In order to establish the appropriateness of the western model of non-directive play therapy within the Kenyan context, the study explored the experiences of trained play therapists using the western model of non-directive play therapy in their therapeutic work with a Kenyan child. The study used qualitative methodology with thematic analysis where six trained non-directive play therapists with more than two years' practical experience participated. The participants comprised of five females and one male aged between 40 to mid-50 years were interviewed using semi-structured interviews while the interviews were tape recorded prior to their transcription. Data analysis was done using thematic analysis guidelines and the findings generated two main overarching themes stating that the Western model of Non-directive play therapy used in a therapeutic setting with a Kenyan child is in a large scale 'appropriate' (effective) while in some cases the same participants found the model 'inappropriate' (not effective) based on the Kenyan cultural beliefs and practices. Within the two main overarching themes, emanated seven candidate themes perceived by my participants to be indicators of the appropriateness of the western model of non- directive play therapy within the Kenyan context, in which the therapists' experiences revealed that in their therapeutic work with a Kenyan child using this model, the child developed a sense of 'empowerment'; 'freedom' and at the same time became 'expressive' through the use of play. Meanwhile the inappropriateness of western model of non - directive play therapy in the Kenyan context were mainly perceived to be caused by 'lack of awareness' of the model's existence and/or importance by most Kenyan communities, 'cultural barriers' particularly with regard to the use of 'play' and 'non- direction' in this model, Kenya's 'directive education system' as opposed to the western non-direction and 'social economic status' of most Kenyans leading to access issues were also experienced as contributors to the models in appropriateness within the Kenyan context.

En focalisant le rayonnement dans les directions utiles, les antennes directives ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour les applications sans-fil en termes de sélectivité spatiale, d'impact environnemental électromagnétique et de modes d'utilisation. Cependant les techniques classiques pour augmenter la directivité aboutissent souvent à une augmentation de la taille de l'antenne rendant difficile l'intégration dans les petits objets communicants. Cette difficulté est particulièrement critique pour les gammes de fréquences inférieures au gigahertz, lorsque l'on vise une intégration dans des objets dont les dimensions sont limitées à quelques centimètres. Le contrôle du rayonnement reste un enjeu important pour les radiocommunications futures afin de réduire les pollutions électromagnétiques qui limitent l'acceptabilité des communications sans-fil et la cohabitation des systèmes. L'état de l'art récent dans le domaine des antennes miniatures a montré de nouvelles perspectives pour l'établissement de super-directivité ; c'est-à-dire pour dépasser la directivité naturelle faible des systèmes antennaires miniatures. Ces perspectives reposent sur l'utilisation de réseaux d'antennes parasites miniatures pour construire un rayonnement directif. De plus, les activités de recherche dans le domaine des antennes actives ces dernières années permettent d'envisager une approche moderne aux problématiques liées à la directivité des antennes miniatures. Ces travaux de thèse ont pour objectif d'évaluer les perspectives d'améliorations qu'apporte l'électronique active aux problématiques des antennes miniatures directives. Des circuits au comportement particulier sont notamment mis en œuvre et évalués expérimentalement pour concrétiser ces nouvelles perspectives. / Directive antennas, used to focus the radiation in useful directions, offer new perspectives for wireless applications in terms of spatial selectivity, electromagnetic environmental impact and possible uses. Nevertheless, usual techniques to enhance antennas’ directivity lead to larger antennas and their integration into small objects would be difficult. That becomes critical when antennas working at less than 1 GHz frequencies have to be integrated in small objects (around few centimeters). Radiation control through directive antennas is being an important issue for the future communications. This kind of antennas allows reducing electromagnetic pollutions which limit wireless systems and communicants objects cohabitation. Recent state of the art shows new perspectives to establish small antennas with super directive radiation using parasitic antenna arrays. A super directive antenna is a small antenna that exceeds its natural and low directivity. Moreover, these last few years, researches on active antennas and associated results could be considered for modern approach to deal with small and directive antennas’ issues. In this work, we propose to evaluate the enhancement perspectives brought by the active electronic circuits to solve the small and directive antennas’ issues. Typically, special active circuits are designed and experimentally evaluated to materialize those antennas perspectives.

<p>Westhelicopter INC. has an aviation workshop providing qualified helicopter maintenance in accordance with PART-145. Maintenance and administrative base is situated in Luleå at Kallax airport. <strong>The types that Westhelicopter INC are currently authorised to service are: </strong>Eurocopter AS 350 Base/Line Maintenance, Eurocopter EC 120 Base/Line Maintenance and Robinsson R44 Base/Line Maintenance.</p><p> </p><p>The thesis work has been to make new maintenance programme for Westhelicopter INC. This maintenance programme will be used to follow-up the time of the components, service bulletins and ADs. Existing materials, as maintenance manuals and interviews with technical staff, was used to make more efficient maintenances programme. Work will be applied to all helicopters that Westhelicopter AB supplies.</p>

<p>Global biodiversity is currently being lost at an unprecedented rate, posing a threat to vital ecosystems and hence the generation of ecosystem services that human society is entirely reliant upon. Within the European Community, the EU has set a target of halting biodiversity loss within the territory by 2010. This goal is intended to be operationalized by the implementation of the Habitats Directive and the Birds Directive. These directives constitute the framework for the establishment of a coherent ecological network, referred to as the Natura 2000 network.</p><p>This study examines and analyses the socio-ecological complexities surrounding the designation of Natura 2000 sites in Östhammar municipality, Sweden. The use of a case study-approach to focus on this area is applied in pursuit of identifying and explaining the inherent intricacies in the designation processes and linking them to the broader global context. Throughout Europe, biodiversity exists in a rich variety of grasslands, but only a few studies have been performed to establish appropriate conservation management strategiesrequired for each habitat. This study makes a significant contribution towards shedding light on the Natura 2000 designation process, a phenomenon which has previously been only modestly documented, especially in Sweden. Ecosystem management is discussed and utilized as the theoretical basis for managing ecosystems sustainably, and an important aspect of note is the recognition that the distinction between man and nature needs to be understood as artificial and arbitrary.</p><p>The study explains how social-ecological factors have had a prominent effect on the designation process of Natura 2000 sites. The main determining factor behind the designation process has been the time-constraints, which have affected the designation of SCIs as well as the interaction between the Uppsala CAD and local stakeholders. The lack of adequate participatory approaches used during this process has heightened the risk of compromising the aim of the network: to achieve Favourable Conservation Status (FCS) for natural habitat types as well as species.</p> / <p>Biodiversiteten världen över minskar i en tidigare aldrig skådad hastighet vilket resulterar i ett hot mot fundamentala ekosystem, samt dess produktion av de ekosystemtjänster som det mänskliga samhället är beroende av. På grund av detta har EU satt upp målet att stoppa förlusten av biodiversitet inom unionens gränser tills 2010. Detta mål skall uppnås genom implementeringen av Habitat- och Fågeldirektivet. Dessa direktiv utgör ramen för etableringen av ett sammanhängande ekologiskt nätverk, det så kallade Natura 2000 nätverket.</p><p>Denna studie utreder samt analyserar de socio-ekologiska aspekter som omger utpekandet av Natura 2000 områden i Östhammars kommun, i Uppsala län i Sverige. Genom appliceringen av en fallstudie av området söker denna uppsats att identifiera samt förklara inneboende svårigheter i processen av dessa utpekanden, samt att sätta dem i ett globalt sammanhang. Inom Europa existerar biodiversitet bland annat i olika typer av ängar, dock har endast ett fåtal studier tagit sig an uppgiften att formulera anpassade förvaltningsstrategier för dessa habitat. Denna studie bidrar till att sprida ljus över implementeringen av Natura 2000, ett fenomen som tidigare endast studerats i blygsam utsträckning, speciellt i Sverige. Den teoretiska grunden utgörs ekosystemansatsen, som appliceras för att utvärdera ett uthålligtförvaltande av ekosystem. Vidare understryks vikten av att betrakta ekosystem och mänsklig aktivitet som ett och samma system, och att synen på dem som skilda system bör anses artificiell och motsägelsefull.</p><p>Denna uppsats förklarar hur socio-ekologiska aspekter har påverkat utpekandeprocessen av Natura 2000-områden i Östhammars kommun. De avgörande faktorerna bakom detta är en identifierad tidsbrist, vilket har influerat utpekandet av områden av gemenskapsintresse samt interaktionen mellan Länsstyrelsen i Uppsala och lokala markägare. Bristen på samverkan och information har resulterat i en förhöjd risk av att målet med nätverket inte kommer att nås: att åstadkomma gynnsam bevarandestatus för arter och habitat.</p>

Global biodiversity is currently being lost at an unprecedented rate, posing a threat to vital ecosystems and hence the generation of ecosystem services that human society is entirely reliant upon. Within the European Community, the EU has set a target of halting biodiversity loss within the territory by 2010. This goal is intended to be operationalized by the implementation of the Habitats Directive and the Birds Directive. These directives constitute the framework for the establishment of a coherent ecological network, referred to as the Natura 2000 network. This study examines and analyses the socio-ecological complexities surrounding the designation of Natura 2000 sites in Östhammar municipality, Sweden. The use of a case study-approach to focus on this area is applied in pursuit of identifying and explaining the inherent intricacies in the designation processes and linking them to the broader global context. Throughout Europe, biodiversity exists in a rich variety of grasslands, but only a few studies have been performed to establish appropriate conservation management strategiesrequired for each habitat. This study makes a significant contribution towards shedding light on the Natura 2000 designation process, a phenomenon which has previously been only modestly documented, especially in Sweden. Ecosystem management is discussed and utilized as the theoretical basis for managing ecosystems sustainably, and an important aspect of note is the recognition that the distinction between man and nature needs to be understood as artificial and arbitrary. The study explains how social-ecological factors have had a prominent effect on the designation process of Natura 2000 sites. The main determining factor behind the designation process has been the time-constraints, which have affected the designation of SCIs as well as the interaction between the Uppsala CAD and local stakeholders. The lack of adequate participatory approaches used during this process has heightened the risk of compromising the aim of the network: to achieve Favourable Conservation Status (FCS) for natural habitat types as well as species. / Biodiversiteten världen över minskar i en tidigare aldrig skådad hastighet vilket resulterar i ett hot mot fundamentala ekosystem, samt dess produktion av de ekosystemtjänster som det mänskliga samhället är beroende av. På grund av detta har EU satt upp målet att stoppa förlusten av biodiversitet inom unionens gränser tills 2010. Detta mål skall uppnås genom implementeringen av Habitat- och Fågeldirektivet. Dessa direktiv utgör ramen för etableringen av ett sammanhängande ekologiskt nätverk, det så kallade Natura 2000 nätverket. Denna studie utreder samt analyserar de socio-ekologiska aspekter som omger utpekandet av Natura 2000 områden i Östhammars kommun, i Uppsala län i Sverige. Genom appliceringen av en fallstudie av området söker denna uppsats att identifiera samt förklara inneboende svårigheter i processen av dessa utpekanden, samt att sätta dem i ett globalt sammanhang. Inom Europa existerar biodiversitet bland annat i olika typer av ängar, dock har endast ett fåtal studier tagit sig an uppgiften att formulera anpassade förvaltningsstrategier för dessa habitat. Denna studie bidrar till att sprida ljus över implementeringen av Natura 2000, ett fenomen som tidigare endast studerats i blygsam utsträckning, speciellt i Sverige. Den teoretiska grunden utgörs ekosystemansatsen, som appliceras för att utvärdera ett uthålligtförvaltande av ekosystem. Vidare understryks vikten av att betrakta ekosystem och mänsklig aktivitet som ett och samma system, och att synen på dem som skilda system bör anses artificiell och motsägelsefull. Denna uppsats förklarar hur socio-ekologiska aspekter har påverkat utpekandeprocessen av Natura 2000-områden i Östhammars kommun. De avgörande faktorerna bakom detta är en identifierad tidsbrist, vilket har influerat utpekandet av områden av gemenskapsintresse samt interaktionen mellan Länsstyrelsen i Uppsala och lokala markägare. Bristen på samverkan och information har resulterat i en förhöjd risk av att målet med nätverket inte kommer att nås: att åstadkomma gynnsam bevarandestatus för arter och habitat.

De senaste åren har utsläppsreglerna för sjöfarten blivit allt hårdare och under de kommande åren skärps de ännu mer. För att svaveldirektiven för sjöfarten ska fungera effektivt så krävs det också att de efterlevs. Syftet med den här studien var därför att undersöka hur länderna i Europeiska SECA områdena agerar och kommer att agera i framtiden för att se till att svaveldirektiven efterlevs. Studien syftar också till att undersöka hur efterlevnadskontroller genomförs, samt se om länderna har infört sanktioner mot överträdelser och vad dessa innebär. För att få svar på detta studerades lagar och förordningar, men framförallt skickades frågeformulär ut till de ansvariga myndigheterna i flera olika länder kring SECA områdena. Slutsatsen av det här arbetet är att samtliga länder anser att efterlevnadskontroll sker i tillräcklig omfattning och alla länder använder sig av samma metod. I Sverige pågår utveckling av en optisk mätmetod för att mäta svavelhalt i avgaserna ifrån luften, men än är metoden inte tillräckligt säker för att kunna användas. Det framkom också att i flera länder anses det på grund av flera faktorer vara svårt att fälla någon ifall de bryter mot gällande svavelförordningar, därför anses det också finnas en risk för överträdelser. Detta trots att det i andra länder faktiskt sker ingripande mot överträdelser och samtliga länder använder sig av samma metoder för efterlevnadskontroll. Det saknas i dagsläget även sanktioner mot överträdelser i flera länder.

Au cours de la dernière décennie, un intérêt remarquable a été éprouvé en matière des réseaux ad hoc sans fil capables de s'organiser sans soutien des infrastructures. L'utilisation potentielle d'un tel réseau existe dans de nombreux scénarios, qui vont du génie civil et secours en cas de catastrophes aux réseaux de capteurs et applications militaires. La Fonction de coordination distribuée (DCF) du standard IEEE 802.11 est le protocole dominant des réseaux ad hoc sans fil. Cependant, la méthode DCF n'aide pas à profiter efficacement du canal partagé et éprouve de divers problèmes tels que le problème de terminal exposé et de terminal caché. Par conséquent, au cours des dernières années, de différentes méthodes ont été développées en vue de régler ces problèmes, ce qui a entraîné la croissance de débits d'ensemble des réseaux. Ces méthodes englobent essentiellement la mise au point de seuil de détecteur de porteuse, le remplacement des antennes omnidirectionnelles par des antennes directionnelles et le contrôle de puissance pour émettre des paquets adéquatement. Comparées avec les antennes omnidirectionnelles, les antennes directionnelles ont de nombreux avantages et peuvent améliorer la performance des réseaux ad hoc. Ces antennes ne fixent leurs énergies qu'envers la direction cible et ont une portée d'émission et de réception plus large avec la même somme de puissance. Cette particularité peut être exploitée pour ajuster la puissance d'un transmetteur en cas d'utilisation d'une antenne directionnelle. Certains protocoles de contrôle de puissance directionnel MAC ont été proposés dans les documentations. La majorité de ces suggestions prennent seulement la transmission directionnelle en considération et, dans leurs résultats de simulation, ces études ont l'habitude de supposer que la portée de transmission des antennes omnidirectionnelles et directionnelles est la même. Apparemment, cette supposition n'est pas toujours vraie dans les situations réelles. De surcroît, les recherches prenant l'hétérogénéité en compte dans les réseaux ad hoc ne sont pas suffisantes. Le présent mémoire est dédié à proposer un protocole de contrôle de puissance MAC pour les réseaux ad hoc avec des antennes directionnelles en prenant tous ces problèmes en considération. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Réseaux ad hoc, Antennes directives, Contrôle de puissance.

Westhelicopter INC. has an aviation workshop providing qualified helicopter maintenance in accordance with PART-145. Maintenance and administrative base is situated in Luleå at Kallax airport. The types that Westhelicopter INC are currently authorised to service are: Eurocopter AS 350 Base/Line Maintenance, Eurocopter EC 120 Base/Line Maintenance and Robinsson R44 Base/Line Maintenance.   The thesis work has been to make new maintenance programme for Westhelicopter INC. This maintenance programme will be used to follow-up the time of the components, service bulletins and ADs. Existing materials, as maintenance manuals and interviews with technical staff, was used to make more efficient maintenances programme. Work will be applied to all helicopters that Westhelicopter AB supplies.

Fresh water has become more and more of a scarce commodity. Water scarcity isn't first and foremost a cause of drought and wasting, but a cause of inequality and mismanagement. This is not only a problem for developing countries, and there can also be variations within countries. The municipality of Gotland has a development program called Vision Gotland 2025, with goals for growth and sustainable development. The aim of this study is to examine whether the use and management of water resources on Gotland and Vision Gotland 2025 is conformed to the Water Framework Directive and the Ecosystem Approach in terms of sustainability. Focus is on the quantitative aspects of water supply. The study has mainly been done by studying publications from the authorities concerned. Although annual precipitation in general is enough to provide fresh water for the population, water shortage occurs in some areas during the summers. Three of the four main catchment areas on Gotland have unsatisfactory quantitative status, and is likely to have so also when the time limit of the next evaluation is due in 2015. Since both the population and tourism is presumed to increase, according to Vision Gotland 2025, the conclusion drawn is that the use of water resources is not sustainable, even though the management per se does conform to the ecosystem approach.

In Sweden, EU: s Water Framework Directive led to an investigation that started in April 2012 by the Swedish government, called Vattenverksamhetsutredningen freely translated to "Water Activities Survey", with the purpose to investigate the Environmental Code’s rules concerning water activities and water plants. The survey is divided into 3 reports, two sub-reports and a final report. One of the sub-report is focused on Swedish hydropower and the investigators found that many hydropower plants have old permits. One suggestion in the survey was to reconsider old permits so they would become consistence with today’s Environmental Code. There have been discussions regarding whether Sweden will lose much of its electricity production from hydropower as an outcome if the survey’s suggestions becomes reality. The aim with this literature study is to investigate how the EU: s Water Framework Directive and the Water Activities Survey will affect Swedish hydropower and if there will be a decrease in electricity production as an outcome if the suggestions made in the survey becomes reality. The results in this literature study shows that there will probably be a decrease in production for Swedish hydropower, but with how much is hard to say because the Swedish government has not yet decided what they will do with the suggested actions in the Water Activities Survey. A comparison is done with Sweden’s import and export statistics between the years 2001-2014 with a predicted loss of 13 TWh per year, which is a number taken from a survey made by Vattenfall. A comparison with a loss of half of 13 TWh per year is also done. Between the years 2001 and 2014 Sweden imported electricity 6 out of 14 years and exported electricity 8 out of 14 years. If adding the predicted loss of 13 TWh per year to the import and export statistics, Sweden would have had to import electricity 12 years and export 2 years. If adding a loss of 6.5 TWh per year Sweden would have had to import electricity 8 years and export 6 years. The conclusions is that Sweden will have to import a lot more electricity if only looking at import and export statistic if the loss of electricity is between 6.5-13 TWh per year.