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De senaste åren har utsläppsreglerna för sjöfarten blivit allt hårdare och under de kommande åren skärps de ännu mer. För att svaveldirektiven för sjöfarten ska fungera effektivt så krävs det också att de efterlevs. Syftet med den här studien var därför att undersöka hur länderna i Europeiska SECA områdena agerar och kommer att agera i framtiden för att se till att svaveldirektiven efterlevs. Studien syftar också till att undersöka hur efterlevnadskontroller genomförs, samt se om länderna har infört sanktioner mot överträdelser och vad dessa innebär. För att få svar på detta studerades lagar och förordningar, men framförallt skickades frågeformulär ut till de ansvariga myndigheterna i flera olika länder kring SECA områdena. Slutsatsen av det här arbetet är att samtliga länder anser att efterlevnadskontroll sker i tillräcklig omfattning och alla länder använder sig av samma metod. I Sverige pågår utveckling av en optisk mätmetod för att mäta svavelhalt i avgaserna ifrån luften, men än är metoden inte tillräckligt säker för att kunna användas. Det framkom också att i flera länder anses det på grund av flera faktorer vara svårt att fälla någon ifall de bryter mot gällande svavelförordningar, därför anses det också finnas en risk för överträdelser. Detta trots att det i andra länder faktiskt sker ingripande mot överträdelser och samtliga länder använder sig av samma metoder för efterlevnadskontroll. Det saknas i dagsläget även sanktioner mot överträdelser i flera länder.

Vi har valt att undersöka om oljebolagens krav är högre än hamnstatens eftersom vi under vår tid till sjöss har kommit i kontakt med ämnet ett flertal gånger. Ombord i fartygen pratas det mycket om inspektioner och de anses många gånger vara onödigt petiga. Resultatet i vår studie har visat att inspektionerna medför en ökning av säkerheten och medvetenheten av risker som kan föreligga. Vi redogör även för om det finns en möjlighet att slå samman inspektionerna för att reducera påfrestningen hos besättningen. För att få en inblick i organisationernas arbete har vi valt att göra en kvalitativ studie, grundad på strukturerade intervjufrågor som har ställts till oljebolag, ombordbefäl och inspektörer från Transportstyrelsen. Vid framställningen av resultatet transkriberade vi intervjuerna och delade sedan upp materialet i kategorier för att läsaren på ett enkelt sätt skall kunna följa studien från början till slut. / We have chosen to investigate if the oil companies requirements are higher than the Port States. During our time at sea as cadets we have been in contact with inspections several times. The crew members are often talking about these inspections and experience them as to critical. The results of our study has shown that the inspections are increasing the safety and awareness of risks that may exist. We will also describe wether there is a possibility to merge the inspections to reduce fatigue among the crew. To get an insight in the activities of the organisations we have decided to found our study based on interviews with oil companies, officers onboard and inspectors from Transportstyrelsen. During the process to complete the result we transcribed the interview material and divided it into categories, this will make it easier for the reader to follow our study.

<p>Vi har valt att undersöka om oljebolagens krav är högre än hamnstatens eftersom vi under vår tid till sjöss har kommit i kontakt med ämnet ett flertal gånger. Ombord i fartygen pratas det mycket om inspektioner och de anses många gånger vara onödigt petiga.</p><p>Resultatet i vår studie har visat att inspektionerna medför en ökning av säkerheten och medvetenheten av risker som kan föreligga. Vi redogör även för om det finns en möjlighet att slå samman inspektionerna för att reducera påfrestningen hos besättningen.</p><p>För att få en inblick i organisationernas arbete har vi valt att göra en kvalitativ studie, grundad på strukturerade intervjufrågor som har ställts till oljebolag, ombordbefäl och inspektörer från Transportstyrelsen.</p><p>Vid framställningen av resultatet transkriberade vi intervjuerna och delade sedan upp materialet i kategorier för att läsaren på ett enkelt sätt skall kunna följa studien från början till slut.</p> / <p>We have chosen to investigate if the oil companies requirements are higher than the Port States. During our time at sea as cadets we have been in contact with inspections several times. The crew members are often talking about these inspections and experience them as to critical.</p><p>The results of our study has shown that the inspections are increasing the safety and awareness of risks that may exist. We will also describe wether there is a possibility to merge the inspections to reduce fatigue among the crew.</p><p>To get an insight in the activities of the organisations we have decided to found our study based on interviews with oil companies, officers onboard and inspectors from Transportstyrelsen.</p><p>During the process to complete the result we transcribed the interview material and divided it into categories, this will make it easier for the reader to follow our study.</p>

Taiwan is an island surrounded by ocean, where its unique geographical location has placed Taiwan the role of the Asian maritime hub. Heavy traffic is around the surrounding water with thousands of ships passing through each day. The prosperous shipping industrial bring economic benefits, nevertheless, it also enhances the risk of marine pollution. Facing the potential marine environmental impact incurred by shipping, it is imperative to review the current inspection system and related policies designated to the prevention of ship pollution. Currently in Taiwan, Port State Control (PSC) is implemented by the harbor bureaus, who enforce the regulations articulated by PSC. The objectives of PSC are to protect human life and cargo safety at sea, and to prevent the pollution from ships. Due to the lack of dedicated units and personnel, there are no frequent ship inspections and thus less effective PSC operations. In addition, without any appropriate vessel to navigate off coast, the harbor bureaus cannot perform investigations on board for the ships sail around Taiwan waters. It is therefore possible that the ships discharge waste oil and sewage into the sea intentionally or negligently, and cause marine environmental pollution and impact marine ecology. The study has identified the inadequate capacity for maritime enforcement in Taiwan. To improve the current situations, it is necessary to refer to law enforcement experiences from developed countries. After careful review the related literatures, the study has also interviewed several domain experts and presented the results using the SWOT table. In addition, a multi-objective programming (MOP) model has been formulated to suggest the allocation strategies of inspection resources based on the objectives of cost and performance. Finally, the study has analyzed the historical events, enforcement capacities, equipment, laws, and policies, and has proposed the comprehensive suggestions to overcome the current problems and thus improve the supervision of oil pollution from ships. The goals of marine environmental protection and sustainable marine ecology are therefore achievable.

The International Maritime Organization(IMO) has adopted a draft of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto and by the Protocol of 1997(termed as MARPOL 73/78/97)since September 1997, amended the Convention and added a new Annex VI which regulates gas pollution emitted from ships, the latest Annex came into effect after the MARPOL convention. This study aims to discuss the effect of the Annex VI Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships after it was implemented on 19 May 2005 and the growth and decline status of pollution by document analysis and quantitative analysis methods. This study find that there were different concern positions from each PSC region, the enforcement state of Europe, Asia-Pacific and Indian Ocean regions were better than Black Sea, west and central Africa, Latin America and Caribbean regions. The statistical show that sulfur oxides decreased notably, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxides decreased slowly by UNFCCC web; in addition, some countries did not submit their gas inventory, including developed countries: Canada, United States of America, Japan, Luxembourg and Netherlands et al. The quantitative analyses show that some countries has decreased or slow down the ship-source gas pollution with countries¡¦ economy developed, including Denmark, Ireland, Norway, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, Japan, Australia and United States of America et al.

Despite an extensive system of Port state controls (PSC) on ships, inspection loopholes in European control functions have been reported. Furthermore, risk factors associated with fatigue, stress and a poorly developed safety culture on board ships have been identified in earlier research. These combined risk factors may pose a serious threat to maritime safety. With this as a point of departure, this thesis aims to investigate the perceived work situation for Swedish inspectors from an inspector’s point of view concerning professional challenges, status and identity for inspectors and the perceived quality of Paris MoU inspection system and the Swedish inspection organization. In this study, the activities of Swedish PSC inspectors are viewed as a profession and the inspectors are viewed as bureaucrats. One of the principals for bureaucracy is that its servants should exercise their authority according to the common good, be autonomous, rational, reliable and responsible. The results indicate that organizational and management reforms have put the PSC bureaucrat under pressure to become more market oriented. Due to the responsibilities inherent in the profession of inspector within the complex structure of shipping, these organizational and management reforms conflict with the PSC inspector’s autonomy and professional role. Inspectors perceive that their expertise and integrity are vital for the success of their work. They also consider the high degree of control that the Swedish inspection organization exercises on the inspectors’ work as limiting to their autonomy and ability to make professional decisions. Some level of control may fulfil a need of support from the Swedish inspection organization, but too much control hampers the professional self-sufficiency and freedom of action. The inspectors in this study reveal considerable ambivalence towards the quality and complexity of ship safety inspections carried out in Sweden and within the Paris MoU system. / <p>The research has been funded by, the Swedish Mercantile Marine Foundation.</p>

Syftet med undersökningen var att undersöka om antalet anmärkningar och typer av anmärkningar hade förändrats sedan införandet av MLC. Undersökningsmaterialet är hämtat från Paris MoU årliga rapporter. Det var utifrån dessa som undersökningen genomfördes. Slutsatserna som vi kom fram till var, att sedan MLC infördes har totala antalet anmärkningar minskat under perioden 2011 till 2015.  Antal nyttjandeförbud har också minskat. Anmärkningar som endast berör arbetsmiljön har minskat sedan införandet av MLC. Allt fler anmärkningar, som tidigare hamnat under ILO, hamnar nu under MLC. De mest förekommande MLC anmärkningarna var ”Records of Seafarers´daily hours of work or rest” och ”Electrical”. Den vanligaste MLC anmärkningen som resulterade i nyttjandeförbud var ”Wages”. De anmärkningar som var vanligast vid en hamnstatskontroll beträffande övriga anmärkningar var ”Fire Safety” och ”Safety of Navigation”. / The aim of the study was to investigate whether the number of complaints and the types of complaints had changed since the introduction of the MLC. The research material is taken from the Paris MoU annual reports. It was from these that the survey was conducted. The conclusions that we came to was, that since the MLC was introduced, the total number of complaints have decreased during the period 2011-2015. The number of detentions have also declined. Remarks concerning only the work environment has declined since the introduction of the MLC. An increasing number of complaints, which had previously fallen under the ILO, will settle in the MLC.  The most common MLC remarks were "Records of Seafarers'daily hours of work or rest" and "Transport". The most common MLC complaint that resulted in the retention was "Wages". The remarks that were common at the Port State Control regarding the other allegations were "Fire Safety" and "Safety of Navigation".

Paris Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) utfärdar varje år listor över hur väl flaggstater presterar vid hamnstatskontroller, uppdelade i en vit, en grå och en svart lista, där den svarta listan visar de flaggstater vars fartyg belagts med kvarstad flest gånger. Med hjälp av deskriptiv statistik analyserades fartyg som seglat under en flagg som presenteras på Paris MoUs svarta och grå lista, och som trafikerat Östersjön och Västerhavet. Arbetet baseras på data från 841 fartyg som trafikerade Östersjön och Västerhavet mellan åren 2013 och 2017. Studien undersöker om det finns något som utmärker fartygen, hur ofta de byter flagg och om det finns ett samband mellan flaggstater och klassningssällskap. Det som framgick var att fartyg som tillhör svart- eller grålistade flaggstater kan utgöra ett potentiellt hot för den svenska närmiljön, då nästan hälften av de fartyg som undersöktes har fått miljörelaterade anmärkningar i rapporterna från hamnstatskontroller. Fartygen är även äldre än genomsnittet för världshandelsflottan och vid flaggbyten byter de oftare till flaggstater som har en lägre prestanda med avseende på hamnstatskontroller. Det visade sig dessutom finnas ett samband mellan klassningssällskap som har en sämre rankning av Paris MoU och fartyg tillhörande svartlistade flaggstater. / Each year, Paris Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) issues lists of how well flag states perform in Port State Controls, divided into a white, a grey and a black list, where the black list displays the flag states with the largest ratio of detentions. This study uses descriptive statistics to analyse vessels that have sailed under flags presented in the Paris MoU grey and black lists and have trafficked the Baltic Sea, Kattegatt and Skagerrak. The study is based on data from 841 vessels that trafficked the area during the years 2013 to 2017. It investigates if there is anything that distinguishes the vessels, how often they change flags and if there is a connection between flag states and classification societies. The study found that vessels registered under flag states presented in the grey or black list can pose a potential threat to the Swedish marine environment, as nearly half of the examined vessels had received environment related observations during Port State Controls. The vessels were also older than the world fleet average and when changing flags they often changed to flag states with a lower ranking according to Paris MoU. A relationship between classification societies with a lower ranking according to Paris MoU and vessels from blacklisted flag states was also discovered.

Vessels during their calls on ports is possible to have an inspection from the local Port State Control (PSC) authorities regarding their implementation of International Maritime Organization guidelines for safety and security. This qualitative study focuses on how shipping professionals understand and use Big Data in the PSC inspection databases, what characteristics they recognize these data should have, what value they attach to those big data, and how they use them to support the decision-making process within their organizations. This study conducted interviews with shipping professionals, collected their perspectives, and analyzed their sayings with Thematic Analysis to reach the study's outcome. Many researchers have been discussed Big Data characteristics and the value an organization or a researcher could have from Big Data and Analytics. However, there is no universally accepted theory regarding Big Data characteristics and the value for the database users. The research concluded that Big Data from the PSC inspections procedures provides valid and helpful information that broadens professionals' understanding of inspection control and safety need, through this, it is possible to upscale their internal operations and their decision-making procedures as long as these data are characterized by volume, velocity, veracity, and complexity.