Orientador: Jose Roberto Trigo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T18:54:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Stanton_MarianaAlves_M.pdf: 682844 bytes, checksum: 36b7ed46fcdc82eacc95256aae48e173 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A produção de defesas contra a herbivoria é essencial para o sucesso reprodutivo das plantas, no entanto pode ser custosa. Esses custos resultam da redução de investimento em outras partes do metabolismo, como o crescimento e a reprodução. Nesse estudo, usamos Asclepias curassavica (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) como modelo para avaliar como uma planta divide seus recursos entre crescimento, reprodução e defesas. A. curassavica é uma planta anual que possui cardenolidas como defesas. Para verificar como esta responde a herbivoria, simulamos a mesma através de dano artificial (DA) e medimos crescimento (biomassa de folhas e raízes) e reprodução (número de flores, frutos e sementes e biomassa de sementes) em um experimento em longo prazo. Em um experimento em curto prazo, medimos a produção de defesas (concentração de cardenolidas), para avaliar se estas podem estar interferindo no crescimento e reprodução desta espécie. Correlacionamos também, em uma população natural, a concentração de cardenolidas com a percentagem de herbivoria foliar. O hormônio jasmonato de metila (JM) é usado para induzir compostos do metabolismo secundário em plantas, sem o custo adicional da remoção de tecido fotossinteticamente ativo causada por dano artificial ou natural. Usamos esse composto em ambos os desenhos experimentais acima ao invés de remoção da área foliar para avaliar se havia indução de cardenolidas e seu efeito sobre o crescimento e reprodução de A. curassavica. Nossos resultados demonstraram uma redução significativa do número total de frutos, sementes e da massa final de raízes em plantas com tratamento de DA em longo prazo. O crescimento do tratamento DA não diferiu do controle, sugerindo crescimento compensatório das folhas à custa do investimento em raízes e em reprodução. Os custos reprodutivos e de crescimento de raízes detectados no experimento de longo prazo podem resultar da diminuição da capacidade fotossintética em plantas danificadas e investimento simultâneo em crescimento compensatório das folhas. No experimento de curto prazo, não houve alteração da razão de indução de cardenolidas sugerindo que o dano artificial não induz defesas nessa espécie. A ausência de correlação entre cardenolidas e porcentagem de dano natural em plantas coletadas em campo pode sugerir dois cenários excludentes: 1. a indução de cardenolidas não seria importante para a defesa de A. curassavica, ou 2. a ausência de correlação, associada a baixa percentagem de herbivoria implicaria em uma defesa constitutiva eficaz contra herbívoros. O tratamento com JM a longo prazo também mostrou uma tendência à redução do crescimento de raízes e redução significativa da biomassa e porcentagem de germinação de sementes. Nas plantas tratadas com JM a curto prazo, houve um aumento significativo de cardenolidas tardio (384 h após tratamento) sugerindo que estas podem contribuir para a redução de aptidão observada no experimento de longo prazo e que existem custos da produção das mesmas. Dano artificial leva à diminuição da aptidão, através de desvio de investimento em raízes para o crescimento compensatório das folhas. No caso do jasmonato, não houve perda de massa fotossinteticamente ativa (folhas) e a redução do crescimento de raízes pode ser resultado de um efeito direto do tratamento de JM ou indireto causado pela indução de outras partes do metabolismo (p.ex. metabolismo secundário) causada por esse fitohormônio. Experimentos futuros devem comparar os presentes resultados com dano real por um dos herbívoros especialistas para avaliar a eficácia do dano artificial em induzir cardenolidas e o papel dessa indução sobre outras partes do metabolismo da mesma / Abstract: Although the investment in defensive traits against herbivory is essential to the reproductive success of plants, it may be costly. These costs result from reduced investment in other metabolic functions such as growth and reproduction. In the present study, we used the milkweed Asclepias curassavica (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) as a model to study how a plant divides its resources between growth, reproduction and defense. A. curassavica is an annual weed that uses cardenolides as defenses against herbivory. To evaluate how Asclepias curassavica responds to herbivores, we simulated herbivory by artificial damage (AD) and measured growth (leaf and root biomass) and reproduction (number of flowers, fruit and seeds and seed biomass) in a long term experiment. We also measured defensive traits (cardenolide concentration) in a short term experiment to verify whether there is an investment in defense that may interfere with growth and reproduction. We also correlated cardenolide concentration in a natural population with percent leaf damage. As the plant hormone, methyl jasmonate (MJ) is commonly used to induce secondary metabolism in plants without the additional costs of tissue removal, we used this compound in the same experimental designs instead of AD. Our results from the long term AD treatment showed a significant decrease in final root biomass and in total fruit set and seed number. Plants from the AD treatment did not differ from controls in leaf growth, suggesting that there was a compensatory growth in the former at the expense of root growth. The reproductive and growth costs detected in this experiment may result from reduced photosynthetic capacity in damaged plants and concomitant compensatory leaf growth. In the short term, we found no induction of cardenolides compared to controls, suggesting that artificial damage does not induce defenses. The lack of correlation between cardenolides and percentage leaf damage in plants collected from a natural population suggest two self-excluding scenarios: 1. the induction of cardenolides is not important for the defense of A. curassavica, or 2. the lack of correlation, coupled with low herbivore damage, suggests that this plant has an efficient constitutive defense against herbivores. The long term MJ treatment showed a trend in reduced root biomass and significantly reduced seed biomass and percentage germination. In the short term MJ treatment we found a significant increase in cardenolide concentration (after 384 h) suggesting that the production of these defenses is costly and this may have contributed to observed costs in the long term experiment. Apparently, the artificial damage treatment leads to reduced fitness through reduced root growth which is a consequence of compensatory leaf growth. In the methyl jasmonate treatment, there was no removal of photosythetically active tissue (leaves) and the reduced root growth may be a direct effect of this phytohormone or an indirect effect caused by the induction of other metabolic pathways (such as secondary metabolism) caused by this hormone. Future experiments should compare the present results with natural damage by specialist herbivores to evaluate the efficiency of artificial damage in inducing cardenolides and the role of the induction of these substances on other metabolic functions / Mestrado / Mestre em Ecologia

A proposta central do estudo foi investigar se o valor da remuneração pode influenciar na preferência ou atratividade da auditoria independente como uma alternativa de ocupação profissional no ambiente brasileiro. Teve como foco os alunos do curso de ciências contábeis que são os prováveis candidatos a optar por essa atividade profissional. Para alcançar tal objetivo, foi definido como estratégia de pesquisa o desenho quase-experimental, conduzido com 240 alunos pertencentes às instituições públicas estaduais e federais no Brasil, em que os sujeitos participantes foram direcionados aleatoriamente ao grupo de controle ou ao grupo experimental. Cada grupo recebeu algumas ofertas de trabalho nas três atividades profissionais definidas para a pesquisa, cuja tarefa dos integrantes era dizer se aceitava ou não a vaga ofertada. A diferença entre o grupo de controle e o experimental foi o estímulo da remuneração apresentada para o grupo de experimento. A metodologia aplicada nas mensurações compreendeu basicamente análises de frequência dos grupos e testes não paramétricos para verificar a existência ou não de diferenças de média entre os grupos. Os resultados indicaram o aceite da primeira hipótese de que a preferência pela atividade de auditoria é influenciada pela percepção do valor da remuneração e, em termos relativos essa influência representou 26% na taxa de aceite, o teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney também confirmou a existência dessa influência apontando um p-valor < 0,000. Os resultados também indicaram suporte ao modelo de valência da teoria da expectativa em que os indivíduos com alto índice de valência pela atividade de auditoria escolheram essa atividade independentemente do estímulo remuneração uma vez que já tinham valorado os atributos de trabalho mais preferidos. Com isso, a segunda hipótese da pesquisa de que a remuneração não influencia na escolha quando a valência pela auditoria for alta, também foi aceita. Por outro lado, os resultados também apontam para o aceite da terceira hipótese indicando que aqueles indivíduos com menor valência tiveram influência significativa do fator remuneração na escolha da vaga de auditoria. Apesar de não ser o foco dessa pesquisa também foi possível evidenciar os atributos de trabalho mais preferidos pelos alunos, os quais se mostraram similares aos levantados em outras pesquisas como, por exemplo, Rendell e Brown (2011) e Leschinsky & Michael (2004), esses fatores foram 1. Oportunidade de avanço na carreira, 2. Estabilidade e segurança no trabalho e 3. Conseguir alta remuneração, seguida por outros com menor grau de importância. A principal contribuição dessa pesquisa foi evidenciar a influência do fator remuneração na atração da atividade de auditoria, permitindo assim corroborar com as pesquisas que apontam a remuneração como um dos motivos da carência de auditor independente no país, como é o caso da pesquisa de Amorin (2012). / The main goal of this study was to investigate whether compensation value can influence the preference for or attractiveness towards independent auditing as a vocational choice in Brazil. It focused on students majoring in Accounting, who are the most likely candidates to opt for this professional occupation. To that end, the research strategy was defined in a quasi-experimental design, among 240 students enrolled at state and federal universities in Brazil; participants were randomly assigned to either the control or experimental group. Each group received a number of job offers in all three professional fields defined for the study, and participants had the task of declaring whether or not they would have accepted the job offer. The difference between the control and experimental groups was the compensation incentive (specific salary offer) presented to the experimental group. The methodology applied in the measurements consisted basically of frequency analyses of the groups and non-parametric tests to determine whether or not means differed between the groups. The results indicated acceptance of the first hypothesis that the preference for the auditing occupation is influenced by the perception of remuneration value; in relative terms, this influence accounted for 26% of the job acceptance rate, and the Mann-Whitney non-parametric test confirmed the existence of this influence as well, indicating a p-value < 0.000. The results also supported the value model of expectancy theory in which individuals with high valuing rates for the auditing occupation chose it regardless of the compensation stimulus, as they had already valued their most preferred job attributes. With that, the second research hypothesis - that compensation does not influence the choice whenever valence for auditing is high - was accepted as well. On the other hand, the results also indicate acceptance of the third hypothesis, indicating that those individuals with lower valence were significantly influenced by the compensation factor when choosing the auditing job opening. Although it was not the focus of this research study, it was possible to determine the students\' most preferred job attributes, which proved similar to those surveyed in other studies, such as Rendell & Brown (2011) and Leschinsky & Michael (2004). Those factors were: 1. Opportunities for career advancement, 2. Job security and stability, and 3. High remuneration, followed by other factors with lower degrees of importance. The main contribution provided by this research was to evidence the influence of the compensation factor on the attractiveness of the auditing occupation, thereby making it possible to corroborate studies that show remuneration as one of the reasons for the shortage of independent auditors in Brazil, as observed in research by Amorin (2012).

Ritmos biológicos são regulados por mecanismos homeostáticos que asseguram a confiabilidade funcional do relógio fisiológico independentemente de mudanças de temperatura no ambiente. Compensação de temperatura, ou a independência do período oscilatório em relação à temperatura, é conhecida por exercer um papel central em muitos ritmos biológicos, mas um fenômeno raro em osciladores químicos. Estudou-se nessa dissertação a influência da temperatura na dinâmica oscilatória durante a oxidação catalítica de ácido fórmico sobre eletrodo de platina policristalina. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em cinco temperaturas diferentes de 5 à 25 ºC, e as oscilações foram estudadas sob controle galvanostático. Resultados experimentais foram comparados a um novo modelo proposto para a eletro-oxidação de ácido fórmico, considerando formato como intermediário ativo e a desidrogenação da água em altos potenciais. Sob condições oscilatórias apenas comportamento anti-Arrhenius foi observado. Sobre-compensação com coeficiente de temperatura (q10, definido como a razão entre a constante de velocidade à temperatura T + 10 ºC e em T) < 1 é achada para a maioria dos casos, exceto em altas correntes aplicadas onde compensação de temperatura, q10 ~ 1 predomina. O comportamento do período e amplitude resulta de uma combinação complexa entre a temperatura e corrente aplicada ou, equivalentemente, a distância do equilíbrio termodinâmico. Altas energias de ativação aparente foram obtidas em condições voltamétricas, não-oscilatórias, as quais implicam que o comportamento anti-Arrhenius observado sob regime oscilatório resulta de um acoplamento entre as rotas reacionais em vez de uma fraca dependência da temperatura nas etapas elementares. Mecanisticamente, os experimentos e o modelo matemático sugerem que o período em regime de (sobre)compensação de temperatura durante a eletro-oxidação de ácido fórmico sobre platina é governado pelo acoplamento entre as taxas reacionais de formação/remoção de monóxido de carbono e formato em condições oscilatórias. / Biological rhythms are regulated by homeostatic mechanisms that assure that physiological clocks function reliably independent of temperature changes in the environment. Temperature compensation, i.e. the independence of the oscillatory period on temperature, is known to play a central role in many biological rhythms, but it is rather rare in chemical oscillators. It was studied in this master thesis the influence of temperature on the oscillatory dynamics during the catalytic oxidation of formic acid on a polycrystalline platinum electrode. The experiments are performed at five temperatures from 5 to 25 ºC, and the oscillations studied under galvanostatic control. Experimental results are compared to a new model proposed for formic acid electro-oxidation, which includes formate as an active intermediate and water dehydrogenation at high potentials. Under oscillatory conditions only non-Arrhenius behavior is observed. Over-compensation with temperature coefficient (q10, defined as the ratio between the rate constants at temperature T + 10 ºC and at T) < 1 is found in most cases, except that temperature compensation with q10 ~ 1 predominates at high applied currents. The behavior of the period and the amplitude result from a complex interplay between temperature and applied current or, equivalently, the distance from thermodynamic equilibrium. High, positive apparent activation energies were obtained under voltammetric, non-oscillatory conditions, which implies that the non-Arrhenius behavior observed under oscillatory conditions results from the interplay among reaction steps rather than from a weak temperature dependence of the individual steps. Mechanistically, the experiments and the mathematical model suggest that the period in temperature (over)compensation regime during electro-oxidation of formic acid at platinum is governed by the coupling among the reaction rates of formation/removal of carbon monoxide and formate coverage in oscillatory conditions.

Compensation is a discretionary concept whose determinants may not necessarily be the same in all organisations. This study reports on the extent to which a limited number of determinants of compensation, as identified in this study, namely job performance, external equity, job families, organisational tenure and employee skill, predict employee compensation in an organisation. A convenience sample was drawn from the target population in the Gauteng area. Three small and medium-sized organisations were included in the sample, which consisted of a state-owned organisation in the aviation sector, a parastatal company in the finance development sector, and a private company in the banking sector. A categorical multiple regression analysis was conducted. The findings of this study reflect a greater consistency in four of the six variables as strong predictors of employee compensation, namely employee skill, employee performance, job family and job grade. These factors are strongly related to employee compensation and are regarded as strong predictors of it. The other predictors, namely external equity and tenure, can be considered to be of marginal significance as predictors of employee compensation. However, the results also indicate that these predictors may be more significant in state-owned and parastatal companies, in comparison to private companies. In addition, the determinants of employee compensation may also depend on the type and size of the organisation.

The dissertation discusses problems of redundancy payments and other forms of compensation under labour law. Its focus is to describe in depth the current Czech law system's range of compensation which is related to employment termination. Every termination of employment comes with certain rights as well as obligations for either the employer or the employee. Among some of the obligations, provisions of different types of compensation are found, to which the rights are gained by termination of labour relations that are implied by the law as well as the agreement made by both sides. This dissertation is divided into five chapters. The introduction describes the labour law in general, because labour relations are ones of the most fundamental law relations in the life of almost every person. In the second chapter, we encounter the main topic of this dissertation - redundancy payments issues, what is their purpose, how one's rights to the payment are gained, on what legal grounds, what is the amount paid in specific cases of employment termination, and how it is calculated. The third chapter focuses on a specific clause and qualification agreement on improvement and deepening knowledge, and related labour compensation. Subsequently, in the fourth chapter, I discuss the severance issues as another...

This thesis deals with the topic of damage to health in the Czech and Polish legal systems. I consider this topic to be very important one because it is connected with the basic human rights such as right for life and health. It is impossible to avoid damage to health in everyday life and that is why it is important to know how to deal with it when it happens. We can find answer in law which says that all damages to health have to be compensated. However the issues of compensation are very complicated because human health and life have immeasurable value. That is why we have to accept that damage to health especially pain and social impairment cannot be fully compensate. This thesis concentrates mainly on compensations for damage to health. It deals with the pecuniary and non pecuniary damages as well. A lot of changes were made by Act No. 89/2012 Coll., the Civil Code and cancellation of ordinance No. 440/2001 Coll. especially when considering damage to health. To set the extent of the compensations charts will be used no more. Also the law which calculated the exact amount which should be given to the survivors was cancelled. The compensation should be given in an amount so it balances out damage to health. If such compensation cannot be determined it should be set according to the rules of...

Resumé This diploma thesis deals with compensation for damage under the civil law. The work gives a detailed explanation regarding this institution and highlights the most significant changes that have been brought by the new Civil Code. The aim is mainly to introduce different methods of compensation and basic procedures, that are used in determining the extent of compensation. This thesis is composed of six chapters. In the introductory chapter, the attention is given to the most significant changes that occurred in the area of tort law in comparison with the previous legislation. Moreover, there is discussed the change in the concept of liability for damage and its basic functions in more details. The following parts are focused on the analyze of duty of care and the limitation of the rights to compensation. The main topic of the second chapter is the definition of the basic assumptions leading to the obligation to compensate for damage. These assumptions include tort, damage, causation and the fault. In the following passages there is closer outlined the issue of strict liability. Special attention is paid to the damage that was caused by accident or solidary liability to compensation and the contributory negligence of a victim. In the final part of the second chapter there is explained the essence of...

In this Master's thesis there is discussed the subject of redundancy payment and other forms of compensation in labour-law relations. In individual chapters there are described different types of compensation, which the current labour law knows and at the same time there are mentioned even compensations for which employees shall have the right according to the previous legislation. Only marginally there are mentioned compensation provided within the civil service. The Master's thesis is divide into seven chapters. In the first chapter there is performed the systematic classification of compensations, which corresponds with the content of this thesis. Second chapter is focused on the general matters connected with severance payment such as the origin of claim for redundancy payment, difference between contractual and statutory redundancy payment, paying of redundancy payment or return of redundancy payment. There is perform also the comparison with redundancy payment according to the Act No. 65/1965 Coll., Labour Code in effect until 31st December 2006. Third chapter is focused on manners of the termination of labour relation establishing the claim for redundancy payment. In detail there are analysed manners of the termination of labour relation by an employer and termination of labour relation by...

In a series of experiments, with a total sample of over 2,400 participants, this thesis investigates how various threats that customers may encounter influence the customers’ subsequent purchase and choice behaviors. Furthermore, this thesis examines whether individuals’ predicted behaviors in certain consumer contexts are congruent with customers’ actual behaviors in these very contexts. Paper I takes an evolutionary approach and investigates whether a status threat to male customers, induced by exposure to physically dominant men, results in compensatory consumption of products that signal status through price or size. Paper II takes a reactance-based approach and examines whether customers whose freedom to touch has been threatened compensate by touching, and ultimately purchasing, a larger number of products. Paper III investigates whether threats to customers’ self-control in one domain influence choice behavior and consumption preferences in another unrelated domain. More specifically, the paper examines whether exposure to attractive opposite-sex faces (and hence a subtle activation of sexual desire and its associated pleasure-seeking mindset) makes individuals more motivated to choose and consume unhealthy-but-rewarding foods.      The main findings of this work can be summarized as follows: Consumer threats result in compensatory consumption, not only in the specific domain under threat, but also in unrelated or only symbolically similar domains. Such compensatory responses are in direct contrast to consumer lay beliefs and even the predictions made by marketing professors and other scholars, which suggests that people are generally unaware of the impact that certain threats have on their behavior. These results should be as interesting for customers who want to make informed choices and resist various influence attempts as for marketers, advertisers, and retail managers who want to influence customers. / In a series of experiments, this thesis investigates how threats that customers may encounter influence their subsequent purchase and choice behaviors. Moreover, this thesis examines whether individuals’ predicted behaviors are congruent with customers’ actual behaviors in certain consumer contexts. Paper I investigates whether a status threat to male customers, induced by physically dominant men, results in compensatory consumption of products that signal status through price or size. Paper II examines whether customers whose freedom to touch has been threatened compensate by touching, and ultimately purchasing, more products. Paper III investigates whether attractive opposite-sex faces threaten individuals’ self-control, thereby making them more motivated to choose and consume unhealthy-but-rewarding foods. The results reveal that consumer threats do indeed lead to compensatory consumption. Such compensatory responses are in direct contrast to lay beliefs and even predictions made by marketing professors, suggesting that people are generally unaware of the impact certain threats have on their behavior. These results should be as interesting for customers trying to make informed choices as for marketers, advertisers, and retail managers trying to influence customers.

M.A. / Aihoewel die tradisionele organisasie oor die algemeen 'n soliede vergoedingstelsel met 'n sterk fokus op koste-effektiwiteit en administratiewe presisie gehad het, het die moderne organisasie, wat gekenmerk word deur platter organisasiestrukture, groter buigsaamheid, 'n meer deelnemende bestuurstyl en 'n groter mate van openheid, ander vereistes gestel aan die tradisionele vergoedingstelsel. Die modeme vergoedingstelsel, wat die modeme organisasie kenmerke ondersteun, word beskou as 'n stelsel wat uitset gerig is, met min salarisvlakke, wat min of geen status simbole bevat, wat groter deursigtigheid bevorder en waar meganistiese beheer stelsels vervang word met analitiese bestuursbeheer. Dit het aanleiding gegee daartoe dat nuwe moderne vergoedingspraktyke, onder meer ook bandverbreding, die lig gesien het. Die verhandeling het ten doel om bandverbreding, wat gedefinieer word as die vermindering van posvlakke en die dienooreenkomstige verbreding van salarisbande, om sodoende 'n platter organisasiestruktuur te skep wat groter aanpasbaarheid en dinamika tot gevolg sal he, te verken en te omskryf. Die fokus val veral op die ontwerp en die proses van implementering van bandverbreding binne 'n Suid-Afrikaanse organisasie. Die tradisionele posevalueringstelsel, wat die hart van enige vergoedingstelsel gevorm het, het sterk onder die vergrootglas gekom nadat die bandverbredingsproses bekendgestel is. Die invloed van bandverbreding op die onderskeie posevalueringstelsels asook op die plek daarvan binne 'n holistiese vergoedingstrategie word van naderby bekyk en beskryf Die teoretiese oorsig dek ook onder andere die redes waarom organisasies bandverbreding implementeer, die gereedheid van organisasies vir die bandverbredingsproses, die praktiese probleme waarmee organisasies gekonfronteer word wanneer bandverbreding geimplementeer word en mites aangaande die proses. Twee Suid-Afrikaanse organisasies binne die finansieledienste bedryf wat bandverbreding in sy voile omvang geimplementeer het, het die basis gevorm van die ondersoek. Die faktore wat aanleiding gegee het tot die implementering van bandverbreding, en wat die gereedheid van die organisasie beinvloed het, die potensiele struikelblokke, die ontwerp van die bandverbredingstrukture asook die implementeringsproses wat beide organisasies gevolg het, het die navorser in staat gestel om 'n aanbeveling to maak aangaande 'n implementeringsmodel. Die implementeringsmodel, wat beskou kan word as 'n opsomming van die bevindinge van die navorsing, beveel aan dat bandverbreding as deel van 'n holistiese vergoedingstrategie geimplementeer word en dat die proses deur 'n vergoedingsfilosofie, wat die bandverbredingsfilosofie komplimenteer, ondersteun word. Dit is egter duidelik dat alhoewel die bandverbredingskonsep 'n groot bydrae kan maak tot die vestiging van die modeme organisasie, die sukses daarvan opgesluit le in die effektiewe implementering en toepassing daarvan.