bacia do Paraná ao N. O contato com os xistos magnesianos e serpentinitos do Complexo Arroio Lajeadinho situados ao leste é intrusivo. Foram descritas três unidades de rochas cumuláticas: Unidade Máfica (UM), Unidade Ultramáfica (UUM) e Unidade Transicional (UT). A principal estrutura primária é um acamamento composicional/textural milimétrico a centimétrico e uma intercalação de camadas das unidades em escalas de afloramento e regional. As rochas da UM cristalizaram a partir da acumulação de cristais de plagioclásio e, em menor proporção, de olivina, além de fases minerais intercúmulus, que representam de 24% a 41% de líquido intersticial aprisionado nesta acumulação. Na UT, a acumulação de plagioclásio e olivina ocorreu em proporções muito próximas, com uma menor proporção do líquido aprisionado (cerca de 15%). As amostras da UUM evidenciam uma acumulação principal de olivina com plagioclásio intercúmulus mais uma proporção do líquido intersticial (20%). Todas as unidades do CMG são afetadas pelo metamorfismo de contato causado pelo Granito São Sepé, sob condições de temperatura equivalentes às das fácies albita-epidoto hornfels e hornblenda hornfels. Os dados de geoquímica em rocha total mostraram anomalias positivas de Ba e Sr e negativas de Nb para todas as amostras, indicando metassomatismo na fonte. O efeito da acumulação não exerce influência no comportamento destes elementos, tendo em vista a ausência de fases minerais com afinidade química para comportá-los. Os padrões de ETR são mais coerentes com trends cumuláticos. No entanto, a anomalia de Eu conspícua que ocorre nos cumulados de plagioclásio e mais acentuada nos cumulados de olivina sugere um enriquecimento prévio de Eu no magma. Os dados de U-Pb em zircões obtidos por LA-ICP-MS forneceram idades de zircões herdados das rochas (metavulcânicas do Complexo Bossoroca, 800-750 Ma; ortognaisses do Complexo Cambaí, 720 Ma; e granitóides da Suíte Lagoa da Meia-Lua, 680 Ma) e uma idade de cristalização magmática para o CMG (667.8 ± 3.3 Ma). Os dados de geoquímica e geocronologia favorecem a hipótese de um ambiente pós-colisional para a cristalização e colocação do Complexo Mata Grande. Processos de delaminação litosférica tais como slabbreakoff são sugeridos como fonte de calor para o magmatismo máfico pós-colisional. A placa oceanic partiu-se após a subducção abaixo do Arco de São Gabriel e a colisão com o Complexo Encantadas (2,2 Ga), um fragmento do Cráton Rio de La Plata, durante um periodo de extenso magmatismo juvenil associado à amalgamação do Supercontinente Godwana Ocidental. / The Mata Grande Mafíc-Ultramafic Complex (MGC), located at São Sepé municipality, NW portion of the Sul-Rio-Grandense Shield, is a 5 km2 mafic-ultramafic intrusion which maintains contacts by normal faults southwest with the gneisses of the Cambaí Complex and in north with the sedimentary rocks of the Paraná Basin. The contact southeast with magnesian schists and serpentinites of the Arroio Lajeadinho Complex is intrusive. Three cumulatic rock unities were described: Mafic Unit (MU), Ultramafic Unit (UMU) and Transicional Unit (TU). Preserved primary structures are composicional/textural millimetric to centimetric layering with no mineral lineation, outcrop scale intercalation and regional intercalation. UM rocks crystallized from accumulation of plagioclase crystals and, in less proportion, olivine crystals, and also from intercumulus phases, representing 24% - 41% of the interstitial trapped liquid in the accumulation. In UT, plagioclase and olivine accumulation occurred in very close proportions, with a minor trapped liquid proportion (~ 15%). UUM samples shows olivine principal accumulation with intercumulus plagioclase plus trapped liquid (20%). All CMG units are affected by contact metamorphism caused by São Sepé Granite, under albite-epidote hornfels and hornblende hornfels temperature conditions. Geochemical data are presented and Ba, Nb and Sr anomalies indicate previous metassomatism in the source. Accumulation effect on those anomalies is absent or has little influence, since there are no mineral phases capable to hold these elements in studied rocks. REE patterns are more consistent with cumulate trends. However, conspicuous Eu positive anomaly in the plagioclase cumulates and more accentuated in olivine accumulates suggests that there was an Eu enrichment in the magma. U-Pb zircon data obtained by in situ LA-ICP-MS yielded ages of inherited zircons from surrounding igneous and metamorphic rocks (Bossoroca Complex metavolcanic, 800- 750 Ma; Cambaí Complex orthogneiss, 720 Ma; and Lagoa da Meia-Lua Suite granitoids, 680 Ma) and a magmatic crystallization age for the MGC (667.8 ± 3.3 Ma). Either geochemical and isotope data allied with field relationships favor the hypothesis of a post-collisional environment for Mata Grande Complex crystallization and emplacement. Lithospheric delamination process such as slab-breakoff is suggested as source of heat for post-collisional mafic magmatism. The oceanic plate has broken down after subduction under São Gabriel Arc and its collision with 2,2 Ga Encantadas Complex, a Rio de La Plata Craton Fragment, in a extensive period of juvenile magmatism associated to Western Godwana Supercontinent amalgamation.
57

Estudo integrado do Granito Corre-Mar, SC. geologia estrutural, petrologia, geocronologia e geoquímica isotópica

Martini, Amós January 2014 (has links)
O estágio pós-colisional Neoproterozoico no sul do Brasil é marcado por intenso magmatismo granítico controlado por zonas de cisalhamento transcorrentes, relacionadas ao Cinturão de Cisalhamento Sul-brasileiro (CCSb). O CCSb controlou a ascensão e o posicionamento de magmas crustais e mantélicos. Neste contexto, O Granito Corre-mar (GCM) representa uma pequena intrusão posicionado em uma zona de baixa deformação localizada entre dois importantes segmentos do CCSb: as Zonas de Cisalhamento Major Gercino e Itajaí- Perimbó. O GCM possui um diagnóstico par de foliações subevetical que forma um par S-C sinistral, presente em todas as intrusões, independentemente do tamanho, e foi posicionado em um sistema conjugado, onde um cisalhamento sinistral de direção NNE, e uma extensão na direção NW-SE, gerando espaço ao longo da direção NE. Deformação de estado sólido associada ao cisalhamento NNE é atestado por microestruturas como recristalização de feldspatos e caudas de recristalização assimétricas. A abertura é atribuída à dinâmica regional destral transcorrente das zonas de cisalhamento Major Gercino e Itajaí-Perimbó, sendo que o posicionamento foi controlado essencialmente pela componente de estensão NW-SE. A idade de cristalização em zircão U-Pb LAMC- ICP-MS do GCM de 615 ± 4 Ma, muito próxima a outros granitos regionais, como as idades de 611 Ma do Granito Serra dos Macacos (GSM) e de 620 Ma do Granito Rio Pequeno (GRP) sugere que esses três corpos graníticos são sincrônicos. As fortes feições de deformação presents no GCM, diferentemente dos granitos Neoproterozoicos próximos, demonstra que o espaço, mais do que o tempo, pode explicar a diferença dos padrões estruturais identificados no GCM. Assinaturas geoquímicas e de isótopos de Sr-Nd, como caráter levemente peraluminoso, altos conteúdos de K, altas razões de ETRL/ETRP, moderados conteúdos de Rb, Nb, Zr e ETR em relação à SiO2, juntamente com baixas razões de 86Sr/87Sri e valores de εNdt fortemente negativos, indicam que o GCM é derivado de fontes crustais antigas, possivelmente relacionadas à rochas quartzofeldspáticas ortognáissicas Paleoproterozoicas do Complexo Camboriú. A relaçãodas das idades das heranças Arqueanas a Paleoproterozoicas do GCM com as idades dos eventos de migmatização identificados no Complexo Camboriú, além da relação das idades de cristalização de ~615-611 Ma dos granitos crustais da área com o último evento de migmatização em 640-610, reforça a conexão genética entre eles. As idades TDM paleoproterozoicas, as assinaturas geoquímicas e isotópicas, a cristalização e as idades de heranças do GCM e do GSM atestam que eles representam pulsos graníticos contemporâneos e comagmáticos, com uma conexão genética com o evento de migmatização Neoproterozoico do Complexo Camboriú. / The Neoproterozoic post-collisional stage in south Brazil is marked by intense granitic magmatism controlled by transcurrent shear zones all related to the Southern Brazilian Shear Belt (SBSB). The SBSB controls the ascent and emplacement of crustal and mantle magmas. In such scenario, the Corre-mar Granite (CMG), represent a small intrusion emplaced in a low strain zone located between two important segments of the SBSB: the Major Gercino and Itajaí-Perimbó Shear Zones. The CMG have a diagnostic subvertical foliation pair that form a sinistral S-C pair, present in all intrusions regardless of their size, and was emplaced within a conjugate system, where sinistral NNE shearing and NW-SE extension were both active, generating space along the NE direction. Solid state deformation associated to the NNE shearing is attested by microstructures as feldspar recrystallization and asymmetric recrystallization tails. The opening is attributed to the regional dextral transcurrent dynamics of the Major Gercino and Itajaí-Perimbó shear zones and magma emplacement was essentially conditioned by the NW extension component. The zircon U-Pb LA-MC-ICP-MS crystallization age of CMG at 615 ± 4 Ma, very close to other regional granites, as the 611 Ma Serra dos Macacos (SMG) and 620 Ma Rio Pequeno Granite (RPG) points these three granitic bodies as quite synchronous. The strong deformation features present in the CMG, as opposed to the other nearby Neoproterozoic granites (RPG and SMG) demonstrate that space, rather than time, must be called upon to explain the difference in the structural patterns identified in the CMG. Geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic signatures, as slight peraluminous character, high-K contents, high LREE/HREE ratios, moderate Rb, Nb, Zr, and REE contents to regular SiO2, together with low 86Sr/87Sri and the strongly negative εNdt values indicate that the CMG is derived from old crustal sources possibly related to the Paleoproterozoic Camboriú Complex quartz-feldspatic orto-gneissic rocks. The match of the Archean to Paleoproterozoic inheritance ages of the CMG with the migmatization event ages identified in the Camboriú Complex and moreover the match of the crystallization ages of ~615-611 Ma of the crustalderived granites with the last migmatization event at 640-610 Ma reinforces the genetic link between them. The Paleoproterozoic TDM ages, the geochemical and isotopic signatures, the crystallization and inheritance ages resemblance of the CMG and the SMG attest that they represent comagmatic and contemporaneous granitic pulses with a genetic connection with the Neoproterozoic migmatization event in the Camboriu Complex.
58

O Complexo máfico-ultramáfico Mata Grande, São Sepé, RS : petrologia e geocronologia

Simões, Matheus Silva January 2014 (has links)
O Complexo Máfico-Ultramáfico Mata Grande (CMG), localizado no município de São Sepé, porção NW do Escudo Sul-Rio-Grandense, é uma intrusão máfico-ultramáfica com cerca de 5 km2 que mantém contatos através de falhas normais com gnaisses do Complexo Cambaí ao SW e ao SE, e com as rochas sedimentares da Bacia do Paraná ao N. O contato com os xistos magnesianos e serpentinitos do Complexo Arroio Lajeadinho situados ao leste é intrusivo. Foram descritas três unidades de rochas cumuláticas: Unidade Máfica (UM), Unidade Ultramáfica (UUM) e Unidade Transicional (UT). A principal estrutura primária é um acamamento composicional/textural milimétrico a centimétrico e uma intercalação de camadas das unidades em escalas de afloramento e regional. As rochas da UM cristalizaram a partir da acumulação de cristais de plagioclásio e, em menor proporção, de olivina, além de fases minerais intercúmulus, que representam de 24% a 41% de líquido intersticial aprisionado nesta acumulação. Na UT, a acumulação de plagioclásio e olivina ocorreu em proporções muito próximas, com uma menor proporção do líquido aprisionado (cerca de 15%). As amostras da UUM evidenciam uma acumulação principal de olivina com plagioclásio intercúmulus mais uma proporção do líquido intersticial (20%). Todas as unidades do CMG são afetadas pelo metamorfismo de contato causado pelo Granito São Sepé, sob condições de temperatura equivalentes às das fácies albita-epidoto hornfels e hornblenda hornfels. Os dados de geoquímica em rocha total mostraram anomalias positivas de Ba e Sr e negativas de Nb para todas as amostras, indicando metassomatismo na fonte. O efeito da acumulação não exerce influência no comportamento destes elementos, tendo em vista a ausência de fases minerais com afinidade química para comportá-los. Os padrões de ETR são mais coerentes com trends cumuláticos. No entanto, a anomalia de Eu conspícua que ocorre nos cumulados de plagioclásio e mais acentuada nos cumulados de olivina sugere um enriquecimento prévio de Eu no magma. Os dados de U-Pb em zircões obtidos por LA-ICP-MS forneceram idades de zircões herdados das rochas (metavulcânicas do Complexo Bossoroca, 800-750 Ma; ortognaisses do Complexo Cambaí, 720 Ma; e granitóides da Suíte Lagoa da Meia-Lua, 680 Ma) e uma idade de cristalização magmática para o CMG (667.8 ± 3.3 Ma). Os dados de geoquímica e geocronologia favorecem a hipótese de um ambiente pós-colisional para a cristalização e colocação do Complexo Mata Grande. Processos de delaminação litosférica tais como slabbreakoff são sugeridos como fonte de calor para o magmatismo máfico pós-colisional. A placa oceanic partiu-se após a subducção abaixo do Arco de São Gabriel e a colisão com o Complexo Encantadas (2,2 Ga), um fragmento do Cráton Rio de La Plata, durante um periodo de extenso magmatismo juvenil associado à amalgamação do Supercontinente Godwana Ocidental. / The Mata Grande Mafíc-Ultramafic Complex (MGC), located at São Sepé municipality, NW portion of the Sul-Rio-Grandense Shield, is a 5 km2 mafic-ultramafic intrusion which maintains contacts by normal faults southwest with the gneisses of the Cambaí Complex and in north with the sedimentary rocks of the Paraná Basin. The contact southeast with magnesian schists and serpentinites of the Arroio Lajeadinho Complex is intrusive. Three cumulatic rock unities were described: Mafic Unit (MU), Ultramafic Unit (UMU) and Transicional Unit (TU). Preserved primary structures are composicional/textural millimetric to centimetric layering with no mineral lineation, outcrop scale intercalation and regional intercalation. UM rocks crystallized from accumulation of plagioclase crystals and, in less proportion, olivine crystals, and also from intercumulus phases, representing 24% - 41% of the interstitial trapped liquid in the accumulation. In UT, plagioclase and olivine accumulation occurred in very close proportions, with a minor trapped liquid proportion (~ 15%). UUM samples shows olivine principal accumulation with intercumulus plagioclase plus trapped liquid (20%). All CMG units are affected by contact metamorphism caused by São Sepé Granite, under albite-epidote hornfels and hornblende hornfels temperature conditions. Geochemical data are presented and Ba, Nb and Sr anomalies indicate previous metassomatism in the source. Accumulation effect on those anomalies is absent or has little influence, since there are no mineral phases capable to hold these elements in studied rocks. REE patterns are more consistent with cumulate trends. However, conspicuous Eu positive anomaly in the plagioclase cumulates and more accentuated in olivine accumulates suggests that there was an Eu enrichment in the magma. U-Pb zircon data obtained by in situ LA-ICP-MS yielded ages of inherited zircons from surrounding igneous and metamorphic rocks (Bossoroca Complex metavolcanic, 800- 750 Ma; Cambaí Complex orthogneiss, 720 Ma; and Lagoa da Meia-Lua Suite granitoids, 680 Ma) and a magmatic crystallization age for the MGC (667.8 ± 3.3 Ma). Either geochemical and isotope data allied with field relationships favor the hypothesis of a post-collisional environment for Mata Grande Complex crystallization and emplacement. Lithospheric delamination process such as slab-breakoff is suggested as source of heat for post-collisional mafic magmatism. The oceanic plate has broken down after subduction under São Gabriel Arc and its collision with 2,2 Ga Encantadas Complex, a Rio de La Plata Craton Fragment, in a extensive period of juvenile magmatism associated to Western Godwana Supercontinent amalgamation.
59

Estudo integrado do Granito Corre-Mar, SC. geologia estrutural, petrologia, geocronologia e geoquímica isotópica

Martini, Amós January 2014 (has links)
O estágio pós-colisional Neoproterozoico no sul do Brasil é marcado por intenso magmatismo granítico controlado por zonas de cisalhamento transcorrentes, relacionadas ao Cinturão de Cisalhamento Sul-brasileiro (CCSb). O CCSb controlou a ascensão e o posicionamento de magmas crustais e mantélicos. Neste contexto, O Granito Corre-mar (GCM) representa uma pequena intrusão posicionado em uma zona de baixa deformação localizada entre dois importantes segmentos do CCSb: as Zonas de Cisalhamento Major Gercino e Itajaí- Perimbó. O GCM possui um diagnóstico par de foliações subevetical que forma um par S-C sinistral, presente em todas as intrusões, independentemente do tamanho, e foi posicionado em um sistema conjugado, onde um cisalhamento sinistral de direção NNE, e uma extensão na direção NW-SE, gerando espaço ao longo da direção NE. Deformação de estado sólido associada ao cisalhamento NNE é atestado por microestruturas como recristalização de feldspatos e caudas de recristalização assimétricas. A abertura é atribuída à dinâmica regional destral transcorrente das zonas de cisalhamento Major Gercino e Itajaí-Perimbó, sendo que o posicionamento foi controlado essencialmente pela componente de estensão NW-SE. A idade de cristalização em zircão U-Pb LAMC- ICP-MS do GCM de 615 ± 4 Ma, muito próxima a outros granitos regionais, como as idades de 611 Ma do Granito Serra dos Macacos (GSM) e de 620 Ma do Granito Rio Pequeno (GRP) sugere que esses três corpos graníticos são sincrônicos. As fortes feições de deformação presents no GCM, diferentemente dos granitos Neoproterozoicos próximos, demonstra que o espaço, mais do que o tempo, pode explicar a diferença dos padrões estruturais identificados no GCM. Assinaturas geoquímicas e de isótopos de Sr-Nd, como caráter levemente peraluminoso, altos conteúdos de K, altas razões de ETRL/ETRP, moderados conteúdos de Rb, Nb, Zr e ETR em relação à SiO2, juntamente com baixas razões de 86Sr/87Sri e valores de εNdt fortemente negativos, indicam que o GCM é derivado de fontes crustais antigas, possivelmente relacionadas à rochas quartzofeldspáticas ortognáissicas Paleoproterozoicas do Complexo Camboriú. A relaçãodas das idades das heranças Arqueanas a Paleoproterozoicas do GCM com as idades dos eventos de migmatização identificados no Complexo Camboriú, além da relação das idades de cristalização de ~615-611 Ma dos granitos crustais da área com o último evento de migmatização em 640-610, reforça a conexão genética entre eles. As idades TDM paleoproterozoicas, as assinaturas geoquímicas e isotópicas, a cristalização e as idades de heranças do GCM e do GSM atestam que eles representam pulsos graníticos contemporâneos e comagmáticos, com uma conexão genética com o evento de migmatização Neoproterozoico do Complexo Camboriú. / The Neoproterozoic post-collisional stage in south Brazil is marked by intense granitic magmatism controlled by transcurrent shear zones all related to the Southern Brazilian Shear Belt (SBSB). The SBSB controls the ascent and emplacement of crustal and mantle magmas. In such scenario, the Corre-mar Granite (CMG), represent a small intrusion emplaced in a low strain zone located between two important segments of the SBSB: the Major Gercino and Itajaí-Perimbó Shear Zones. The CMG have a diagnostic subvertical foliation pair that form a sinistral S-C pair, present in all intrusions regardless of their size, and was emplaced within a conjugate system, where sinistral NNE shearing and NW-SE extension were both active, generating space along the NE direction. Solid state deformation associated to the NNE shearing is attested by microstructures as feldspar recrystallization and asymmetric recrystallization tails. The opening is attributed to the regional dextral transcurrent dynamics of the Major Gercino and Itajaí-Perimbó shear zones and magma emplacement was essentially conditioned by the NW extension component. The zircon U-Pb LA-MC-ICP-MS crystallization age of CMG at 615 ± 4 Ma, very close to other regional granites, as the 611 Ma Serra dos Macacos (SMG) and 620 Ma Rio Pequeno Granite (RPG) points these three granitic bodies as quite synchronous. The strong deformation features present in the CMG, as opposed to the other nearby Neoproterozoic granites (RPG and SMG) demonstrate that space, rather than time, must be called upon to explain the difference in the structural patterns identified in the CMG. Geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic signatures, as slight peraluminous character, high-K contents, high LREE/HREE ratios, moderate Rb, Nb, Zr, and REE contents to regular SiO2, together with low 86Sr/87Sri and the strongly negative εNdt values indicate that the CMG is derived from old crustal sources possibly related to the Paleoproterozoic Camboriú Complex quartz-feldspatic orto-gneissic rocks. The match of the Archean to Paleoproterozoic inheritance ages of the CMG with the migmatization event ages identified in the Camboriú Complex and moreover the match of the crystallization ages of ~615-611 Ma of the crustalderived granites with the last migmatization event at 640-610 Ma reinforces the genetic link between them. The Paleoproterozoic TDM ages, the geochemical and isotopic signatures, the crystallization and inheritance ages resemblance of the CMG and the SMG attest that they represent comagmatic and contemporaneous granitic pulses with a genetic connection with the Neoproterozoic migmatization event in the Camboriu Complex.
60

O Complexo máfico-ultramáfico Mata Grande, São Sepé, RS : petrologia e geocronologia

Simões, Matheus Silva January 2014 (has links)
O Complexo Máfico-Ultramáfico Mata Grande (CMG), localizado no município de São Sepé, porção NW do Escudo Sul-Rio-Grandense, é uma intrusão máfico-ultramáfica com cerca de 5 km2 que mantém contatos através de falhas normais com gnaisses do Complexo Cambaí ao SW e ao SE, e com as rochas sedimentares da Bacia do Paraná ao N. O contato com os xistos magnesianos e serpentinitos do Complexo Arroio Lajeadinho situados ao leste é intrusivo. Foram descritas três unidades de rochas cumuláticas: Unidade Máfica (UM), Unidade Ultramáfica (UUM) e Unidade Transicional (UT). A principal estrutura primária é um acamamento composicional/textural milimétrico a centimétrico e uma intercalação de camadas das unidades em escalas de afloramento e regional. As rochas da UM cristalizaram a partir da acumulação de cristais de plagioclásio e, em menor proporção, de olivina, além de fases minerais intercúmulus, que representam de 24% a 41% de líquido intersticial aprisionado nesta acumulação. Na UT, a acumulação de plagioclásio e olivina ocorreu em proporções muito próximas, com uma menor proporção do líquido aprisionado (cerca de 15%). As amostras da UUM evidenciam uma acumulação principal de olivina com plagioclásio intercúmulus mais uma proporção do líquido intersticial (20%). Todas as unidades do CMG são afetadas pelo metamorfismo de contato causado pelo Granito São Sepé, sob condições de temperatura equivalentes às das fácies albita-epidoto hornfels e hornblenda hornfels. Os dados de geoquímica em rocha total mostraram anomalias positivas de Ba e Sr e negativas de Nb para todas as amostras, indicando metassomatismo na fonte. O efeito da acumulação não exerce influência no comportamento destes elementos, tendo em vista a ausência de fases minerais com afinidade química para comportá-los. Os padrões de ETR são mais coerentes com trends cumuláticos. No entanto, a anomalia de Eu conspícua que ocorre nos cumulados de plagioclásio e mais acentuada nos cumulados de olivina sugere um enriquecimento prévio de Eu no magma. Os dados de U-Pb em zircões obtidos por LA-ICP-MS forneceram idades de zircões herdados das rochas (metavulcânicas do Complexo Bossoroca, 800-750 Ma; ortognaisses do Complexo Cambaí, 720 Ma; e granitóides da Suíte Lagoa da Meia-Lua, 680 Ma) e uma idade de cristalização magmática para o CMG (667.8 ± 3.3 Ma). Os dados de geoquímica e geocronologia favorecem a hipótese de um ambiente pós-colisional para a cristalização e colocação do Complexo Mata Grande. Processos de delaminação litosférica tais como slabbreakoff são sugeridos como fonte de calor para o magmatismo máfico pós-colisional. A placa oceanic partiu-se após a subducção abaixo do Arco de São Gabriel e a colisão com o Complexo Encantadas (2,2 Ga), um fragmento do Cráton Rio de La Plata, durante um periodo de extenso magmatismo juvenil associado à amalgamação do Supercontinente Godwana Ocidental. / The Mata Grande Mafíc-Ultramafic Complex (MGC), located at São Sepé municipality, NW portion of the Sul-Rio-Grandense Shield, is a 5 km2 mafic-ultramafic intrusion which maintains contacts by normal faults southwest with the gneisses of the Cambaí Complex and in north with the sedimentary rocks of the Paraná Basin. The contact southeast with magnesian schists and serpentinites of the Arroio Lajeadinho Complex is intrusive. Three cumulatic rock unities were described: Mafic Unit (MU), Ultramafic Unit (UMU) and Transicional Unit (TU). Preserved primary structures are composicional/textural millimetric to centimetric layering with no mineral lineation, outcrop scale intercalation and regional intercalation. UM rocks crystallized from accumulation of plagioclase crystals and, in less proportion, olivine crystals, and also from intercumulus phases, representing 24% - 41% of the interstitial trapped liquid in the accumulation. In UT, plagioclase and olivine accumulation occurred in very close proportions, with a minor trapped liquid proportion (~ 15%). UUM samples shows olivine principal accumulation with intercumulus plagioclase plus trapped liquid (20%). All CMG units are affected by contact metamorphism caused by São Sepé Granite, under albite-epidote hornfels and hornblende hornfels temperature conditions. Geochemical data are presented and Ba, Nb and Sr anomalies indicate previous metassomatism in the source. Accumulation effect on those anomalies is absent or has little influence, since there are no mineral phases capable to hold these elements in studied rocks. REE patterns are more consistent with cumulate trends. However, conspicuous Eu positive anomaly in the plagioclase cumulates and more accentuated in olivine accumulates suggests that there was an Eu enrichment in the magma. U-Pb zircon data obtained by in situ LA-ICP-MS yielded ages of inherited zircons from surrounding igneous and metamorphic rocks (Bossoroca Complex metavolcanic, 800- 750 Ma; Cambaí Complex orthogneiss, 720 Ma; and Lagoa da Meia-Lua Suite granitoids, 680 Ma) and a magmatic crystallization age for the MGC (667.8 ± 3.3 Ma). Either geochemical and isotope data allied with field relationships favor the hypothesis of a post-collisional environment for Mata Grande Complex crystallization and emplacement. Lithospheric delamination process such as slab-breakoff is suggested as source of heat for post-collisional mafic magmatism. The oceanic plate has broken down after subduction under São Gabriel Arc and its collision with 2,2 Ga Encantadas Complex, a Rio de La Plata Craton Fragment, in a extensive period of juvenile magmatism associated to Western Godwana Supercontinent amalgamation.

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