SANTRAUKA Potato mop-top virus, priklausantis Pomovirus genčiai ir Tobacco rattle virus, priklausantis Tobravirus genčiai – tai dirvožemiu plintantys virusai. Tai patogenai, kurie plačiai paplitę pasaulyje. Pastaruoju metu vis labiau susidomėta šiais virusais, mat jie sukelia daug žalos daugeliui augalų, tame tarpe ir labai svarbių kultūrinių augalų. Su šiais patogenais kovoti yra labai sudėtinga, taigi iškyla labai rimta problema, kurią bandoma išspręsti. Todėl šiame darbe ir buvo siekiama susipažinti su šiais virusais, jų pernešėjais bei padaryti pirmuosius žingsnius, ieškant būdus kovai su šais patogenais. PMTV – tai patogenas, kuriam nebūdingas gausus šeimininkų ratas. Jis infekuoja tik nedaugelį augalų rūšių. Tai viena iš savybių, kuria skiriasi nuo TRV. Pastarasis priešingai, pasižymi didele augalų-šeimininkų gausa. Šie virusai labai panašūs tuom, kad daugelyje augalų jie sukelia panašius simptomus bei pažeidimus. Net indikatoriniuose augaluose jų sukeltos žaizdos yra labai panašios. Taigi, susiduriama su problema, mat identifikuoti juos vizualiai yra labai sudėtinga. Tik N. benthamiana indikatorinis augalas gali padėti atskirti šiuos virusus: PMTV jame sukelia sisteminę reakciją, sisteminė mozaika išplinta po visą augalą, o TRV sukelia tik vietines žaizdas. Šiame baigiamajame darbe buvo siekiama identifikuoti PMTV bei TRV molekuliniais metodais. Identifikacijoje buvo pritaikytas imunofermentinis metodas – ELISA. Buvo nustatyta, kad šis metodas labiau tinka... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / SUMMARY Potato mop-top virus (genus Pomovirus) and Tobacco rattle virus (genus Tobravirus) – soil born viruses. These pathogenes are distributed worldwide and can significantly reduce the quality and yield of potato and other horticultural plants. So in recent years more and more people are interesting in these viruses. These viruses are responsible for economic losses in potato crops. To control the spread of viruses is vary difficult, so nowadays it is a serious problem, which everybody wants to solve it. Virus control depends on vector management, so the main purpose of this article was to know more about these viruses and thier vectors and to do first steps to finding ways of viruses’ suitable control measures. PMTV has narrow range of hosts. On the contrary TRV has a very wide natural host range. So it is one of the differences from these soil borne viruses. However diagnosis is further complicated by the fact that TRV and PMTV are very similar viruses, even they can cause similar symptoms to indicator plants. So to diagnose reliable these viruses by visual symptoms are very difficult. Just in indicator plant N. benthamiana these soil borne viruses cause different symptoms: PMTV cause sistemical reaction, sistemical mosaic spreads in whole plant and TRV cause local lessions. PMTV and TRV were identificated with different molecular methods. These viruses were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. DAS-ELISA was shown to be more sensetive and reliable method for... [to full text]

Taiwan is an island surrounded by ocean, where its unique geographical location has placed Taiwan the role of the Asian maritime hub. Heavy traffic is around the surrounding water with thousands of ships passing through each day. The prosperous shipping industrial bring economic benefits, nevertheless, it also enhances the risk of marine pollution. Facing the potential marine environmental impact incurred by shipping, it is imperative to review the current inspection system and related policies designated to the prevention of ship pollution. Currently in Taiwan, Port State Control (PSC) is implemented by the harbor bureaus, who enforce the regulations articulated by PSC. The objectives of PSC are to protect human life and cargo safety at sea, and to prevent the pollution from ships. Due to the lack of dedicated units and personnel, there are no frequent ship inspections and thus less effective PSC operations. In addition, without any appropriate vessel to navigate off coast, the harbor bureaus cannot perform investigations on board for the ships sail around Taiwan waters. It is therefore possible that the ships discharge waste oil and sewage into the sea intentionally or negligently, and cause marine environmental pollution and impact marine ecology. The study has identified the inadequate capacity for maritime enforcement in Taiwan. To improve the current situations, it is necessary to refer to law enforcement experiences from developed countries. After careful review the related literatures, the study has also interviewed several domain experts and presented the results using the SWOT table. In addition, a multi-objective programming (MOP) model has been formulated to suggest the allocation strategies of inspection resources based on the objectives of cost and performance. Finally, the study has analyzed the historical events, enforcement capacities, equipment, laws, and policies, and has proposed the comprehensive suggestions to overcome the current problems and thus improve the supervision of oil pollution from ships. The goals of marine environmental protection and sustainable marine ecology are therefore achievable.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

A theory of harmony plays a determinant role in the epistemology of tonal structure in music of the common practice, a fact that Schenkerian tonal theorists have long struggled to account for because of the polemical denials issued by Heinrich Schenker regarding the role that harmonic concepts derived from Rameau play in his theoretical frameworks (Schenker [1930] 2014). Attempts have been made recently to rectify the incongruity between Schenker’s uncompromisingly monist musical philosophy and the often-unspoken harmonic premises his ideas rely on (Yust 2015, 2018), but many aspects of how theories of functional harmony relate to the hierarchical structuration of musical time through prolongational processes remain undefined and underexamined. In this thesis, I fill in the lacuna of harmonic accounts in post-Schenkerian frameworks of tonal structure through Harmonic Regional Theory, which defines tonal harmonic process as a containment hierarchy of timespans. Using this framework, I outline a discovery process for properties of tonal stability (Yust 2018, 32) possessed by events and prolongational processes that understands these qualities as the product of stabilizing “forces” (Larson 2012) propagated by the structural influence harmonic-regional “fields” (Quinn 2020). The result is an epistemic model with tremendous analytical utility in both formal and informal analyses of tonal structure, the proof-of-concept for which is provided through the implementation of harmonic-regional theory in an automated analysis of tonal-melodic structure in Beethoven, op. 13, ii.

Este trabalho tem como meta investigar a relação entre o fluxo vertical de matéria orgânica particulada (MOP) e a biomassa de foraminíferos bentônicos vivos na região do talude da Bacia de Campos/RJ (400 a 3000m). O fluxo vertical de MOP para o assoalho oceânico foi inferido através de modelos que utilizam dados de sensoriamento remoto, como estimativas da concentração de clorofila a, valores de temperatura da superfície do mar e produtos derivados destes (i.e. produção primária e determinação de classes de tamanho do fitoplâncton), enquanto que a biomassa de foraminíferos bentônicos foi estimada através da técnica de biovolume. Os resultados indicam que as estimativas de fluxo se correlacionaram com os conteúdos de carbono orgânico total (COT) no sedimento, com a biomassa total de 19 espécies de foraminíferos bentônicos e com a biomassa, sendo que a distribuição de biomassa dessas espécies evidencia além da quantidade de MOP, a qualidade da MOP (labilidade). A distribuição dos valores de fluxo vertical e biomassa total de foraminíferos bentônicos estão atreladas às feições de mesoescala (meandros e vórtices de Cabo Frio e Cabo de São Tomé), que propiciam o aumento de produtividade primária e o crescimento do microplâncton, aumentando o fluxo vertical e consequentemente o suplemento alimentar para os foraminíferos bentônicos, estimulando o aumento de biomassa destes. / This study aims to investigate the relationship between the particulate organic matter (POM) vertical flux and living benthic foraminifera biomass in the slope of Campos Basin region (between 400 and 3000). The POM vertical flux to the seafloor was inferred through models using remote sensing data, such as estimates of chlorophyll a concentration, sea surface temperature and derivatives of these (i.e. primary production and determination of classes phytoplankton size), whereas the biomass of benthic foraminifera was estimated using the biovolume technique . The fluxes estimates were correlated with total organic carbon (TOC) contents in the sediments, with benthic foraminifera total biomass and with 19 species biomass. The spatial distribution of these species biomass reveals both POM quantity and quality (i.e. lability). The distribution of the values of POM vertical flux and foraminifera total biomass are linked to mesoscale features (eddies and meanders in Cape Frio and Cape São Tomé), which provide increased primary productivity and microplankton growth increasing the POM vertical flux and consequently the food supplement for benthic foraminifera community, stimulating biomass increase.

Este trabalho tem como meta investigar a relação entre o fluxo vertical de matéria orgânica particulada (MOP) e a biomassa de foraminíferos bentônicos vivos na região do talude da Bacia de Campos/RJ (400 a 3000m). O fluxo vertical de MOP para o assoalho oceânico foi inferido através de modelos que utilizam dados de sensoriamento remoto, como estimativas da concentração de clorofila a, valores de temperatura da superfície do mar e produtos derivados destes (i.e. produção primária e determinação de classes de tamanho do fitoplâncton), enquanto que a biomassa de foraminíferos bentônicos foi estimada através da técnica de biovolume. Os resultados indicam que as estimativas de fluxo se correlacionaram com os conteúdos de carbono orgânico total (COT) no sedimento, com a biomassa total de 19 espécies de foraminíferos bentônicos e com a biomassa, sendo que a distribuição de biomassa dessas espécies evidencia além da quantidade de MOP, a qualidade da MOP (labilidade). A distribuição dos valores de fluxo vertical e biomassa total de foraminíferos bentônicos estão atreladas às feições de mesoescala (meandros e vórtices de Cabo Frio e Cabo de São Tomé), que propiciam o aumento de produtividade primária e o crescimento do microplâncton, aumentando o fluxo vertical e consequentemente o suplemento alimentar para os foraminíferos bentônicos, estimulando o aumento de biomassa destes. / This study aims to investigate the relationship between the particulate organic matter (POM) vertical flux and living benthic foraminifera biomass in the slope of Campos Basin region (between 400 and 3000). The POM vertical flux to the seafloor was inferred through models using remote sensing data, such as estimates of chlorophyll a concentration, sea surface temperature and derivatives of these (i.e. primary production and determination of classes phytoplankton size), whereas the biomass of benthic foraminifera was estimated using the biovolume technique . The fluxes estimates were correlated with total organic carbon (TOC) contents in the sediments, with benthic foraminifera total biomass and with 19 species biomass. The spatial distribution of these species biomass reveals both POM quantity and quality (i.e. lability). The distribution of the values of POM vertical flux and foraminifera total biomass are linked to mesoscale features (eddies and meanders in Cape Frio and Cape São Tomé), which provide increased primary productivity and microplankton growth increasing the POM vertical flux and consequently the food supplement for benthic foraminifera community, stimulating biomass increase.

Louping ill virus (LIV) is a tick borne disease that causes mortality in red grouse, an economically important game bird of British uplands. The aim of this thesis is to extend previously published models of LIV , to consider the potential impact of different management strategies. In addition a new route of infection and the seasonal biology of both grouse and ticks will be explored. Grouse chicks are known to eat ticks as part of their diet in the first three weeks of life which may contribute to virus persistence if chicks consume infected ticks. This novel route of infection is incorporated in to the model which predicts that ingestion increases the range of host densities for which the virus is able to persist. The ingestion of ticks by grouse also reduces the tick population so that for low host densities the ingestion of ticks by grouse reduces the tick population so virus cannot persist. The model is adapted to take account of the seasonal biology of grouse and ticks. Although the temporal predictions of the seasonal models show some differences the addition of seasonality does not alter the model predictions of when LIV is likely to persist at different grouse and deer densities. Consequently seasonality is felt to be unimportant when considering management strategies. The treatment of sheep with acaricide in an attempt to reduce the tick population on a grouse moor is currently being trialled in Scotland. We use a model to predict the likely effect of this strategy at different deer densities. The number of ticks found attached to sheep varies so we consider the effect of tick attachment rates as well as acaricide efficacy. Although we predict that acaricide treated sheep can reduce the tick population and therefore LIV in grouse in some circumstances the treatment is less effective in the presence of deer. Consequently we use a model to make theoretical predictions of the effectiveness of acaricide treated deer as a control strategy for reducing LIV in red grouse. The effect of culling deer on LIV in grouse is also modelled and contrasted with the effect of acaricide use. It is predicted that acaricide treatment of deer could be highly effective, particularly if the deer density is first reduced by culling. Finally we considered the direct treatment of red grouse with acaricide. Female grouse can be given an acaricidal leg band which protects her directly and indirectly protects her chicks as they acquire some acaricide whilst brooding. Trials have suggested this can reduce tick burdens for individuals. We use the model to determine the potential effect that treating individual broods may have on the whole grouse population. The model predictions suggest that unless acaricide efficacy on chicks is high and long lasting treating individual broods is unlikely to reduce LIV in the whole population but will still provide some benefit for the individuals. The effectiveness of treatment is reduced by higher deer densities. The success of the management strategies considered in this thesis appear to be restricted by the presence of deer. It may therefore be that a combination of treatments including the treatment of deer may be of the greatest benefit to the grouse population.

L'étude des Particules Exopolymériques Transparentes (TEP) fait l'objet d'une attention grandissante depuis les dix dernières années. Leur source principale est l'exsudation de polysaccharides par le phytoplancton et les bactéries. Ces particules formées de façon abiotique, principalement via la coagulation de matière organique colloïdale, sont fortement impliquées dans les processus biogéochimiques des milieux aquatiques. Nous avons comparé deux techniques de mise en évidence des TEP (« Filter-Transfer-Freeze », et méthode des lames blanches dépolies) et évalué leurs limites et avantages afin d'établir un protocole le plus efficace possible. Dans la suite de ce travail, nous privilégierons la méthode des lames blanches dépolies qui offre de meilleurs résultats en termes de précision et de reproductibilité. Une étude des variations saisonnières des TEP en Méditerranée Nord-Occidentale de février 1999 à février 2000 a été effectuée, en deux sites, l'un côtier, l'autre océanique (programme DYFAMED-JGOFS). Les TEP sont présentes en forte abondance durant la totalité de l'année (de 2x104 à 2x105 TEP ml-1) en zone euphotique. Leur dynamique reflète davantage le statut trophique de l'écosystème plutôt que des différences régionales. Globalement, on observe une augmentation du pool de TEP après la floraison printanière et une persistance de ce pool durant la période estivale. Cette étude in situ a révélé également l'importance de ce pool de matière en tant que réservoir de carbone organique (de 0,6 à 20,5 µmol C l-1 ; jusqu'à 15% du carbone organique total). De plus, ces particules possèdent un rapport molaire C/N largement supérieur au rapport de Redfield (C/N = 21 en moyenne). La formation des TEP serait une voie majeure de transfert du carbone lors de la surconsommation de carbone inorganique dissous (CID) par le phytoplancton en période oligotrophe. Les TEP représentent donc une composante importante dans le cycle du carbone en séquestrant le carbone organique sous forme particulaire. L'effet des conditions trophiques, associées à différentes intensités de turbulence sur la dynamique des TEP a fait l'objet d'un suivi en milieu contrôlé, dans le cadre du projet européen NTAP (Nutrient dynamics mediated through Turbulence And Plankton interactions). Une forte turbulence (1x10-4 cm2 s-3) induit la persistance de ce pool en surface entraînant l'agrégation des particules. Elle favorise également la colonisation bactérienne des TEP. L'hydrodynamisme de l'écosystème influencera donc la formation des TEP ainsi que le devenir de ce pool de matière (accumulation et/ou sédimentation). L'utilisation de la microscopie électronique à transmission couplée à une micro-analyse aux rayons X a permis de déterminer la composition élémentaire (C, N, P, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn) des TEP en fonction des conditions trophiques du milieu. Les résultats confirment l'importance de ces particules en termes de carbone et leur rôle dans la surconsommation de CID lorsque le milieu est déficient en azote. De plus, les TEP adsorbent du fer et du manganèse (jusqu'à 1,7 nM Mn et 18,7 nM Fe dans un fjord Norvégien) laissant présumer de leur rôle dans le cycle biogéochimique des éléments-traces.

Using dirt and cleaning as a point of departure, I have examined how categorization and intentionality affects our perception of value. The work is partly performative in its nature where this performativity sets the limelight on the transition between categories: From dirt to craft, from irrational behaviour to art. In the artistic process, I have used coffee rings on table cloths, shoeprints on wallpapers and  the act of mopping as a means of questioning. Through this, I also reveal and question hierarchies in society. The essay discusses and theoretically relates to the artistic work. / Med utgångspunkt i smuts har jag underökt hur kategorisering och intentionalitet påverkar vår uppfattning av värde. Arbetet är delvis performativt till sin natur, där denna performativitet sätter fokus på övergången från en kategori till en annan: Från smuts till konsthantverk, från irrationellt beteende till konst. I den konstnärliga processen har jag använt mig av kafferingar på dukar, skoavtryck på tapeter och moppande av golv som medel för ifrågasättande. PÅ detta vis blottlägger och ifrågasätter jag hierarkier i samhället. I uppsatsen diskuterar jag och relaterar teoretiskt till det konstnärliga arbetet.